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1 ( 1732) :,,, : (1), (2) (embeddedness), (3), :,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, 3 Carsten Herrmann2Pillath ( ) (OECD) ( ) (University of WittenΠ Herdecke) ( ), ( ) (University of Leeds) ( ) (Ruhr2University2Bochum) ( ) (Philipps2University2Marburg) ( ) (Carsten Herrmann2Pillath) (Delia Davin) ( Flemming Christiansen) Andrzej Kwiecinski Wolfgang Klenner Alfred Schuller (Monika Uebelhoer ), Thierry Pairault Rainer Heufers Patrick Lohlein,,B,,,,, 115

2 :, ( ),,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (sub2societies) ( Fukuyama, 1995) ; (Casson, 1991),, ( Giddens, 1984 ; Herrmann2Pillath, 2a ; Nooteboom, 2),, ( Granovetter, 1985 ; Coleman, 1988 ; Bourdieu, 1993 ; Putnam, 1993 ; Dasgupta and Serageldin, 1999 ; Herrmann2Pillath, 2a and 2b),, :,,,,,(Weber, ) ( ),, (1985 2) : 2 4,,, ( ) (culture nexus of power), :,(North, 199) Carsten Herrmann2Pillath : (promise),(good) (Herrmann2Pillath, 23) Luhmann (1979) Sako (1992) Nooteboom (22) (),,,,, : Durkheim(1933) Weber (1947) Simmel (195) Elster (1979) Giddens (1984) Luhmann (1979) Shapiro (1987) Putnam (2) Fukuyama (1995) 3 (,1992) ;(,1995) ; (,1987) ;,1 (,1935) ( Granovetter, 1985 ; Coleman, 1988 ; Burt, 1992 ; Bourdieu, 1993 ; Putnam, 1993 ; Fukuyama, 1995 ; Dasgupta and Serageldin, 1999),, Carsten Herrmann2Pillath, (externalities) ; (tacit knowledge) ; ( ) ( Herrmann2Pillath, 2a) North(199), 116

3 24 1 (1993 ),,,,,,,,,941 ( ), 16, 35,13, 111,,7, 1972,, 2,1993, 18, 22, 2,91 %, 1 %(,1996,39 ),,, , ( ) 1,, 11,,,,,, ;,,, 29,24, 8218 % , 1 (913 ),,,, :,1 2,8218 % , 45,,,, , 13,3 ( Π13 = 2916) ( 2 %), 36,6 :,,,, 117

4 :,, :,, : 1,,, ( ), ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) () () : (1) ( ) 22,13,,5,,, (2), (3) 23 5,6 () 7, , 1 2,, 6,5, 5 ;, 5, 6, 6,,,, 1,,,, 6 Π 36 6 () =

5 24 1, 2 ( ) () () () : (1) ; (2) 3 () 31,,,,, :11 4,36 % ; 4, 36 % ;3, (),,, ( ) :(),,,,,,,, 41,,, : (1), (2),,2 119

6 : (3), 5 %,4 %,1 %,, 51,,,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,2, 1,3, 1 %, 1 %,, :,,,, :?, 11, (embedded),,,, (tacit knowledge), (1),,, :,,,(9 % ) 12

7 24 1,,,,,,,,, ( ),, 4 : () ( ) ( ) (,1996) 2,,,,,,,, 6, , 2, 6 7 (,1996),, (2),,,?,,,, () (),,, (),, (,1961 ;,1974),, (3),,,,, () (),,, ( ),,,, ;, ( :1974) 121

8 :,,,, (1986) ( ),,, ( ),, (4) :;,,, (,1992),,,( Granovetter, 1985),,,,,,,, 21 :,,, Shapiro,, (Shapiro, Sheppard & Cheraskin, 1992),( Hodgson,1988),,(Schumpeter,1976),,,, 31,,,,, : - ;- (1) : C it, i = 1, 2, n - 1 (C it,t ) ; C nt = (n ) (2) :,, R it, i = 1, 2, n - 1 ( = 122 t R it, ) t M

9 24 1 t B st (N) dt R it + t M t t B st (N t ) dt ;,R nt R nt + + t B st (N t ) dt + (3) : n = t (R nt - C nt ) + i = t R it C n - C it ) + + t B st (N t ) dt +,i = 1,2, n - 1 t B st (N t ) dt ; (4) :C i = X,i = 1,2, n - 1 (X ) ; = F + + t B st (N t ) dt (F ; ) (5) : ; (n - 1) X,:, (n - 1) X - F + - X i, (n - 1) X - F + + t B st (N t ) dt ( t R it ) - C i t (R nt + - C nt ) t B st (N t ) dt + t B st (N t ) dt, t B st (N t ) dt, - X,,;,,,,, P n = F n + + t B st (N t ) dt,,p > (n - 1) X, (, ) P (n - 1) X,,,X( ),P > (n - 1) X,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, 123

10 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,: ;,, ;,,,,,, ( Gambetta,1988),, : ( ),,,,,,,1974 :,,,1994 : : ,,2 :,,1992 :,,1992 :, 2,1995 :,,1998 :,,,1996 :,,1935 :,,1999 :,,,1987 :,4,1961 :,,1986 :, Bourdieu, Pierre, 1993,Forms of Capital, in J. Richardson (ed. ), Handbook of Theory and Research in the Sociology of Education. New York : Greenwood Press. Press. Burt, R. S., 1992, Structural Holes : The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. Casson, M., 1991, The Economics of Business Culture : Game Theory, Transaction Costs, and Economic Performance. Oxford : Clarendon Coleman, J., 1988,Social Capital and the Creation of Human Capital. Amerian Journal of Sociology, 94 (supplement) : Dasgupta, P. and I. Serageldin, eds, 1999, Social Capital : A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington D. C., The World Bank. : 124

11 24 1 Durkheim, Emile, 1933, The Division of Labour in Society. New York : Macmillan. Elster, J., 1979, Ulysses and the Sirens : Studies in Rationality and Irrationality. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Fukuyama, F., 1995, Trust : The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York : Free Press. Gambetta, D., 1988,Can We Trust Trust?, in D. Gambetta (ed. ), Trust : Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations, Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell. Giddens, A., 1984, The Constitution of Society. Cambridge : Polity Press. Granovetter, M., 1985,Economic Action and Social Structure : The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91. Herrmann2Pillath, Carsten, 2a, Social Capital and Networks : A Proposal for Conceptual Ingegration. Working paper No. 63 ( ISSN ). University of WittenΠHerdecke, Germany. Herrmann2Pillath, Carsten, 2b, Culture and Observation in the Study of Economic System. Working paper No. 52 ( ISSN ), March. University of WittenΠHerdecke, Germany. Herrmann2Pillath, Carsten, 23, The True Story of Wine and Cloth, or Building Blocks of an Evolutionary Political Economy of International Trade. Paper presented to the Sino2German Workshop on Evolutionary Economics, March Beijing, China. Press. Hodgson, G. M., 1988, Economics and Institutions, Polity Press. Luhmann, N., 1979, Trust and Power. Chichester : Wiley. Nooteboom, B., 22, Trust : Forms, Foundations, Functions, Failures and Figures. Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. North, Douglass C., 199, Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Putnam, R. D., 1993, Making Democracy Work. Princeton University Press. Sako, M., 1992, Prices, Quality, and Trust : Inter2firm Relations in Britain and Japan. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Shapiro, D., Sheppard, B. H., & Cheraskin, L., 1992,Business on a Handshake, Negotiation Journal, 4 : Shapiro, S. P., 1987,The Social Control of Impersonal Trust. American Journal of Sociology, 93 : Simmel, G., 195,Individual and Society, in K. H. Wolff (ed. ), The Sociology of Georg Simmel. New York : Free Press. Weber, M., 1947, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization. (trans. ), A. M. Henderson and T. Parsons (eds). New York : Oxford University Press. Village Trust and Bidding Rotating Savings and Credit Associations Hu Biliang (Rural Development Institute, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Abstract : Informal financing has been very active in some of the areas due to the insufficient supply of formal finance as well as due to the influences of local culture and traditions to people s economic behavior in rural China. This article examines, as an example, one of the villages in Wenzhou City of Zhejiang Province where the author inquired into the use of bidding Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) over the past decade. Based on the survey from the village, a new theoretical concept and framework of village trusthas been built up in the paper through integrating village community and trust theories. Correspondingly, three major findings are concluded in the paper : (1) As a kind of informal financial institution, bidding ROSCA is active, efficient and competitive since free bidding of the interest rates, self organized cooperation, mass participation of the people, trust factors are all involved into the operation of such self2governing informal credit system. (2) The risk of bidding ROSCAs in the village is so small that it can be discounted due to the embeddedness of village community and local culture factors into the practice. (3) Therefore, the government should recognize their legitimacy, and support and encourage their growth, at least allow their existence, while monitor and supervise their operation. Based on the experiences from the surveyed village, government monitoring should work on the aspects of membership recognizing and boundary defining of the funds appropriately, range control and purpose clarification clearly and size control of the funds strictly etc. Key Words :Village Trust ; Bidding Rotating Savings and Credit Associations ; Trust ; Village community ; Informal Institutions JEL Classification :Q14,D71,C71 ( : ) ( : ) 125

227次双周：柯荣柱提要和全文.doc

227次双周：柯荣柱提要和全文.doc 1 * Trust in China: A Cross-regional Analysis * 1 1993 2 100 100 2 Putnam,1993 1998Knack & Keefer,1997 3 20 1998 4 Putnam,1993,1995; 1998; Colman,1988,1995 Social capital Kreps 1986 Fudenberg & Tirole1992