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1 47 6 Vol.47, No OCEANOLOGIA ET LIMNOLOGIA SINICA Nov., 2016 (Oithona spp.) * ( ), ( E E, 4 30 N N), (Oithona) : (1) 15 ( 1 ), (Oithona linearis) (O. robusta) (O. longispina),,,, ; (2) ; (3) 30ind./m 3,,, ; (4) 0 750m,,, 0 75m, m, m ; (5)GAM, a,, C, , a 5 10μg/L; (6),, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; S917, P735, Q958 doi: /hyhz (Copepods) (0.2 20mm), (Oithona) (Crustacea) (Maxillopoda) (Copepoda) (Cyclopoidea) (Oithonidae),, (Paffenhöfer, 1993), (Nakamura et al, 1997; Saiz et al, 2003; Tumer, 2004),,,, (Hwang et al, 2010) 17, (, 2008) *, ;, 2013BAD13B06 ;, 2014A ;, NFZX2013 :,, feiyanegg@163.com : , :

2 6 : (Oithona spp.) 1177,,,,,, (, 2000),,,, (, 1998), 12, (, 2003) ,,,,, (generalized additive model, GAM), GAM,,, (Hastie et al,1990; Bigelow et al, 1999;, 2010) GAM (Christos et al, 1997;, 2009; Chang et al, 2010;, 2013; Bai et al, 2015;), S11 S17 S18 S25 S26 S29 S34 S35 ) 18 ( S1 S3 S6 S7 S8 S9 S13 S17 S19 S22 S23 S25 S7 S28 S33 S34 S35 ), 1 1 ( 280cm, 50cm, 0.2m 2, 0.077mm) 200m, 86,, N E 3, 5 (S4 S14 S15 S16 S33 ), Multinet (HYDRO-BIOS, 0.25m 2, 300µm), 0 30m 30 75m m m m 5,, 1, 22 (GBT ) (T) (S) CTD(Sea-Bird ) m, 10-AU-005-CE (Turner Designs ) a(chl a) , ( E E, 4 30 N N) 35, 4,, 23 ( S1 S3 S5 S6 S8 S11 S17 S25 S26 S28 S29 S35 ) 21 ( S7 S9 S10 S11 S12 S16 S18 S19 S23 S26 S27 S29 S33 S34 ) 24 ( S1 S3 S8 1 Fig.1 Sketch map of sampling stations

3 , : F=(a/b) 100% : a, b (R) (, 1990), : R=[(a+b 2c)/(a+b c)] 100% : a b 2, c m 3 11, (D =1 ),, (between-groups linkage) PRIMER GAM GAM (Maravelias, 2001; Wood, 2006),,, (Wood, 2006) GAM, : log 10 (D)=M+s(T)+s(S)+s(chl a)+s(lat) +s(lon)+, D, M, T, S, chl a a ( a, ), lat, lon, s (spline smoother), ε, t R (Version 3.3.0, mgcv ( 1 ), (Oithona linearis) (O. robusta) (O. longispina) 86, 1, 85,, 12 ;, 11 ; 9 ;, 6 ( 1) (O. plumifera) (O. tenuis) (O. similis) (O. attenuata) (O. rigida) 5, 98.9% 84.5% 90.6% 26.1% 26.8%, 表 1 南沙群岛海域长腹剑水蚤的出现频率 (%) Tab.1 The frequency of occurrence of Oithona spp. in Nansha Islands of South China Sea Oithona linearis* O. fallax O. decipiens O. plumifera O. setigera O. tenuis O. robusta* O. similis O. attenuata O. simplex O. rigida O. brevicornis O. longispina* O. vivida Oithona sp : *

4 6 : (Oithona spp.) 1179 (O. simplex),, 7.7% 8.1% (O. fallax) (O. setigera) (O. vivida) 4 2, 2.5% 18.9% 1 ( ) (O. decipiens)( ) ( ) (O. brevicornis)( ) 4,, 3.3% 1.1% % 45.5% 61.5% 25%, 44%,, 2.2,,,, (, 1990),, 2 ( 2), 3, ( ); 8,, ( ) 2 Fig.2 The clusters of concurrent Oithona species groups in Nansha Islands of South China Sea,,,, (F 26.8%),, 6, ind./m 3, 11.6%, (SD=15.7) 22ind./m 3 ; 28ind./m 3, 53ind./m 3,, 18ind./m 3,,, 2, 2 ( 3),,, ( 3i),, ( ), 2,,, 2,

5 (ind./m 3 ) Fig.3 The density of Oithona spp. (ind./m 3 ) in Nansha Islands of South China Sea : a., b., c., d. ; i., ii., iii. ( 3ii 3iii) , 0 30m, 30 75m, m, m ;, 150m, m 750m, 9.6ind./m 3, (SD=10.2) 0 30m, 21.7ind./m 3 ; 30 75m 19.3ind./m 3, m m m 6.1ind./m 3 0.6ind./m 3 0.3ind./m E 11.7ind./m 3, 9 30 N 9.6ind./m 3 4, 9 30 N E, 0 75m (D 0 75m : D m=8.9), 30 75m, m, m 2.4 GAM GAM 2 5

6 6 : (Oithona spp.) Fig.4 Vertical distribution of Oithona density in Nansha Islands of South China Sea Tab.2 表 2 GAM 模型分析结果 Result of generalized additive models df t (%) ** * a ** *** : * P<0.1, ** P<0.05, *** P < (deviance explained) 52.5% t, (P<0.01), a (P<0.05), (P<0.1), 6 N,, ; 6 N, ; 6 N, 6 N 11 N 29 C 33,, ; 29 C 33,,, C a 510μg/L( 5) Fig.5 5 GAM Relationship between impact factors and density of Oithona in Nansha Islands of South China Sea based on generalized additive model

7 GAM, a, 6 N,, a,, a,, C 0.13μg/L ( 30ind./m 3 ), (29.60 C), ( 29.2 C) (33.14), (Mean chl a =12.54μg/L), ( 30ind./m 3 ) (Mean chl a =16.99μg/L), C 32.73,, 91%, ( 60ind./m 3 ) 2,, 50%,,,, a, C μg/L,, a, (SD T = 0.76 SD S =0.33),, 30ind./m 3 ( 30ind./m 3 ) : (27.03 C), a (4.42μg/L), (32.31),, a, GAM ( 5) a,, a,,,, (Hwang et al, 2010), ;, a,,, 3.2 GAM,, (0 400m) ( ) 4 (, 1997),,, 4,, 3 (, 1997),, -,, (, 2014), ;, (, 2001), (, 1997), ;,, ( ),, ( )(, 2014),,, ;,,,

8 6 : (Oithona spp.) 1183,,, 15 N, (, 1997),,,,, ,, 100m, 100m, 100m 200m, ; 200m (, 1984) 100m, m, m (, 2014), 0 75m, 75m,,,, 0 100m, (, 1988;, 1991;, 2014) (, 1994;, 2014), (, 1965;, 2004),, (Fragopoulo et al, 1990), (, 2004;, 2014) 75m (, 1989), 75m,, 75m,,,, 致谢样品鉴定得到了中国科学院南海海洋研究所陈清潮研究员 厦门大学黄加祺教授和许振祖教授 国家海洋局第三海洋研究所陈瑞祥研究员和林茂研究员的帮助, 美国缅因大学陈勇教授 Kisei Tanaka 和李增光在 GAM 模型应用方面提供指导和帮助, 中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所黄洪辉研究员提供环境数据, 课题组其他同志在样品采集过程给予协作和帮助, 特致谢忱, ( ),. :, 392,,, 筴., 21(4): , :, 1 25,,, , 42(21): ,,, , 24(3): ,,, a GAM., 29(12): ,,, , 38(7): ,,, :. (II). :, ,,, , 28(5): , :, 624,,, , 36(6): ,, :, 30 31,, , 13(4): ,, : I. :, 64 80, , 14(4): , :, 141,,, : ( ). :, ,,, , 10(3): ,,, , 7(4): ,,, GAM

9 , 32(4): ,, I.., 3(1): 46 55,,, : -. :, Bigelow K A, Boggs C H, He X, Environmental effects on swordfish and blue shark catch rates in the US North Pacific longline fishery. Fisheries Oceanography, 8(3): Chang J H, Chen Y, Holland D et al, Estimating spatial distribution of American lobster Homarus americanus using habitat variables. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 420: Fragopoulu N, Lykakis J J, Vertical distribution and nocturnal migration of zooplankton in relation to the development of the seasonal thermocline in Patraikos Gulf. Marine Biology, 104(3): Hastie T J, Tibshirani R J, Generalized Additive Models. London: Chapman and Hall Hwang J S, Kumar R, Dahms H U et al, Interannual, seasonal, and diurnal variations in vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of 6 Oithona spp. (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in the South China Sea. Zoological Studies, 49(2): Li B, Cao J, Chang J H et al, Evaluation of effectiveness of fixed-station sampling for monitoring American lobster settlement. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 35(5): Maravelias C D, Reid D G, Identifying the effects of oceanographic features and zooplankton on prespawning herring abundance using generalized additive models. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 147(1 3): 1 9 Maravelias C D, Habitat associations of Atlantic Herring in the Shetland area: influence of spatial scale and geographic segmentation. Fisheries Oceanography, 10(3): Nakamura Y, Turner J T, Predation and respiration by the small cyclopoid copepod Oithona similisr: how important is feeding on ciliates and heterotrophic flagellates? Journal of Plankton Research, 19(9): Paffenhöfer G A, On the ecology of marine cyclopoid copepods (Crustacea, Copepoda). Journal of Plankton Research, 15(1): Saiz E, Calbet A, Broglio E, Effects of small-scale turbulence on copepods: the case of Oithona davisae. Limnology and Oceanography, 48(3): Turner J T, The importance of small planktonic copepods and their roles in pelagic marine food webs. Zoological Studies, 43(2): Wood S N, Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman and Hall, CRC Press ASSEMBLAGE AND ABUNDANCE OF OITHONA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN NANSHA ISLANDS WATERS, SOUTH CHINA SEA DU Fei-Yan, WANG Liang-Gen, WANG Xue-Hui, NING Jia-Jia, GU Yang-Guang, LI Ya-Fang (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of South China Sea Fishery Resources and Environments, Ministry of Agriculture; South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou , China) Abstract Meso-small copepods are important links in marine food webs, serving as important carbon careers from bacteria and phytoplankton to marine carnivores. We analyzed the assemblages and abundance of genera Oithona using net and environmental data obtained in 2013, and evaluate the environmental effect in the generalized additive model. Fifteen Oithona species were identified, including an unknown species, and three first recorded species, i.e., O. linearis, O. robusta, and O. longispina. The Oithona assemblages changed in water depth and in season, and could be divided into a group in wide distribution and a group in low occurrence frequency. The abundance increased from winter to autumn, and was higher in the areas affected by coastal current. The annual abundance decreased from surface to 750m in depth in average of 30 ind./m 3, and most abundant from surface to 75m. The abundance showed a clear down trend from 75m to 500m, and became low and uniform from 500m to 750m. Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a concentration, and latitude were the major influential factors. The most favorable temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a concentration for Oithona living were C, , and 5 10μg/L, respectively. In addition, Oithona distribution was highly related with coastal current that was relatively cooler and less salty. Overall, the seasonal variation in the abundance was controlled by coastal current driven by monsoon. Key words zooplankton; Oithona; species composition; density distribution; environmental factors; generalized additive model (GAM); Nansha Islands; South China Sea