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1 :,,, : (1) ; (2),; (3), : (1) ; (2) :,,,,,,,20 80,,? (2005),: (,2004), %, % ;,,, (,2006),,,,,,,,,,,2008,,,,,,, com com ;,,:100081, com (06JC790044), 105

2 :,,:,, ;;, ;,,: (1)? (2),?,,, Arrow(1963),Acton (1975) Christianson (1976) Grossman (1972),, Heller (1982) Akin (1986),, Gertler et al. (1987), Gertler et al. (1990) Bitran et al. (1993),,, MNL (multinomial logit model), MNL IIA (independence of irrelevant alternatives), IIA,MNL,McFadden (1986), IIA, NMNL (nested MNL) Akin et al. (1981) Akin (1986) Gertler, Locay and Sanderson (1987) Mwabu (1993) Ching(1995) Gupta and Dasgupta (2002),, : (2001), MNL,,;,Chen and Liu (2001) 1989,,,,,,, (1999,2004),,,,,, () 106

3 :,() ; 2 : () ; 3 : ; 4 :,,, Gertler et al. (1987) Gertler et al. (1990) Mwabu et al. (1993), 1 4 V ij, V ij = V ij ( X i, Z j, Y i, R ij,a i ) (1), X i i, ; Z j i j, ; Y i ; R ij i j ; A i (1) i Y i R ij A i X i Z j,,a i 1, (1) : V ij = V 3 ij + u i (2),V 3 ij, u i (1), v 3 ij = G ij + j S i (3), G ij i j (attribute), Z j R ij, j,i ; S i i, X i Y i,j ; i j,j J,i j : Prob ( U ij > U ik ),k j (4) u i Weibull,i j P ij : P ij = exp ( G ij + j S i )Π exp ( G ik + k S i ) (5) S i j,,,,, 21,(5) ( ) L = i j G ij log P ij (6),,,Grossman(1972) Matlab 107

4 :,L,i j, G ij 1, G ij 0,MNL (6),,, () 2005 A B C 3 6,,, A, GDP,B 11, 3 6 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ), 12 ( ) ( ) 2 (),24 () () 200, , ,: 5152, 1183,DELTA 01069, Gini 01053,, : ; ( ), (), , ,156 ( ),30 : ( ) ( IIA,,,, A B C,,, 108

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8 : 2 (= ) = 4813 (1) (2) () () () (15 24 = 0) Π : ( < 5 = ) : ( = 0) : : ( = 0) Π 3 3 Π : % 5 % 1 %(3 )

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10 : 31 MNL (3 (1) ),,,,, (),, ( ),,,,,,,,( ),,,, 41 MNL, (1) (2) (3 (2) ),, 3 (1),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,, () 11 4 (),,,, 10 %,3 % ;, 10 %, 20 % ; 10 % 15 %,, (115) (0198) (0155) () (0121) ;, (2101), () ( ) ( - 112),( - 011), 10 %, 9 %,11 % 114

11 2008 7,,,,,10 %, 15 %,, 1 %, 011 %, 21 4 (),,, 10 %,4 % ;(), 10 %, () 20 % ;10 % 10 % 4 Π Π () () ,, (1125) (1123) (0188) () (0169) ;,(2135), (0185), () (0105),, ( - 111),,,,,,10 % 12 %,10 %, 1013 %415 %,() 15 %3811 %, 115

12 : () ( ),: 11,, 21, 31,, 41,,,, 51,,, ;, 61,,,, () 11,,,,,,,,, 21,,,,,,,,2001 :, 2,2005 :,,1999 :,,2004 :,,2006 :,,3 18 Acton, J. P., 1975,Nonmonetary Factors in the Demand for Medical Services : Some Empirical Evidence, Journal of Political Economy, 83 : Akin, J., D. Guilkey and B. Popkin, 1981,The Demand for Child Health in the Phillipines, Soc SciMed, 15C: Akin, J. 1986,The Demand for Primary Health Care Services in the Bicol Region of the Philippines, Econ Dev Cultur Change, 34 (4) : Alderman, H. and P. Gertler, 1989,The Substitutability of Public and Private Health Care for the Treatment of Children in Pakistan, 116

13 Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 57, World Bank, Washington D. C. Arrow, K., 1963,Uncertainty and the Welfare Economics of Medical Care, American Economic Review, 53 (5) : Bitran, R. A. and D. K. McInnes, 1993,The Demand for Health Care in Latin America, EDI Seminar Paper No. 46, The World Bank. Chen, C. S. and T. C. Liu, 2001,Health Care Utilization after Economic Reform inmainland China : A Multinomial Logit Approach, Issues and Studies, 37 : Ching, P., 1995,User Fees, Demand for Children s Health Care and Access across Income Groups : The Philippines Case, Social Science and Medicine, 41 : Christianson, J. B., 1976,Evaluation Location for Outpatient Medical Care Facilities, Land Economics, 52 (3) : Dow, W. H., 1996,Unconditional Demand for Health Care in Cote d Ivoire : Does Selection on Health Status Matter?Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper, No. 127, World Bank, Washington D. C.. Gertler,P, L. Locay and W. Sanderson, 1987,Are User Fees Regressive? The Welfare Implications of Health Care Financing Proposals in Peru, Journal of Econometrics, 36 (Supp) : Gertler, P. and J. Van der Gaag, 1990, The Willingness to Pay for Medical Care : Evidence from Two Developing Countries, John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Grossman, M., 1972,On the Concept of Health Capital and The Demand for Health, Journal of Political Economy, 80 : Gupta, S., M. Verhoeven, and E. R. Tiongson, 2002,The Effectiveness of Government Spending on Education and Health Care in Developing and Transition Economies, European Journal of Political Economy, 18 (4), N : Heller, P., 1982,A Model of the Demand for Medical and Health Services in Peninsular Malaysia, Social Science and Medicine, 16 (3) : Lavy, V. and J. Quigley, 1991,On the Economics of Medical Care : The Choice of Quality and Intensity of Medical Care in Ghana, (mimeo. ), World Bank, Washington D. C.. Lavy, V. and J. Quigley, 1993,Willingness to Pay for Quality and Intensity of Medical Care : Evidence from Low Income Households in Ghana, Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 94, World Bank, Washington D. C.. Lavy, V. and J. Germain, 1995,Quality and Cost in Health Care Choice in Developing Countries, Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 105, World Bank,Washington D. C.. Masako, Ii, 1996,The Demand for Medical Care : Evidence from Urban Areas in Bolivia, Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 123, World Bank, Washington D. C. McFadden, D., 1986,The Choice Theory of Market Research, Marketing Science, 5 (4) : Mwabu, G., M. Ainsworth and A. Nyamete, 1993,Quality of Medical Care and Choice of Medical Treatment in Kenya : An Empirical Analysis, Journal of Human Resources, 28 (4) : World Health Organization (World Health Organization), , The World Health Report. Wouters, A, 1991,Essential National Health Research : Health Care Financing and Quality of Health Care, International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 6 (4) : Health Care Demand and Choice of Medical Treatment Wang Jun, Chang Zhongze and Liu Hong (Central University of Finance and Economics) Abstract : Employing a Multinomial Logit model, we empirically examine how an individual makes the choice of medical treatment among self2care, community health center, county hospital, metropolitan hospital and private hospital, in urban and rural China respectively. We use the data from a randomized household survey combined with an area health resource file in The results indicate significant urban2rural difference in demand for medical care. The paper suggests that policy makers, aimed at improving health care access as well as reducing health care costs, should take account of the heterogeneous health care demand behavior. Key Words :Medical Care Demand ; Empirical Analysis JEL Classification :D120, I100, I180 (: ) ( ) 117

CHIPS Oaxaca - Blinder % Sicular et al CASS Becker & Chiswick ~ 2000 Becker & Chiswick 196

CHIPS Oaxaca - Blinder % Sicular et al CASS Becker & Chiswick ~ 2000 Becker & Chiswick 196 2015 3 179 2015 5 Comparative Economic & Social Systems No. 3 2015 May 2015 2001 ~ 2011 F812 A 1003-3947 2015 03-0020-14 Wu & Perloff 2004 Benjamin et al. 2004 Sicular et al. 2007 1998 2003 40% 1985 2.