基础语法第一部分 : 简单句第二部分 : 并列句第一章 : 简单句的核心第二章 : 简单句的补充四六级语法第三部分 : 复合句第四部分 : 特殊用途的句子强调倒装虚拟真题应用长难句分析 ( 全真题讲解 ) 第一部分 : 简单句第一章 : 简单句的核心一简单句的核心构成简

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "基础语法第一部分 : 简单句第二部分 : 并列句第一章 : 简单句的核心第二章 : 简单句的补充四六级语法第三部分 : 复合句第四部分 : 特殊用途的句子强调倒装虚拟真题应用长难句分析 ( 全真题讲解 ) 第一部分 : 简单句第一章 : 简单句的核心一简单句的核心构成简"

特谅别
5 years ago
Views:

1 大学英语基础语法主讲老师 : 田静导学部分误区 : 四六级不考语法语法 = 单选题语法? 语言的规矩和法则连词成句语言语法句子四六级语法学什么? 句子句子的结构一个句子多个句子的连接 ( 一件事 ) ( 多件事 ) 简单句并列句 / 复合句

2 基础语法第一部分 : 简单句第二部分 : 并列句第一章 : 简单句的核心第二章 : 简单句的补充四六级语法第三部分 : 复合句第四部分 : 特殊用途的句子强调倒装虚拟真题应用长难句分析 ( 全真题讲解 ) 第一部分 : 简单句第一章 : 简单句的核心一简单句的核心构成简单句一个句子 ( 一件事 ) 世界是物质的, 物质是运动的 n. + v. 主语 + 谓语 1 1 n. + 谓语 v. 一主一谓, 谓语动词的不同决定简单句的不同构成

3 例子 : I swim. I like English. 区分 vt./vi. 1) 意思 2) 介词 (prep.) I like English. The bride kissed the groom. Birds fly in the sky. We walked on the street yesterday. You look at me. 介宾结构 They offered me a vacant post. They offered a vacant post to me. I bought you a present. I bought a present for you. I find HongKong??? I find HongKong very beautiful. I find HongKong a place for shopping. 我非常高兴 I very happy.??? I am very happy. 主系表系动词 1. be 动词 ( 单独 ) 2. 变得 get become turn go grow 3. 感官动词 look sound smell taste feel 看 / 听 / 闻 / 尝 / 感觉起来 4. keep remain / seem appear 1. I ask you a question. 主谓双宾 2. You answer. 主谓 3. I love you. 主谓宾 4. You make my life complete. 主谓宾补 5. I am happy. 主系表

4 主语 + 谓语 +? 二简单句的核心变化 ( 一 ) 谓语动词的变化 : 1. 时态 : 一般过去时 Simple Past 形式 :V. 过去式 (did/was/were) 用法 : 过去的事过去的动作 ( 无关现在 ) 例子 : He was a student. He liked music. She had a boyfriend. 变否定或疑问 :

5 He was happy. He was not happy. Was he happy? How was he? He liked English. He did not like English. Did he like English? What did he like? 补充 : V. 过去式 V. 过去分词 look looked looked buy bought bought see saw seen eat ate eaten V. 过去式 V. 过去分词一般过去时完成时被动语态不作谓语一般现在时 Simple Present 形式 :V. 原形 /V. 第三人称单数 (do/does) You like English. He likes English. 用法 : 1. 现在经常性习惯性的动作 We have the English class every day. He often gets up late. 2. 现在的状态 I am a teacher. We are in China. 3. 永恒

6 The earth is round. The earth moves around the sun. Knowledge is power. Practice makes perfect. 变否定或疑问 : He is happy. You like English. He likes English. He is not happy. You do not like English. He does not like English. Is he happy? Do you like English? Does he like English? How is he? What do you like? What does he like? 补充 : 与频率连用 (every, once a week, twice a month, three times a ) always usually, often, frequently sometimes, occasionally seldom,hardly never 一般将来时 Simple Future 形式 :will / am / is /are going to + V. 原形用法 : 将来的事 ( 现成的将来 ) I will make a new plan tomorrow. We are going to study abroad next year. 变否定或疑问 : He will leave. He will not leave. Will he leave What will he do? He is going to leave. He is not going to leave. Is he going to leave? What is he going to do?

7 过去将来时 Past Future 形式 :would / was / were /are going to + V. 原形用法 : 将来的事 ( 过去的将来 ) I said that I would become a cook in the future. Tony finished his work, and then he would leave for London. 3 种进行时 Progressive Tense At 10 o clock yesterday some students were taking an exam in their classrooms. We are taking about the water pollution. A great many candidates will be meeting here at this time tomorrow. 现在完成时形式 :have/has + done 用法 : 现在全部完成现成部分完成 He has left. We have studied English for ten years. 过去完成时形式 :had + done 用法 : 过去的之前 When he got there, she had left. She was not there. 完成进行时 = 完成 + 进行 =** 时间的之前, 强调进行的过程完成时 vs. 完成进行时

8 They on the program for almost one week before I joined them, and now we are still working on it as no good results so far. A. have been working; have come out B. had worked; came out C. had been working; have come out D. have worked; are coming out 答案 :C 2. 语态 : n. + v. 动词的时态动词的语态动词的情态谓语动词的变化语态被动语态狗吃了那个蛋糕 The dog ate the cake.? 吃了那个蛋糕蛋糕被吃了狗吃了那个蛋糕主语宾语蛋糕被狗吃了被动语态适用范围 1: 及物动词

9 2: 不及物动词 + 介词被动语态 be + done 被动的时间被动的动作备注 : 1. be 表示被动的时间 ( 把 be 变成对应的各种形态 ), 还表达主语单复数 2. done 表示被动的动作教室每天都打扫 Classrooms are cleaned (clean) every day. 一座新的大楼去年建造的 A new building was built (build) last year. 与时态相结合被动语态他每天被打他昨天被打了他明天将要被打他现在正在被打他现在已经被打了 be + done He is beaten every day. He was beaten yesterday. He will be beaten tomorrow. He is being beaten. ( 现在经行时的被动 am/is/are + being done) He has been beaten. ( 现在完成时的被动 have/has + been done) Our morning paper is read (read) by over 200,000 people every day. Last night my favorite TV program was interrupted (interrupt) by a special news bulletin. His bike will be repaired (repair) by his grandfather tomorrow. The new machine has been used (use) in our factory for two week. 与情态动词相结合被动语态 Planes are heard. be + done Planes can be heard. Planes could be heard. Planes may be heard. Planes must be heard.

10 这封信必须马上寄出 The letter must be sent immediately. 天气不能被人们所控制 Weather cannot be controlled by people. 3. 情态 : 用法 : 1) 情态动词 + 动词原形 2) 情态动词的人称变化无 3) 情态动词的时态变化有限 4) 情态动词变否定 / 疑问四六级常用的情态动词有 : must 必须 can / could 能够, 可以 will / would 愿意 / 将要 may / might 可以, 可能 should 应该 1 情态动词表示情态 We must finish the work within a week. Air pollution must be taken seriously. The government can solve the problem of water pollution. Tony could walk when he was only one year old. Will you marry me? I will travel abroad with my family. Potential buyers would cheer for lower interest rates.

11 To some extent, expressions may influence emotions. Such bodily reaction might help moderate the work stress. Students should work hard to pass the exams. Those sick people should seek help from doctors. 2 情态动词表示推测 The details may be unknowable. Such searches must take years. The loss of patience can potentially have a damaging impact on our professional and personal wellbeing. The way of saying those things may have led to misunderstanding. Now something similar could be happening in the South Africa. 练习 : 1) In order to be a good salesclerk, you (must not / will not) be rude to a customer. 2) This pie is very good. You (should / must) try a piece. 3) Rice (should / must / may) have water in order to grow. 4) Don t be nervous. I think you (can / must) make it. 5) I am not sure. Probably he (may / should) come later. 答案 :1. must not 2. should 3. must / should 4. can 5. may ( 二 ) 主语 / 宾语 / 表语的变化 : 1. 名词 / 代词 Most graduates always want a big-firm job. She is the leader of the organization. They gave us a good impression. 2. doing/to do Laughing probably has great influence on health. To laugh probably has great influence on health. It probably has great influence on health to laugh. Having only a foggy view of the future is of little good. It is no use to talk about dreams without trying.

12 We enjoy reading books in the library. The members of the board decide to vote against the new plan. Our main goal is to finish the task on time. 3. 多个并列 Science and technology will develop the process of society. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, and psychology. That doesn't mean sitting down and doing nothing at all. n. + v. 名词 / 代词 doing to do 多个并列动词的时态动词的语态动词的情态动词的否定第二章简单句的补充一限定词 / 形容词副词 / 介词短语

13 常用介词 prep. :in on at / from to / into onto / with without / of / by / for / about 其他介词 :before after / since until / during / between among /across through / against / like as 二非谓语动词非谓语动词共 3 种 : doing 表示主动 done 表示被动 to do 表示目的 Passing planes can be heard night and day. The teacher came into the classroom, holding a book in his hand. He bought a used car. The teacher came into the classroom, followed by five students. I have a lot of homework to do. I am coming to see you. 练习 : 1., you need to give all you have and try your best. A. Being a winner B. To be a winner C. Be a winner D. Having been a winner 2. into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated 3. Peter received a letter just now his grandma would come to see him soon. A. said B. says C. saying D. to say 4. an important role in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous. A. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer 5. The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to. A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined

14 请以讲义为准, 答案选 C 逗号之间的是一个定语从句, 主语和从句之间是被动关系, 故选 C 答案 1. B 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. C 三同位语 / 插入语同位语, 解释说明前面名词, 与名词相同, 说的是一件事 My teacher, Mr. Lee, is coming to the meeting. 插入语, 插入的补充说明, 与前后无关 My teacher, together with his colleagues, is coming to the meeting. All their lives, today's young women have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion to pursue science and sports, math and theater and do it all as well as they possibly can CET4 Confronted with such facts, some Swedish activists and legislators are demanding more extreme and far-reaching measures, such as replacing male and female pronouns with a neutral alternative and monitoring children more closely to correct them when they gravitate toward gendered play CET6 第二部分 : 并列句一并列句的构成多件事 ( 多个简单句 ) 之间同等重要, 用并列连词连接起来四六级常用的并列连词有 : 1) 表示顺接 :... and...; both... and...; not only..., but... as well / but also... 2) 表示转折 :but; yet; while 3) 表示选择 :... or...; either... or...; neither... nor... 4) 表示因果 :... for... ( 原因 );... so...( 结果 ) 二并列句的省略 I am a teacher and I like English. I am a teacher and like English. I am lying in bed and I am reading a book. I am lying in bed and reading a book.

15 I want to leave and I want to go abroad. I want to leave and to go abroad. and( 平行结构 ) 练习 : 1) You can stay at home go out to play. It doesn t matter. A. either, or B. neither, nor C. both, and D. not only, but also 2) We bought her a birthday present, she likes it very much. A. so B. or C. and D. but 3) you he is able to ski, but I am. A. both, and B. either, or C. neither, nor D. between, and 4) The doctor tried their best to save the patient s life, failed. A. or B. so C. but D. because 5) I could speak Japanese Chinese, so I had to talk with him in English. A. not only, but also B. both, and C. neither, nor D. either, or 6) I like pop music, but my father my mother likes it. A. both, and B. either, or C. neither, nor D. not only, but also 7) Tom, keep away from the fire, you will get burnt. A. and B. so C. or D. but 8) I thought we d be late for the concert, we ended up getting there ahead of time. A. but B. or C. so D. for 答案 1. A 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. C 6. C 7. C 8. A 第三部分 : 复合句第一章名词性从句一宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的含义 : 一个句子作宾语, 放在另一个句子 ( 主句 ) 里 2. 宾语从句的写法 :

16 I know (that) you are right. I know what she will say. I know whether/if he is happy. 总结 : 宾语从句的写法 + ( 词 + 陈述句 ) 练习 : 填入宾语从句的连接词 1) 我承诺我会帮助你 I promise I will help you. 2) 你从来没告诉过我, 你对我的电脑做了什么 You never told me you had done to my computer. 3) 我想知道什么时候我们将会出发 I wonder we will set out. 4) 他们不知道他们是否会按时完成工作 They don t know they will finish the work on time. 5) 你能告诉我什么时候我们将会出发吗? Can you tell me? 答案 1. that 2. what 3. when 4. whether 5. when we ll set out 3. 宾语从句的位置 : 名词性从句 : 1) We know *****.

17 2) The big news is ****. 3) **** is big news. 4) We know the big news ****. 宾语从句 : 5) I don t know when you will finish the work. No one tells me when you will finish the work. 6) I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 7) Are you positive (that) you ve never seen that man before? 二表语从句 My concern is that people don t care about others. The question remains whether people will buy it. 三同位语从句一个句子作同位语, 解释说明 n. 位置 : 需要解释的抽象 n. 后 (fact, idea, news, dream, suggestion, advice, report ) 最常用的是 : that+ 陈述句这种 ( 注意 :that 不作成分, 但不能省略 ) 我不怀疑他将会帮我的忙 I have no doubt that he will help me. 我支持这种论据, 校车问题必须被严肃对待 I support the argument that the problems of school buses must be taken seriously. 四主语从句我们是否将会去露营取决于天气位置 1: 句首 Whether we will go camping depends on the weather. 位置 2: 句尾 ( 句首用形式主语 it) It depends on the weather whether we will go camping. 注意 : 两种位置, 意思相同但更常用的是位于句尾的主语从句

18 练习 : 填入连接词, 并判断是哪种名词性从句 1) Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom 2) We ve offered her the job, but I don t know she ll accept it. A. where B. what C. whether D. which 8) Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which 9) Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases. A. what B. which C. that D. where 10) It was never clear the man hadn t reported the accident sooner. A. that B. how C. when D. why 11) It is still under discussion the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not. A. whether B. when C. which D. where 12) I am afraid he s more of a talker than a doer, which is he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why 8) These wild flowers are so special that I would do I can to save them. A. whatever B. which C. that D. whichever 答案 1. B 主语从句 2. C 宾语从句 3. C 宾语从句 4. C 同位语从句 5. D 主语从句 6. A 主语从句 7. D 表语从句 8. A 宾语从句第二章定语从句 1. 定语从句的含义 : 一个句子作定语, 去修饰限定名词 2. 定语从句的写法 : 先把主句和从句写成两个句子, 再把从句合并进去修饰限定名词 This is the 我梦想很多年的 job. This is the job. I have dreamed of the job for years.

19 关系词如何选择? 看先行词! 练习关系词的选择 : 1) I have a class begins at 8:00 am. 2) The lawyer my brother called didn t answer the phone. 3) My daughter asked me a question I couldn t answer. 4) The people sat in the stadium cheered for the home team. 5) Leo is the student bike was stolen. 6) Australia is one of the few countries people drive on the left. 7) Sunday is the day people usually don t go to work. 8) Is there any particular reason you can t come? 答案 1. which / that 2. 不填 / whom / that 3. 不填 / that / which 4. who 5. whose 6. where 7. when 8. why 练习写定语从句 1) I lost the book. 我弄丢了上周从图书馆借的书 2) The woman was feeding pigeons. 我在公园看见的那位女士正在喂鸽子 3) The bus is usually very crowded. 我每天上学坐的那辆公交车总是很拥挤答案 1. which / that / 不填 I borrowed from the library 2. who / that / whom / 不填 I saw in the

20 park 3. which / that / 不填 I take every day to school 3. 定语从句的分类 : I met your friend who is staying in Paris. I met your mother, who is staying in Paris. 限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句 This is the wall which they built last week. This is the Great Wall, which is world-famous. 练习 ( 填入逗号和关系词 ): 1) He came from Beijing is the capital of China. (, which) 2) He came from a city is in the north of China. (which / that) 3) This is the businessman we are cooperating with. (who / whom / that / 不填 ) 4) This is Bill Gates many people know as the richest man. (, whom) 注意 : 非限定性定语从句不仅可以修饰前面的名词, 还可以修饰前面整句话 The company will get back to you in three days, which is one of the typical rules. 补充 : 介词提前的定语从句 This is the job which/that/x I have dreamed of for years. This is the job of which I have dreamed for years. Humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live. The theory on which it is based may be right. 第三章状语从句 1. 状语从句的含义 : 一个句子作状语, 表达描述性的信息 2. 状语从句的写法 : 从属连词 + 完整的陈述句时间状语从句从属连词 when, while, as, before, after, since, until, as

21 地点状语从句原因状语从句结果状语从句目的状语从句条件状语从句让步状语从句比较状语从句方式状语从句 soon as, no sooner than where because, since, as so / such that, so that so that, in order that if, unless, as long as although, though, even though, as than, as as 地点状语从句 Stay where you are. Where there is a will, there is a way. 结果状语从句 The problem is so complicated that we cannot solve it. It is such a complicated problem that we cannot solve it. 让步状语从句 Although it is summer, it is very cold. It is summer, but it is very cold. 比较状语从句 I am as tall as you. I am as tall as you (are). 方式状语从句 Do it as I told you yesterday. When in Rome, do as Romans do. 3. 状语从句的时态 : 时间 / 条件状语从句中表示将来, 要换成一般现在时如果明天下雨, 我们就不去公园 If it rains tomorrow, we will not go for a picnic. I will let him know, when he comes home later. 改错练习 :

22 1) The boss will review your work after she will return from vacation next week.(returns) 2) I ll give you a call on my cell phone as soon as my plane will land. (lands) 3) I don t like my current job, but I m going to stay with this company until I will find something better. (find) 4) If it won t be cold tomorrow, we ll go to the beach. (isn t) 5) If it will be cold tomorrow, we will go to a movie. (is) 4. 状语从句的位置 : If it rains tomorrow, we will not go to the park. We will not go to the park, if it rains tomorrow. We, if it rains tomorrow, will not go to the park. 练习 : 1) He speaks English well indeed, but of course not a native speaker. A. as fluent as B. more fluent than C. as fluently as D. much fluently than 2) The couple had no sooner got to the station the coach left. A. when B. as C. until D. than 3) My parents don t mind what job I do I am happy. A. even though B. as soon as C. as long as D. as though 4) The medicine works more effectively you drink some hot water after taking it. A. as B. until C. although D. if 5) the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him. A. Although B. As long as C. If only D. As soon as 6) It just isn t fair. I was working as a waiter last month, my friends were lying on the beach. A. whenever B. though C. for D.while 7) Shall we have our picnic tomorrow? it doesn t rain. A. Until B. While C. Once D. If 8) The Great Wall is tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year. A. so a well-known B. a so well-known C. such well-known a D. such a well-known 9) Owen wouldn t eat anything he cooked it himself. A. until B. since C. unless D. while 答案 1. C 2. D. 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. D 7. D 8. D 9. C 第四部分 : 特殊用途的句子

23 第一章强调强调句 It is.. that.. I want to go to America this summer. It is America that I want to go to this summer. 补充 : 强调过时态 :It was that 强调人时 : It is that/who 练习 : It is they, not American, who have become anti-intellectual. It is they who have become anti-intellectual. It is that 写作 : Lisa likes cooking at home. We used to have meetings in the cafe. They celebrated the holiday on Nov.11 th. Students don t like too much homework. Men can solve the problems of natural disaster only by controlling the environmental pollution. 注意 : 一个句子的动词和形容词不能强调第二章倒装全部倒装 / 部分倒装 1. 全部倒装 : In the mountain lies a castle. Here comes the bus. 全部倒装 :There be 句型 (1)There be +n. 有 ( 客观存在 ) There is a girl. (2)There be +n + 介词短语有在哪里 ( 客观存在 ) There is a book on the table. There is no gap between mind and matter. 注意 :1)be 动词的变化 There will now be a seven- day wait for jobseeker s allowance. 2) 主语的单复数 3)There 还可以与情态动词搭配

24 There may be more matches in the database. 2. 部分倒装 : 相当于把陈述句变成疑问句三种情况需要倒装 (1) 否定词位于句首 not, no, never, hardly, little, scarcely, seldom, not until, not only.. (2)only 位于句首 (3) 虚拟 if 条件句举例 : The poor man had not only been arrested but he had been sent to prison as well. Not only had the poor man been arrested, but he had been sent to prison as well. We can learn English well only in this way. Only in this way can we learn English well. 练习 : 1. You will never know the truth. Never. 2. He cares little for my words. Little. 3. I had no sooner got the invitation than I refused. No sooner. 4. He had hardly had time to settle down when he left the country. Hardly. 5. He achieved his goal only by working hard. Only by working hard. 6. Natural disasters will reduce, only when we solve the problems of environmental pollution. Only when. 第三章虚拟 1. 什么是虚拟? 2. 怎么表示虚拟?

25 3. 虚拟常用于? 1. If 虚拟条件句 ( 虚拟语气 ): (1) 虚拟条件句 ( 假设现在 ) If 从句主句假设过去 would 假设现在 did (were) could + do should 假设将来 might If I were you, I would do it now. 练习 : I am not you, so I can t make the decision. I don t know his phone number, so I won t ring him up. He isn t free at the moment, so he won t go to the cinema. 补充 : If I could rearrange the alphabet, I would put U and I together. (2) 虚拟条件句 ( 假设过去 ) If 从句主句假设过去 had done would +have done 假设现在 could Should 假设将来 might If they had won the match, they would have held a party to celebrate. 练习 : He was not a student, so he couldn t attend the lecture. He didn t tell her the answer. She didn t understand it.

26 You were late, so you didn t hear what he told us. (3) 虚拟语气 ( 假设将来 ) If 从句主句假设过去假设现在 would could should 假设将来 did(were) were to do might+ do should do If I were to live my life over again, I would have you as my life. 练习 : 如果我明天有时间, 我就会帮他 ( 明天不太可能有时间 ) If I had time tomorrow (were to have/should have), I would help him. 总结 : If 从句主句假设过去 had done would +have done 假设现在 did(were) could + do should 假设将来 did(were) were to do might+ do should do If 非真实条件句 ( 混合时态的虚拟 ) If 从句主句假设过去假设现在假设将来如果你 ( 过去 ) 嫁个他, 你 ( 现在 ) 就会是一个加油站服务员的妻子 If you had married him, you would be the wife of a gas station attendant.

27 省略 if 的虚拟条件句 If you had joined us, we would have had more fun. If I were you, I would think it twice. 2. 名词性从句的虚拟语气 : 表示建议, 要求, 命令动词后的宾语从句虚拟从句中用 (should)+do He suggested that the system should be changed. suggest, advise, propose, recommend, order, ask, demand, insist, require, request.. 练习 : 宾语从句的虚拟语气 1 The engineers proposed they (look) at the design again. 2 He insisted that she (send) her sister to a dancing school. 3 The workers demanded they (give) the wages they should get. 4 he ordered they (start) the attack before dawn. 5 the teacher always suggests the students (go) over the text before the best. 6 the professor recommended we (look) for the information in the library. 总结 : 表示建议, 要求, 命令的名词性从句 He suggested that the system should be changed. His suggestion was that the system should be changed. He gave the suggestion that the system should be changed. This year, it was suggested that the system should be changed.

Microsoft Word - 第四組心得.doc

Microsoft Word - 第四組心得.doc 徐婉真這四天的綠島人權體驗營令我印象深刻, 尤其第三天晚上吳豪人教授的那堂課, 他讓我聽到不同於以往的正義之聲轉型正義, 透過他幽默熱情的語調激起了我對政治的興趣, 願意在未來多關心社會多了解政治第一天抵達綠島不久,