T nnies 1974 xiv T nnies 1974 xiv T nnies T nnies T nnies inertness T nnies

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2 T nnies 1974 xiv T nnies 1974 xiv T nnies T nnies T nnies inertness T nnies

3 Gemeinschaft T nnies T nnies T nnies T nnies Kamenka Kamenka moral supplementation 39

4 Kautsky Kautsky Kamenka positive ethical qualities Kamenka

5 2015 Gemeinwesen Gemeinschaft Gemeinwesen commune community community community Gemeinwesen Gemeinwesen community community community Gemeinwesen Gemeinschaft Gemeinschaft Gemeinwesen community Gemeinwesen community 41

6 philosophes Herder Humanit t Menschennatur Herder Herder general Herder a 42

7 / organ faculty psychology reasoning Clark Clark principle of individuation aggregate 2017b 43

8 Nature Herder state fatherland Herder natural government Herder Herder Barnard Barnard Herder freedom of conscience 44

9 moderate freedom Herder Allvater Nature Herder Herder reverence Herder Herder Dumont

10 T nnies Pappehnheim / T nnies T nnies / natural will unity unum per se 1 whole aggregate 1 unum per se structured whole aggregate T nnies

11 T nnies unity of disparate entities T nnies T nnies T nnies T nnies inner precepts rights T nnies

12 T nnies tenderness T nnies rank authority homage reverence or respect affection reverence benevolence deference T nnies T nnies T nnies

13 Genossenschaft T nnies Pappehnheim Kamenka Easton

14 L with L with 1954 Gould 1978 xivxxv Easton /

15 L with

16 L with L with

20 Herder

21 dévouement

22 A B A B A B

24 a b

25 Barnard F. M Introduction. In J. G. Herder Herder On Social and Political Culture. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Clark Robert T. Jr Herder His Life and Thought. Berkeley & Los Angeles University of California Press. Dumont Louis 1986 Essays on Individualism Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective. Chicago The University of Chicago Press. Easton Loyd D Alienation and History in the Early Marx. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Gould Carol C Marx's Social Ontology Individuality and Community in Marx's Theory of Social Reality. Cambridge Mass. MIT Press. Herder J. G Outlines of a Philosophy of the History of Man. Trans. by T. Churchill. New York Bergman Publishers Herder on Social and Political Culture. Translated edited and with an Introduction by F. M. Barnard. Cambridge Cambridge University Press Another Philosophy of History and Selected Political Writings. Translated with Introduction and Notes by Ioannis D. Evrigenis and Daniel Pellerin. Indianapolis & Cambridge Hackett Publishing Company. Kamenka Eugene 1969 Marxism and Ethics. New York St. Martin's Press Marxism and Ethics A Reconsideration. In Avineri S. ed. Varieties of Marxism. The Hague Martinus Nijhoff. Kautsky Karl 1983 Karl Kautsky Selected Political Writings. Edited and translated by Patrick Goode. London Macmillan. L with Karl 1954 Man's Self-alienation in the Early Writings of Marx. Social Research Mahowald Mary B Marx's Gemeinschaft Another Interpretation. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research Pappehnheim Fritz 1959 The Alienation of Modern Man An Interpretation Based on Marx and T nnies. New York Monthly Review Press. T nnies Ferdinand 1974 Karl Marx His Life and Teachings. Translated by Charles P. Loomis and Ingeborg Paulus. East Lansing Michigan State University Press Community and Civil Society. Translated and edited by Jose Harris. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 61

26 Community and Morality On How Marx's Moral Theory Transcends German Historicism Li Rongshan 37 Abstract Starting from the misunderstanding of Marx by T nnies this essay examines the moral meaning of communism from the perspective of community theories based on German historicism. The starting point of Marx's communist doctrine has a very strong affinity with the tradition of German community theories to protect the integrity of personality but it is quite different from the latter's approach. Marx's solution transcends the latter in terms of moral problems. German community theorists criticize the political and economic institutional design of the Enlightenment rationalism and try to rebuild the community spirit through cultural approaches. They want to sacrifice certain equality at the level of political economy to open up space for the conscientious freedom with a kind of moral hierarchy in order to preserve the integrity of the personality. This culturally oriented humanitarianism does not give a proper place for the political and economic structure thus fails to free itself from the cycle of restoring the community in a society shaped by social forces. Marx attempts to fundamentally overthrow the political and economic structure that has led to this cycle. The goal is to completely liberate one's personality. Marx and Engels hold that it is necessary to open up a new space for moral freedom on the basis of true political and economic equality in order to eliminate the hierarchical differences among human beings and to safeguard the integrity of personality of the human beings thus transcend German community theories and elevate community to a new level. MONOGRAPHIC STUDY State Governance and Social Governance Transcending the Fiscal Problem Vertical Fiscal Imbalance in China from the Perspective of State Governance Lu Jiankun & Li Yongyou 62 Abstract From the perspective of state governance we analyze the mechanisms of vertical fiscal imbalance VFI in China. We find that the VFI is endogenously determined by the central-local political arrangements as a vertical control mechanism to manage the local governments and coordinate regional development. The central government seeks for better governance by adjusting the vertical political control and vertical fiscal control. The flexible fiscal control complements the more stable political control in improving the state governance. However there are also some latent problems that need to be considered with regard to the fiscal control mechanisms. Policymakers 243

中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

$中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\$ 88 12 1 20 * ** * ** 2 anomie 1998 Abraham H. Maslow Maslow 1962 177-200 1990 37 self-interest 88 12 3 1998 1998 Jean Piaget genetic epistemology 4 1993 need-hierarchy theory Adam Smith (an invisible hand