新英语语法教程 Tim said that he would come. 1.2 词的种类词可以根据它们的词汇意义语法功能和形式特征分为下列十类 : 1. 名词 (noun), 即表示人和事物等的名称或指称行为状态品质等抽象概念的词例如 : John, teacher, class, ki

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "新英语语法教程 Tim said that he would come. 1.2 词的种类词可以根据它们的词汇意义语法功能和形式特征分为下列十类 : 1. 名词 (noun), 即表示人和事物等的名称或指称行为状态品质等抽象概念的词例如 : John, teacher, class, ki"

戊岑
5 years ago
Views:

1 第一章词短语和句子 1.1 三种结构形式语法是语言的结构体系, 英语语法研究英语的结构英语里有三种结构形式 : 词短语和句子 1. 词 (word) 是语言里能自由运用的最小单位, 可以构成短语, 也可以直接构成句子例如 : book a beautiful book A: What s in your hand? B: Book. 2. 短语 (phrase) 是不含主谓结构的一组词短语可以构成句子的一部分, 也可以直接构成句子例如 : I m going to the library. A: Where are you going? B: To the library. 较大的短语可以包含较小的短语甚至从句例如 : on the desk ( 介词短语, 包含一个名词短语 ) the book on the desk( 名词短语, 包含一个介词短语 ) the book I bought yesterday( 名词短语, 包含一个定语从句 ) 3. 句子 (sentence) 是能表达完整意思的一个或一组词完全句是含有主谓结构的一组词 ( 参见 ) 英语句子在形式上有两个特征 :(1) 第一个词的第一个字母必须大写 ;(2) 句末必须有句号 (.) 问号 (?) 或感叹号 (!) 例如 : Steve works very hard. How can we get there? What a fine day! 较大的句子可以包含较小的句子 ( 分句和从句 ) 例如 : He is a worker and his wife is a nurse. Stop writing when the bell rings. 1 参见表示参见第一章 1.5 节第 1 条, 全书体例一致 1

2 新英语语法教程 Tim said that he would come. 1.2 词的种类词可以根据它们的词汇意义语法功能和形式特征分为下列十类 : 1. 名词 (noun), 即表示人和事物等的名称或指称行为状态品质等抽象概念的词例如 : John, teacher, class, kindness, the United Nations 2. 代词 (pronoun), 即代替名词或起名词作用的其他词短语或句子, 指称人事物时间地点或抽象概念等的词例如 : I, you, this, herself, somebody, each other 3. 限定词 (determiner), 即限定名词或名词短语, 表示泛指特指顺序数量等的词例如 : a, the, this, first, Mary s, following 4. 形容词 (adjective), 即表示人和事物等的性状特征的词例如 : old, new, red, clean, kind-hearted, fond of 5. 动词 (verb), 即表示人和事物等的动作或状态的词例如 : do, have, can, see, tell, whitewash, look for 6. 副词 (adverb), 即表示动作状态等的方式程度等特征或时间地点等的词例如 : very, quickly, just, now, often, upstairs 7. 介词 (preposition), 即和名词及其等同语连用, 表示与其他词或短语之间的关系的词例如 : at, for, in, out of, because of, in front of 8. 连词 (conjunction), 即连接或引导词短语句子 ( 分句或从句 ) 等的词例如 : and, but, if, than, because, so that, in case 9. 结构词 (structure word), 即没有词汇意义, 只帮助构成某种特殊的句子或短语的词, 如存在句中的 there,let 祈使句中的 let, 不定式的符号 to, 语助词 it( 参见 7.2 6) 等 10. 感叹词 (interjection), 即表示说话人的感情的词例如 : oh, ah, alas, eh, dear, what, why 数词 (numeral) 通常是限定词, 当被限定的名词省去时, 用作代词 ; 指抽象的数时, 用作名词为简便起见, 不另作一类, 归入代词一章讲解为了方便, 我们把 whether, who(m), whose, what, which, when, where, why 和 how 统称为 wh- 词 (wh- word) 它们可以用作疑问词 (whether 除外 ), 在疑问句中提出问题 ; 用作感叹词 (what 和 how), 引导感叹句 ; 用作从属连词, 引导名词从句和状语从句 ; 用作关系 2

3 第一章词短语和句子词 (whether 和 how 除外 ), 引导定语从句另外, 词还可以根据构成分为简单词派生词复合词短语词等 1.3 短语的种类短语可以由两个或更多的词并列而成, 也可以围绕一个中心词构成根据并列的词或中心词的不同, 短语可以分为 : 1. 名词短语 (noun phrase) 例如 : We waited for hours and hours. This is a very interesting story. 2. 代词短语 (pronominal phrase) 例如 : Between you and me, he is rather stupid. Waves rushed upon him one after another. 3. 动词短语 (verb phrase), 包括 : 1) 限定动词短语 (finite verb phrase)( 参见 ) 例如 : We study English every day. The starring actor has accomplished his task. 2) 非限定动词短语 (nonfinite verb phrase)( 参见 ), 包括 : A. 不定式短语 (infinitive phrase) 例如 : Sam got up early to catch the train. Lucy went to the hospital to see her friend. B.-ing 分词短语 (-ing participle phrase) 例如 : It s no use crying over spilt milk. Not knowing what to say, he kept silent. C.-en 分词短语 (-en participle phrase) 例如 : I have received your letter dated May 5. Written in simple English, the book is easy to read. 4. 形容词短语 (adjective phrase) 例如 : The sisters came back marry and gay. Rob lay on the ground, unable to move. 5. 副词短语 (adverb phrase) 例如 : How often do the buses run? He is a scoundrel through and through. 6. 介词短语 (prepositional phrase) 例如 : We are of a mind. ( 我们大家一条心 ) 3

4 新英语语法教程 What is there on the desk? 7. 数词短语 (numeral phrase) 例如 : Two and two is four. Mark has two hundred and fifty dollars. 有些短语含有两部分, 一部分是逻辑主语, 另一部分是逻辑谓语, 这种短语叫做复合结构 (compound construction) 例如 : It s necessary for us to learn English well. Do you remember me/my asking you that question? Dinner (being) ready, the hostess asked her guests to be seated. 1.4 子句句子可以构成更大句子的一部分这种构成更大句子一部分的句子叫做子句 (clause) 子句可以分为三种 : 1. 子句可以和子句并列构成并列句构成并列句的子句叫做分句 (coordinate clause) 例如 : I said it and I meant it. John is poor, but he is happy. Wear your coat or you ll be cold. 2. 从属于一个句子或句子一部分的子句叫做从属子句, 简称从句 (subordinate clause) 从句可以根据它们在句中的作用分为 : 1) 主语从句 (subject clause) 例如 : What he said is true. It happened that they were away. 2) 表语从句 (predicative clause) 例如 : That s how matters stand. The fact is that I was not there. 3) 宾语从句 (object clause) 例如 : Do you know who he is? We are sure that our team will win. 4) 同位语从句 (appositive clause) 例如 : I had an idea that you were there. There is no doubt that he is honest. 5) 补语从句 (complement clause) 例如 : Call me what you want. Her mother has made her what she is. 4

5 第一章词短语和句子 6) 定语从句 (attributive clause) 例如 : One who works hard deserves to succeed. There are times when such things are possible. 7) 状语从句 (adverbial clause) 例如 : Strike while the iron is hot. Where there is a will, there is a way. 主语从句表语从句宾语从句同位语从句和补语从句在句中起名词的作用, 统称为名词从句 (noun clause) 3. 带有一个或更多从句的子句叫做主体子句, 简称主句 (main clause) 例如 : Sam said that he would come. This is the man who wanted to see you. We are glad that you have succeeded. 1.5 句子的结构分类句子可以根据它们的结构分为 : 1. 完全句 (complete sentence), 即含有主谓结构的句子完全句可以分为 : 1) 简单句 (simple sentence), 即只含一个主谓结构的句子例如 : Do you study English or French? Tom and Mary often help each other and learn from each other. 简单句有时并不简单, 含有许多词和短语例如 : Being directly connected with thought, language registers and fixes in words, and in words combined into sentences, the results of thought and man s success in his request for knowledge, and thus makes possible the exchange of ideas in human society. 2) 并列句 (compound sentence), 即含有两个或更多分句 ( 并列的主谓结构 ) 的句子例如 : Steve is a teacher and his wife is a doctor. Make up your mind, or you ll miss the chance. 3) 复合句 (complex sentence), 即含有一个或更多从句 ( 从属的主谓结构 ) 的句子例如 : This is where she was born. The banker is not happy, though he is rich. 4) 并列复合句 (compound-complex sentence), 是并列句和复合句的结合, 即并列句的一个或多个分句含有一个或多个从句例如 : Sam said he would come; but he didn t, because his mother was ill. We sat down in the window seat; I assured her I would not scold, whatever her secret 5

6 新英语语法教程 would be. 并列句复合句和并列复合句统称为复杂句 (multiple sentence) 2. 不完全句 (incomplete sentence), 即不含主谓结构的句子不完全句可以分为 : 1) 省略句 (elliptical sentence), 即在一定情况下省去某些词语的句子例如 : A: Are you from London? B: Yes, I am. A: Where is Mary? B: In her room. 2) 无定形句 (amorphous sentence), 即没有一定结构形式而又难以确定省去了什么的句子 ( 参见 1.7) 例如 : All aboard! Easy come, easy go. Well fed, well bred.( 衣食足, 知荣辱 ) 1.6 句子的用途分类句子可以根据它们的用途分为 : 1. 陈述句 (declarative sentence/statement), 即用来陈述事实或表明说话人的看法态度等的句子陈述句通常用降调, 书写时句末用句号例如 : They work very hard. You mustn t tell him that. 2. 疑问句 (interrogative sentence/question), 即用来提出问题的句子不同的疑问句用不同的语调, 书写时句末用问号例如 : Do you speak English? Who broke the window? 3. 祈使句 (imperative sentence/command), 即用来表示指示命令请求等的句子祈使句通常用降调, 表示请求时可以用升调 ; 书写时句末通常用句号, 语气较强时可以用感叹号例如 : Please be quiet. Don t be so stupid! 4. 感叹句 (exclamative sentence/exclamation), 即用来表示说话人的强烈感情的句子感叹句用降调, 书写时句末用感叹号例如 : What a strange thing to say! How pleased they were to see us! 6

7 第一章词短语和句子 1.7 不符合语法规则的句子英语里的绝大多数句子是按一定的语法规则构成的, 只有少数句子的结构无法用语法规则解释这种句子叫做不符合语法规则的句子 (ungrammatical sentence) 这种句子虽然不符合语法规则, 但符合人们的语言习惯, 是约定俗成的, 因此是正确的例如, 无定形句没有主谓结构, 不符合语法规则 ( 参见 1.5 2); 少数其他句子虽有主谓结构, 也不符合语法规则, 都是不符合语法规则的句子常见的这类句子有下列几种 : 1. 谚语例如 : So far, so good. Like father, like son. Well begun is half done. Least said, soonest mended.( 多说反坏事, 越说越糟糕 ) Once beaten, twice shy.( 一次被咬, 下次胆小 ) Nothing venture(ed), nothing gain(ed).( 不入虎穴, 焉得虎子 ) 2. 习惯用法例如 : How goes it? These kind of people are not to be trusted. Not so thought John Barton. (= John Barton did not think so.) He who doesn t labor, neither shall he eat. The equipment cost 10,000 pounds if a penny. Where were you last night? Not that I care, of course. 3. 名词短语例如 : Thanks a lot. Thanks very much. The clothes she wears! (= What clothes she wears!) 4.wh- 词引导的不定式短语例如 : Who to see? What to do next? Which way to go? When to start? Where to get it? How to do it? 其他由不定式短语构成的句子例如 : Oh to be free! (= I wish I were free.) Him (to) teach English? A gentleman to strike a lady? That brother of yours, to be so uncouth!( 你那个哥哥, 真没有教养!) 5.wh- 词引导的词语或句子例如 : 7

8 新英语语法教程 Why all the noise? A: I think you owe me some money. B: How come? A: He doesn t like you. B: So what? / What of it? 6.if, if only 和 as if 引导的短语和从句 ( 参见 15.5) 例如 : I d say he was more like his father, if anything. Oh, if he could only come! If only he had come in time! As if I cared! (= I don t care.) As if you didn t know it! (= You know it quite well.) 7. 副词短语等例如 : Off with your hat! Down with tyranny! On with the show! 8. 简短生动的描写例如 : A few weeks with one firm, a few days with another, then out of a job, then on again for a month perhaps, and so on. A fractured skull. A pool of blood. A broken neck. A young man dead. The aftermath of a six-minute nightmare in which Blacks in New York City s Washington Sq. Park were brutally attacked by a group of White youths. 在俚语和俗语中, 在电报日记私人信件实况广播中, 还有许多不符合语法规则的句子, 我们不再赘述 EXERCISE I. Identify each of the words in the following sentences as (1) noun, (2) pronoun, (3) determiner, (4) adjective, (5) verb, (6) adverb, (7) preposition, (8) conjunction, (9) structure word or (10) interjection: 1. China ( ) is ( ) a ( ) great ( ) country ( ). 2. My ( ) uncle ( ) works ( ) in ( ) a ( ) factory ( ). 3. What ( ) is ( ) there ( ) on ( ) the ( ) table ( )? 4. Oh ( ), David ( ), come ( ) here ( ) a ( ) moment ( )! 5. It ( ) is ( ) not ( ) easy ( ) to ( ) learn ( ) it ( ) well ( ). 6. I ( ) have ( ) something ( ) to ( ) tell ( ) you ( ). 7. The ( ) sun ( ) is ( ) shining ( ) in ( ) all ( ) his ( ) splendid ( ) beauty ( ). 8. He ( ) does ( ) not ( ) care ( ) whether ( ) he ( ) gets ( ) it 8

9 第一章词短语和句子 ( ) or ( ) not ( ). 9. Do ( ) you ( ) really ( ) have ( ) a ( ) good ( ) time ( ) at ( ) the ( ) party ( )? 10. If ( ) you ( ) do ( ) that ( ) again ( ), you ( ) will ( ) catch ( ) it ( ). II. Identify the italicized phrases in the following sentences as (1) noun phrase, (2) pronominal phrase, (3) finite verb phrase, (4) infinitive phrase, (5) -ing participle phrase, (6) -en participle phrase, (7) adjective phrase, (8) adverb phrase, (9) prepositional phrase or (10) numeral phrase: 1. He is a liar ( ). You can t believe anything he says ( ). 2. They invited all their relations ( ) to stay at Christmas ( ). 3. A microswitch ( ) is a very small electric switch ( ). 4. John wouldn t be so careless ( ) as to forget his pen ( ). 5. One third of the people there ( ) speak English very fluently ( ). 6. Here and there ( ) we can find small stores ( ) specializing in such dairy products ( ). 7. You re looking very good ( ) living in the country ( ) must suit you ( ). 8. It is very important ( ) for everyone ( ) to come to the meeting ( ) on time ( ). 9. There have been many great discoveries ( ) made by scientists ( ) in the 20th century ( ). 10. Mark passed the practical exam ( ) but the teacher ( ) failed him in the written paper ( ). III. Identify the clauses in the following sentences as (1) subject clause, (2) predicative clause, (3) object clause, (4) appositive clause, (5) complement clause, (6) attributive clause, (7) adverbial clause or (8) coordinate clause: 1. I wonder what really happened ( ). 2. Mike is the man who told me the news ( ). 3. Give him an inch ( ) and he will take a mile ( ). 4. All things are difficult before they are easy ( ). 5. It is certain that prices will go up ( ). 6. I m very glad that you have all come ( ). 7. You may make it what you like it to be ( ). 8. That s not what I meant ( ). 9. Who is responsible for what has happened ( )? 10. I have a feeling that our team is going to win ( ). 9

10 新英语语法教程 IV. Identify the following sentence as (1) simple sentence, (2) compound sentence, (3) complex sentence, (4) compound-complex sentence, (5) elliptical sentence or (6) amorphous sentence: 1. We often go there on Sundays. ( ) 2. Give us a hand, will you? ( ) 3. If in doubt, don t hesitate to ask me. ( ) 4. Come when you will, you will find him at work. ( ) 5. The question is whether we shall do it or not. ( ) 6. Paul told me he was an engineer, but he wasn t. ( ) 7. What a good idea! ( ) 8. Him teach English? ( ) 9. Tom and Mary are in the same class. ( ) 10. Either he is busy or he is away. ( ) V. Identify the following sentences as (1) declarative sentence, (2) interrogative sentence, (3) imperative sentence or (4) exclamative sentence: 1. The boxer was badly injured. ( ) 2. Never go there again. ( ) 3. His pleasure is helping others. ( ) 4. Can I help you? ( ) 5. How he runs! ( ) 6. Somebody close the door. ( ) 7. They are all working hard. ( ) 8. What funny stories she tells! ( ) 9. Would you like steak or chicken? ( ) 10. When shall we leave, today or tomorrow? ( ) 10

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit English for Study in Australia 留学澳洲英语讲座 Lesson 3: Make yourself at home 第三课 : 宾至如归 L1 Male: 各位朋友好, 欢迎您收听留学澳洲英语讲座节目, 我是澳大利亚澳洲广播电台的节目主持人陈昊 L1 Female: 各位

新英语语法教程 Tim said that he would come. 1.2 词的种类 词可以根据它们的词汇意义 语法功能和形式特征分为下列十类 : 1. 名词 (noun), 即表示人和事物等的名称或指称行为 状态 品质等抽象概念的词 例如 : John, teacher, class, ki

新英语语法教程 Tim said that he would come. 1.2 词的种类词可以根据它们的词汇意义语法功能和形式特征分为下列十类 : 1. 名词 (noun), 即表示人和事物等的名称或指称行为状态品质等抽象概念的词例如 : John, teacher, class, ki