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1 2013 年第 5 期总第 141 期外语研究 ForeignLanguagesResearch 2013, 5 Serial 141 * - 江桂英王容花 (, ) : 6 - ; -, - : ; ; ; - :H030 :A : (2013) Lakof& Johnson (1980),,,, (Forcevile & Urios-Aparisi2009:4) (Müler& Cienki2009:297) (co-speech/co-verbalgestures) (ilustrators) (Kendon1980;McNeil1985), (McNeil1992;Cienki& Müler2008a) (Cienki& Müler2008a,2008b;Litlemore2009), : / ; / (Müler & Cienki 2009:299) / /, / / - (verbo-gesturalmetaphor) / / (metaphoricity) (ibid.:300) ( ) ( )(ibid.) (Cienki& Müler 2008b:493) (Kathpalia & Carmel2011) Forcevile(2009:22) :1) ;2) ;3) ;4) * (201122G005) 2012 (12SB347) 9

2 ;5) ;6) ;7) ;8) ;9) (ibid.:23), (pictorialmetaphor), - (Forcevile1996) - (Müler2004,2008),Forcevile ( Forcevile1996,2009) ( 2011; 2011) - (, 2011; 2013; 2011),Cienki (Cienki1997, 1998) Calbris(1990) McNeil(1992) Cienki Cienki(1998) : 1) ( );2) ( );3) ;4) ;5) Cienki& Müler(2008b) Müler& Cienki(2009:307) -, Mitelberg & Waugh(2009), ;,, : ; (ibid.:337) Chui(2011),, / Litlemore (2001) ( ),Litlemoreet.al.(2011) ,Litlemore ( 2004; 2009; 2012) (Litlemore & Low2006), -, : 1) 2) - 3) 10

3 研究对象 2011 ( ) 6, 3, 研究材料 ( ) Nú ez& Sweetser(2006:403) :,6 G20,, ; 3,2 30, 数据处理 6, : Pragglejaz Group (2007) (metaphoridentification procedure, MIP) MIP,,,, Anditis,you know,itisaholeandwecannotfilit, hole, 3.3.2,, ( ) (stroke) (retraction) HyperSnap ,, thefootofamountain, thelegofatable, thearmofachair ; S (Cienki & Müler2008b:485) (Cienki1998;Müler2004;Cienki& Müler2008b) -, hole, Anditis,youknow,itisaholeandwecannotfilit,, hole - -, 92.6%, 98.2% SPSS17.0 ( χ 2), a=0.05, Excel

4 单模态隐喻与多模态隐喻在即兴演讲和问答会话中的差异 ,, 6 1, ( χ 2(1)=23.07,p=0.00; χ 2(1)=6.522,p= 0.01) (Müler& Cienki2009:302) (ibid.:303) 6.71%, ( χ 2(1)=17.655,p=0.00); 6.71% ( χ 2(1)=2.32,p=0. 13) / 演讲 60 会话单模态隐喻多模态隐喻图 1: 单模态及多模态隐喻在演讲和会话中的频率百分比 (%) 4.2 即兴演讲与问答会话中各类隐喻使用频率的差异百分比 (%) 演讲会话言语隐喻手势隐喻言语 - 手势隐喻图 2: 各类隐喻在演讲和会话中的频率 2, - ( χ 2(2)=8.00,p=0.02);, -,, ( χ 2(2)=7.35,p=0.03) Müler& Cienki : (2009:303) %, ( χ 2(1)=29.51,p=0.00) % 11.16%, ( χ 2(1)=0.15, p=0.70; χ 2(1)=2.31,p=0.13) -, (McNeil1992:263) (ideationalfunction) : Wealknowthatforacar,iftheenginedoesn tfunctionproperly,nomater howskiledthedriveris,hecan tpossiblygetthecarmoving.thesameruleappliestochinaasthe engineofthe worldeconomy. THE WORLD ECONOMYIS A CAR, CHINA SECONOMYISTHE ENGINE OF THE CAR, THE OTHER COUNTRIES ARE THE DRIVER OFTHECAR, Ladiesandgentlemen,let sfiltheengineoftheworldsothatyoucanraceitswayaheadtoward prosperityandhope.thankyou THE LOAN OF ONE BILLION IS THE OIL, ENOUGH OILIS THE POWER OFRACING AHEAD, 12

OBJECT), (waking metaphor)(litelemore2009; Müler2008) -, Anditis,youknow,itisaholeand wecannotfilit GREECEISA HOLE,, 7 hole,, ;, (McNeil1992) hole

5 (transparency) (specificity) (Severinoetal.1988 CortésdelosRíos2010:83), 3 - ( 3-5) 图 3:Foracar 图 4:nomaterhowskiled 图 5:filtheengine 4.3 言语 - 手势多模态隐喻的融合 - / Thosedomesticproblemscannotbesolvedinaveryshorttime TIMEIS A MEASURABLE OBJECT,, ( 6) anobject short (TIME), (ASHORT OBJECT), (waking metaphor)(litelemore2009; Müler2008) -, Anditis,youknow,itisaholeand wecannotfilit GREECEISA HOLE,, 7 hole,, ;, (McNeil1992) hole (Müler2008:100) 图 6:inashorttime 图 7:it(Greece)isahole (lexicalafiliate ) Youknownowadays,inourcountry[alotof,youknow,thegenerallevel]ofeducation [issinking], alot 8 thegenerallevelofeducation ; 13

2 - (Kahneman2003) (Chui2012) (Lakof2008:28) (Lakof2008) We

6 education, is, level, sink McNeil& Duncan (2000) (Alibalietal.2001) 图 8:thegenerallevelofeducation 图 9:issinking -, (Müler2004;Müler & Cienki 2009) (Kahneman2003) (Chui2012) (Lakof2008:28) (Lakof2008) We Americaisasickdoctor,ifwewanttosavethesickpatient,thewholeworldeconomy,wehavetocure thedoctorfirst,, 10,,,, ; 11,, - 图 10:WeAmericanisasickdoctor 图 11:wewanttosavethesickpatient (gesturalinertia) (McNeil1992) 14

7 , ( ) 5, 2-5.,, 6 -, - ;, -,, -, - -,6, - : [1 ]Alibali,M.W.,D.C.Heath & H.J.Myers.2001.Efectsofvisibilitybetweenspeakerandlistenerongesture production:somegesturesaremeanttobeseen [J].Journalof Memory and Language44(2): [2]Calbris,G.1990.TheSemioticsof French Gestures [M].Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress. [3]Chui,K.2011.Conceptualmetaphorsingesture[J].CognitiveLinguistics22(3): [4]Chui,K.2012.Gesturalmanifestationofknowledgeinconceptualframes[J].Discourse Proceses49(8): [5]Cienki,A.1997.Motioninthemetaphoricalspacesofmoralityandreasoningasexpressedinlanguageandgesture[J]. InternationalJournalof Communication:A Review of Cognition,Cultureand Communication7 (1/2): [6]Cienki,A.1998.Metaphoricgesturesandsomeoftheirrelationstoverbalmetaphoricalexpressions [C] Jan-Pierre Koenig.Discourseand Cognition:Bridgingthe Gap.Stanford,CA:Centerforthe Study of Language and Information: [7]Cienki,A.& C.Müler.2008a.Metaphorand Gesture [M].Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins. [8]Cienki,A.& C.Müler.2008b.Metaphor,gesture,andthought [C] R.Gibbs.TheCambridge Handbookof Metaphorand Thought.New York:CambridgeUniversityPress: [9]CortésdelosRíos,M.E.2010.Cognitivedevicestocommunicatetheeconomiccrisis:Ananalysisthroughcoversin The Economist [J].Ibérica20: [10]Forcevile,C.1996.Pictorial Metaphorin Advertising [M].London/New York:Routledge. [11]Forcevile,C.2009.Non-verbalandmultimodalmetaphorinacognitivistframework:Agendasforresearch[C] C.J. Forcevile & E.Urios-Aparisi.Multimodal Metaphor.Berlin,New York:MoutondeGruyter: [12]ForcevileC.& E.Urios-Aparisi.2009.Multimodal Metaphor [C].Berlin/New York:MoutondeGruyter. [13]Kahneman,D.2003.Aperspectiveonjudgmentandchoice[J].American Psychologist58(9): [14]Kathpalia,S.S.&H.L.H.Carmel.2011.MetaphoricalcompetenceinESLlearners writing[j].relc Journal41(2): [15]Kendon,A.1980.Gesticulationandspeech:Twoaspectsoftheprocessofuterance[C] M.RitchieKey.Nonverbal 15

8 Communicationand Language.TheHague:Mouton: [16]Lakof,G.2008.Theneuraltheoryofmetaphor[C] R.W.Gibbs.Metaphorandthought.Cambridge,UK:Cambridge UniversityPress:17-38 [17]Lakof,G.& M.Johnson.1980.Metaphors WeLive By [M].Chicago:UniversityofChicayoPress. [18]Litlemore,J.2001.Theuseofmetaphorbyuniversitylecturersandtheproblemsthatitcausesforoverseasstudents [J].Teachingin Higher Education6(3): [19]Litlemore,J.2009.Applying CognitiveLinguisticsto Second LanguageLearning and Teaching [M].Basingstoke/ New York:PalgraveMacmilan. [20]LitlemoreJ.2012.Verbalandgesturalmetaphorsinacademictutorials[Z].The3rdNationalConferenceonCognitive LinguisticsandSLA. [21]Litlemore,J.,P.Chen,J.Barnden & A.Koester.2011.Dificultiesin metaphorcomprehensionfacedbyinternational studentswhosefirstlanguageisnotenglish [J].Applied Linguistics32(4): [22]Litlemore,J.& G.Low.2006.Metaphoriccompetenceandcommunicativelanguageability[J].Applied Linguistics27 (2): [23]McNeil,D.1985.Soyouthinkgesturesarenonverbal [J].PsychologicalReview 92(3): [24]McNeil,D.1992.Hand and Mind:WhatGesturesReveal AboutThought [M].Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress. [25]McNeil,D.& S.D.Duncan.2000.Growth-pointsinthinking-for-speaking [C] D.McNeil.Languageand Gesture. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress: [26]Mitelberg,I.& L.R.Waugh.2009.Metonymyfirst,metaphorsecond:Acognitive-semioticapproachto multimodal figuresofthoughtinco-speechgesture [C] C.Forcevile & E.Urios-Aparisi.Multimodal Metaphor.Berlin/New York:MoutondeGruyter: [27]Müler,C.2004.Formsandusesofthepalmupopenhand:Acaseofagesturefamily [C] C.Müler& R.Posner. TheSemanticsand Pragmaticsof Everyday Gestures.Berlin:Weidler: [28]Müler,C.2008.Metaphors Dead and Alive,Sleeping and Waking:A Dynamic View [M].Chicago:Universityof ChicagoPress. [29]Müler,C.& A.Cienki.2009.Words,gesturesandbeyond:Formsof multimodalmetaphorintheuseofspoken language[c] C.Forcevile & E.Urios-Aparisi.Multimodal Metaphor.Berlin/New York:MoutondeGruyter: [30]Nú ez,r.e.& E.Sweetser.2006.Withthefuturebehindthem:Convergentevidenceform Aymaralanguageand gestureinthecrosslinguisticcomparisonofspatialconstrualsoftime[j].cognitivescience30(3): [31]PragglejazGroup.2007.MIP:A methodforidentifying metaphoricalyused wordsindiscourse [J].Metaphorand Symbol22(1):1-39. [32] [M]. :. [33] [J]. (1): [34] [J]. (2): [35] CharlesForcevile [J]. (5): [36] [J]. (1):1-9. [37], [J]. (1): [38] [J]. (6): [39] Forcevile & Urios-Aparisi [J]. (1):1-10. : :,, :,, : ( : ) 16

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