所谓 时 就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段, 即 : 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 四种 ; 所谓 态 就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态, 有一般状态 进行状态 完成状态和完成进行状态四种 由时态结合, 便形成下列十六种时态 : 时态现在过去将来过去将来一般时态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去

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1 2019 年诸城教师招聘考试 学科专业知识大梳理 英语学科 考点 名词 1. 表示特别含义的复数形式 arms 武器 waters 水域 snows 积雪 sands 沙滩 works 作品 customs 海关, 关税 times 时代 papers 文件, 文献 ; 证明, 证件 manners 礼貌 looks 外表 brains 头脑, 智力 greens 青菜 ruins 废墟 experiences 经历 2. 名词作定语 (1) 当名词作定语时, 几乎总是用单数形式 ( 即使在意义上是复数 ) 例如: shoe repairers 修鞋的人 tooth brushes 牙刷 (2)sports, customs, arms, clothes, sales 和 accounts 等作定语时, 仍用复数形式 例如 : a sports car 一辆赛车 a customs officer 一名海关官员 (3) man / woman + n. 变为复数时, 作定语的名词和中心词都要变复数 a man teacher 一个男教师 ten men teachers 十个男教师 经典例题 Mr. Black is an in the army, not an in the government. You can not easily find him in his. A. official; officer; office B. officer; office; official C. official; official; official D. officer; official; office 答案 D 解析: 考查形近名词词义辨析 句意 :Mr. Black 是部队上的一位军官, 而不是政府部门 的官员, 所以你不会轻易在办公室看到他 officer 军官 ;official 作形容词意为 官员的 ; 公务上的 ; 作名 词意为 官员, 公务员 ;office 办公室 根据句意, 故选 D 考点 冠词 1. 不定冠词的用法 : 用在单数可数名词前, 指一类人或事, 相当于 a kind of (A plane is a machine that can fly.); 表示 每一, 一 相当于 every / one; 用于人名前, 表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 ; 用于 quite / rather / many / half / what / such 之后 ; 用于 so (as, too, how)+ 形容词之后 注意 :a 和 an 的用法区别, 以元音音素开头的用 an, 以辅音音素开头的用 a 2. 定冠词的用法 : 用于单数可数名词前, 表示某一类人或物 (The horse is a useful animal.); 用于乐器前面 ; 用于姓氏的复数前, 表示 一家人 或 夫妇 ; 用于序数词和形容词 副词的比较级和最高级前 3. 零冠词的用法名词前有 this / my / whose / some / no / each / every 等限制词 ; 季节 月份 星期 节假日 一日三餐前 ; 学科 语言 球类 棋类名词前 ; 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 经典例题 Disney research center creates unusual robot which can draw pictures on the beach. robot is 60 cm long and 40cm high. A. a; A B. an; The C.a; A D. a; The 答案 B 解析 : 考查冠词的用法 句意 : 迪斯尼研究中心创造了一个不一般的能在沙滩上画画的机器人 这个机器人大约 60 里面长 40 厘米高 不定冠词 a/an 表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个, 经常用在第一次提到某人或某物时, 用不定冠词起介绍作用, 表示一个 a 用于辅音音素前 an 用于元音音素前 定冠词特指某 ( 些 ) 人或某 ( 些 ) 事物, 以区别于同类中其他的人或事物, 特指前文出现过的事物或说话双方都知道的事物 unusual 以元音音素开头, 故填 an; 后文再次提到机器人, 所以第二个空填 the, 故选 B 考点 动词 1. 情态动词 (1)may / might 否定回答时可用 can t 或 mustn t, 表示 不可以, 禁止 (2)must 表示 必须 一定, 否定回答用 needn t 或 don t have to, 表示 不必 (3)dare 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句 否定句和条件从句中, 过去式为 dared (4)can / could + have done 在肯定句中表示 本来可以做而实际上没能做某事 should have done 表示对过去行为的推测 本应该做而实际上没有做某事 needn t have done 表示 本来不必做而实际上做了某事 2. 动词时态与语态

2 所谓 时 就是行为发生的时段或状态存在的时段, 即 : 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 四种 ; 所谓 态 就是行为或状态发生时所呈现的状态, 有一般状态 进行状态 完成状态和完成进行状态四种 由时态结合, 便形成下列十六种时态 : 时态现在过去将来过去将来一般时态一般现在时一般过去时一般将来时一般过去将来时进行时态现在进行时过去进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时完成时态现在完成时过去完成时将来完成时过去将来完成时完成进行时态现在完成进行时过去完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时 (1) 现在进行时表示按计划安排即将发生的动作 She is leaving for Beijing. (2) 现在进行时代替一般现在时, 描绘更加生动 The Yangtze River is flowing into the east. (3) 现在完成进行时着重表示动作一直在进行, 即动作的延续性 ---Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ---I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day. 3. 动词语态 -- 主动表被动 (1) 某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义, 如 look, smell, taste, feel, prove, sound 等 例 : The flower smells sweet. (2) 某些及物动词后加副词, 也可以表示被动意义, 如 cut, clean, draw, lock, open, pack, play, peel, sell, shut, split, strike, record, iron, keep 等 例 :This type of TV sells well. The meat cuts easily. (3)deserve, need, require, stand, want 等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义 若动名词是不及物的, 后面应跟有介词 例 :The kids need taking care of. The table wants cleaning. (4) 某些作表语的形容词后, 用不定式主动形式表示被动意义 例 :The stone is hard to break. It is easy to understand. 经典例题 ---Can you find out our city a lot in the last few years? ---Yes. The road is wider and the buildings are taller. A. has changed B. changes C. changed D. will change 答案 A 解析 : 考查动词时态 句意为 : 你发现在最近几年我们的城市变化很多了吗? 发现了 道路更宽敞了, 大楼更高了 根据语境可知, 这是一个过去发生的动作, 强调对现在造成某种影响或结果, 应用现在完成时 结合选项可知应选 A 考点 词汇辨析 1. be used to, use to do 和 be used to doing 的区别 (1)used to do 表示 过去常常做某事 I used to play football after school. 过去我常常在放学后踢足球 (2)be used to do 表示 被用来做某事 This knife can be used to cut things. 这把刀能够被用于切东西 (3)be used to + doing 表示 习惯于,to 是介词, 后需加名词或动名词 He is used to living in the country now. 他现在习惯了住在农村 2. spend, take, pay, cost 的区别 (1)spend 的主语通常是人, 往往用于句型 (sb.) spend some money/some time on sth. / (in) doing sth. 如 : He spent three days on the work. = He spent three days (in) doing the work. (2)take 常用于 占用 花费 时间, 其主语通常为形式主语 it 或物 句式是 :It takes / took sb. some time to do sth = Sth. take(s) / took sb. some time. 如 : It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses. The work took me two days. (3)pay 为 付款 赔偿 之意, 主语通常是人, 往往是 sb. pay some money for sth. 或 pay sb. (some money for sth) 如 : He has paid the doctor 50 pounds for the medicine. How much did you pay him? (4)cost 的主语必须是某物 句型是 sth. cost (sb.) some money 如 : The dictionary cost me rise, arise, raise, arouse 的区别 rise, arise 是不及物动词 ;raise, arouse 是及物动词 (1)rise (rose, risen) vi. 上升, 升起, 升高 ; 上涨说明主语自身移向较高位置, 常用于日 月 云 雾 烟 蒸汽 温度 物价等, 无被动语态 如 : The moon has risen above the hills. 月亮已经从山上升起 (2)arise (arose, arisen) vi.( 问题, 困难等 ) 出现 ; 发生, 产生 ; 主语一般为抽象名词, 如 problem, trouble, quarrel, difficulty, misunderstanding, disagreement 常用短语 :arise from / out of sth. 由 引起 ; 因 产生 如 : They are talking about problems arising out of the lack of communication. 他们正在谈论由于缺乏交流而产生的问题

3 (3)raise vt. 招募 ; 养育, 栽培 ; 提高 ; 举起 ; 说明主语发出的动作是要作用于其他事物的, 往往有使物体达到其应有的高度的含义 可用于被动语态 如 : 招募 :to raise an army 养育 栽培 :to raise a child 提高工资 租金 :raise salaries/ the rent 举起手 :raise one s hand 提出问题 :raise a question (4)arouse 意为 激起, 唤醒 ; 使 奋发, 可用于被动语态 如 : He was aroused from his sleep by the doorbell. 门铃声把他从睡眠中唤醒 经典例题 The company in our city those big investors from West. A. has a link with B. has a hand in C. is in line with D. is in charge of 答案 A 解析: 考查动词词组辨析 have a link with 为固定搭配, 意为 与 有联系, 符句句意 故选 A 考点 定语从句定语从句起了形容词的作用, 在句中修饰一个名词或代词 被修饰的词叫做先行词, 引导定语从句的词叫关系词, 它的作用 : 一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用 ; 二是在从句中担当一个成分, 并与先行词保持数的一致 1. 关系代词的用法 (1) 作主语用 who, which 和 that, 如 : a. He is the man who / that lives next door. b. The train which / that has just left is for Shenzhen. (2) 作宾语用 whom, who, which, that, 如 : a. The man (whom / who / that) we have just seen is a famous writer. b. Where is the book (which / that) I bought last week? (3) 作定语用 whose, 如 : a. He is the man whose car was stolen last week. b. It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at that time. 注 : whose + 名词中心词 这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语 ( 如上 a 句 ), 又能作宾语 ( 如上 b 句 ) whose 的先行词常用来指人, 但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念, 这时可以与 of which 结构互换, 词序是 : 名词 +of which, 如 : They came to a house whose back wall had broken down. (= the back wall of which) He s written a book the name of which I ve completely forgotten. (= whose name) (4) 作表语只用 that, 它既可以指人, 也可以指物, 但时常省略 如 : He is no longer the man that he used to be. This is no longer the dirty place (that) it used to be. 2. 关系副词 (1) 关系副词的用法 1 when 指时间, 在从句中作时间状语, 它的先行词通常有 : time, day, morning, night, week, year 如 :I still remember the time when I first became a college student. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born? 注 :when 时常可以省略, 特别是在某些句型和某些时间状语中 如 :Each time he came, he did his best to help us. But help never stopped coming from the day she fell ill. 2 where 指地点, 在从句中作地点状语, 它的先行词通常有 : place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country 等如 :This is the hotel where they are staying. I forget the house where the Smiths lived. 注 :where 有时也可以省略 如 : This is the place (where) we met yesterday. 3 why 指原因或理由, 它的先行词只有 : reason 如 :That is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 注 :why 时常也可以省略 如 : That is the real reason he quitted. (2) 使用关系副词应注意下列几点 : 1 三个关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 +which 结构 : when = on (in, at, during ) + which; where = in (at, on ) + which; why = for which. 如 :I was in Beijing on the day when (=on which) he arrived.

4 The office where (=in which) he works is on the third floor. This is the chief reason why (=for which) we did it. 2 当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等和表地点的 place, house 等时, 一定要注意分析从句的结构, 如果缺少主语或宾语时, 关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时, 才能用 when 或 where, 试比较 : I ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated. I ll never forget the days which/that we spent together last summer. His father works in a factory where radio parts are made. His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts. 3 when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句, 也可以引导非限制性定语从句 而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句 3. 连接词只用 that 的情况 : (1) 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much 等不定代词 (2) 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时 (3) 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 (4) 先行词既指人又指物时 (5) 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时 (6) 句中已经用 who 或 which 时, 为了避免重复 4. 连接词只用 which/ who/ whom 的情况 : (1) 在非限制性定语从句中, 只能用 which 指代物, 用 who / whom 指人 (2) 在由 介词 + 关系代词 引导的定语从句中, 只能用 which 指物 ( 介词 + which 一般在定语从句中分别作时间 地点 原因状语, 于是 介词 + which 可以分别用 when / where / why 代替 ),whom 指人 (3) 先行词本身是 that 时, 关系词用 which, 先行词为 those / one / he 时多用 who 5. 定语从句注意事项 (1) whose 的先行词指物时, 可用 of which 代替, 但词序不同, 即 whose+ 名词 =the +n + of which=of which + the + n. He lives in the room whose window faces south. = He lives in the room, the window of which faces south. =He lives in the room, of which the window faces south. (2) 当 point, situation, case, condition, stage ( 阶段 ) 等词作先行词表示 情况 境地 场合 等意思时, 用 where 引导定语从句,where 在句中作状语 如 : I ve come to the point where I can t stand him. (3) 先行词是 the way, 意为 方式, 方法 时, 引导定语从句的关系词用 that / in which 或省略 如 : I didn t like the way (that / in which) she talked to me. 经典例题 By 6:30, was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold. A. which B. when C. what D. that 答案 A 解析 : 考查定语从句 从后面的 closing time 打烊时间, 停止营业时间可以得知此句是在谈时间, 但是此句中缺少主语, 前面又有一个逗号, 所以可以确定这里是一个非限制性定语从句, 用 which 故选 A 考点 名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses) 名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语 宾语 表语 同位语 介词宾语等, 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能, 名词从句又可分别称为主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句和同位语从句 种类作用常用关联词例句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 1. 主语从句 (1) 三种连接词 在复合句中做主语, 相当于名词, 一般置于谓语之前, 也可用 it 作形式主语, 主语从句放主句之后 在复合句中做表语, 相当于名词, 位于系动词之后在复合句中做宾语, 相当于名词放在名词之后 (news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact 等 ) 表明其具体内容 that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever Whether he will come or not doesn t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcomed. It looks as if it is going to snow. He asked me which team could win the game. You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.

5 1 从属连词 :that, whether 等 that 引导主语从句只起引导作用, 本身无实际意义, 在主语从句中不充当任何成分, 但不能省略 That she left him cut him to the heart. That he will come is certain. 由 whether 及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首, 句后都可 Whether it will please them is not easy to say. 2 连接代词 who, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others. Which side will win is not clear. 3 连接副词 when, where, how, why 等 Why he did it remains a mystery. How he became a great scientist is known to us all. (2) 位置 : 主语从句可以前置, 也可以后置 用 it 做形式主语, 而把主语从句放在句末, 常用下面几种句型 1 It is still uncertain whether he is coming or not. It + be + 表语 + 主语从句表语 :( 名词 形容词 过去分词 ) 2 It seemed (happened, doesn t matter, has turned out) that It doesn t matter whether she will come or not. It + 不及物动词 + 主语从句 3 It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays. It is expected that the house price in Beijing will fall down. It + 及物动词 ( 被动语态 )+ 主语从句 2. 宾语从句 (1) 由连接词 that 引导的宾语从句句子结构例句主语 + 及物动词 +that 宾语从句 (that 可省略 ) James said (that) he was feeling better. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 +that 宾语从句 (that She told me that she would accept my 作直接宾语, 不可省略 ) invitation. 主语 + 及物动词 + 并列 that 宾语从句 I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon ( 第一个分句前的 that 可省, 第二个 that 不可省 ) and that they will come to say goodbye to us. 主语 + 及物动词 +to sb. + that 从句 He explained to us that he had failed to catch 主语 + 及物动词 +that+ 从句主语 + (should) + do 这类及物动词多表示要求 命令 建议 决定等意义 形容词 + that 从句 ( 作形容词的宾语 ) it 作形式宾语时,that 引导的宾语从句 the first bus. I insist that she (should) do her work alone. The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. I am afraid (that) I ve made a mistake. We felt it strange that she should leave without saying good-bye. (2) 主语 + 及物动词 + 连接代词 / 连接副词引导的宾语从句 I don t know what they are looking for. None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序, 即 : 连接代词 / 副词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其他成分 (3) 主语 + 及物动词 +whether/if 引导的宾语从句, 宾语从句要用陈述句语序,whether 与 if 引导宾语从句时一般可以互换使用 Please let us know whether (if) they will come to our party. 在 discuss, wonder / not sure 和介词之后尽量用 whether, if 与 whether 含义容易混淆 The board are discussing whether the fund should be allocated to that region. (4) 宾语从句中的否定转移若主句主语是第一人称, 谓语动词为 think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine 等, 其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义, 一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上, 从句谓语用肯定式 I don t think this dress fits you well. I don t believe you will finish the work today. 注 : 1 这种否定前移的宾语从句, 在变成反意疑问句时, 反意疑问句的主谓语要与从句一致 I don t think (that) he is interested in that thing, is he? 2 如果主句的主语是第二和第三人称时, 它后面接的宾语从句的否定词通常不前移, 它的反意疑问句的主谓语应该与主句一致, 即如果主句是肯定, 反意疑问部分就用否定 ; 如果主句是否定, 那么反意疑问部分就用肯定 She thought that film was not interesting, didn t she? You think you can t get up, don t you? 3. 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句, 放在系动词之后, 一般结构是 主语 + 系动词 + 表语从句 可以接表语从句的系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等

6 (1) 引导表语从句的连接词 : 连接词 :that, whether(if 不引导表语从句 ),as if The trouble is that she has lost his money. The question is whether we really need their help. It looked as if it was going to snow. 连接代词 :what, who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever 等 The question is which of us should go. The problem was who could do the work. That s what he is worrying about. That s what we should do. 连接副词 :when, where, why, how, however, whenever, wherever Go and get your coat. It's where you left it. That is how mice ruin many stores of grain every year. (2) 表语从句其他常见结构 1The reason is that The reason why he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 2That is because That s because we never thought of it. 3That is why That is why I cannot agree. 4It seems / looks as if It seems as if he didn't know the answer. 4. 同位语从句 (1) 一般跟在某些名词后面, 用以说明该名词表示的具体内容 如 : I heard the news that our team had won. I had no idea that you were here. (2) 常见的可以跟同位语从句的词 ( 抽象名词 ): news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, word ( 消息 ), possibility 等 如 : I ve come from Mr. Wang with a message that he won t be able to see you this afternoon. (3) 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 : 1 同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系, 说明它前面名词的内容 ; 属于名词性从句范畴 定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系, 限定前面名词范围, 属于形容词性从句范畴 The news that I have passed the exam is true. The news that he told me just now is true. 2 引导同位语从句的 that 是连词, 在从句中不充当任何成份, 而引导定语从句的 that 是关系代词, 除了起连接作用外, 还在从句中充当主语 宾语或表语等 如 : The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. The idea that he gave surprised many people 经典例题 It is difficult for us to imagine life was like for slaves in the ancient world. A. where B. what C. which D. why 答案 B 解析 : 考查名词性从句中的宾语从句 横线后介词 like 缺宾语, 表示物, 选 what Which 必须是 在 范围中的一个 时可选 AD 两项均为副词, 不符合要求 故选 B 考点 强调句 1. 强调句的类型 (1) 用 It is / was that / who 句型表示强调 被强调的部分 ( 通常是句子的主语 状语 宾语或宾语补足语 ) 放在 is / was 的后面, 如被强调的是人, 则后面可用 who,whom 等代替 It was an old friend that / who he met in the park yesterday. (2)not until 句型的强调句句型为 :It is / was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 如 : 普通句 :He didn t go to bed until/ till his wife came back. 强调句 :It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed. 注意 : 此句型只用 until, 不用 till 但如果不是强调句型,till, until 可通用, 因为句型中 It is/ was not 已经是否定句了,that 后面的从句要用肯定句, 切勿再用否定句了 (3) 谓语动词的强调 It is / was that 结构不能强调谓语, 如果需要强调谓语时, 用助动词 do / does 或 did Do sit down. 请坐 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时, 务必 ( 千万 ) 要小心啊!

7 注意 : 此种强调只用 do/ does 和 did, 没有别的形式 ; 过去时用 did, 后面的谓语动词用原形 (4) 从句的强调 1 强调状语从句 I came home late because it was raining hard. It was because it was raining hard that I came home late. ( 注意 : 被强调的原因状语从句只能用 because 引导, 不能用 as 或 since 引导 ) 2 强调主语从句 What you said really made us sad. It was what you said that really made us sad. 2. 强调句型的判断把 It, be, that 去掉, 如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整 ( 被强调部分要还原到原位置 ), 那么这个句子就是强调句 ; 如果句子不完整, 则不是强调句 如 : (1) It is he who/ that often helps me with my English. (2) It is on the hillside that we plant trees every year. (3) It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off. 分析 : 去掉 It is/ was... that/ who 句子后结构仍然完整, 句意仍明确, 都是强调句 (4) It was 9 o clock when we came back. (5) It was 3 hours since we had come back. 分析 : 在上面例句中若去掉 It was... when / before / since 等后, 句子结构就不完整, 而且强调句型的后半句只能由 that/who 引导, 所以不是强调句 3. 强调句型注意事项 (1) 句首词用 It, 不能用 This, That 等 (2) 若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时, 则用 is; 若原句的谓语动词用了过去时或过去完成时, 则用 was (3) 被强调的部分如果是代词, 强调主语用主格, 强调宾语用宾格 如 : 1 It is him that / who / whom I met in the street yesterday. 2 It is I who / that made that decision. (4) 连接词一般用 that, 当强调部分是人时, 既可用 that 也可用 who 特别注意当强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时, 不能用 when 或 where 如 : It was on Oct 1st, 1949 that People s Republic of China was founded. (5) 主谓一致问题被强调的主语要和 that 后面的谓语动词在数上保持一致 (6)not until 结构的强调 : 强调 not until 引导的时间状语时, 要用 it is/was not until that 结构,that 后面的句子要用肯定式, 且须用陈述句语序 如 : We did not get off the bus until it stopped. It was not until it stopped that we got off the bus. 经典例题 Is it he or you in charge of the job and supposed to complete it punctually? A. who is B. that is C. who are D. whom are 答案 C 解析 : 考查强调句和主谓一致 句意 : 是他还是你要负责并应准时完成这项工作? 此处为强调句型, 强调了主语 he or you, 根据强调句句型结构 :It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/ who+ 其他, 首先排除 D 项 ; 谓语的单复数根据所强调的主语 he or you 确定,or 连接并列主语时采用就近一致原则, 因此根据 you 确定谓语动词为 are 故选 C 考点 倒装的用法 1. 谓语的全部或部分 ( 助动词或情态动词 ) 放在主语之前的现象称为倒装 种类 倒装条件 例句 here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away 等副词 Out rushed the children. 开头的句子表示强调完全倒装表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs. 强调表语, 置于句首, 或为保持句子平衡 Present at the meeting were 1,000 students. never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not Hardly did I know what had happened. until, not 等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 only 和修饰的状语放于句首 Only then did he realize the importance of English. 部分倒装 not only but also 连接并列的句子, 前倒后不 Not only does he know French, but also he is 倒 expert at it. neither nor 连接并列的句子, 前后都倒装 Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it. so that, such that 中的 so 或 such 及修饰的成 So busy is he that he cannot go on a holiday. 分放于句首时前倒后不倒

8 as 引导的让步状语, 把需要强调的部分提前 ( 如名词 动词 形容词 副词 ), 然后再加 Child as he is, he has learned a lot. 陈述句的其他部分 so, neither 或 nor 表示前句内容也适用于另外 He can play the piano. So can I. 的人或事用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 May you be in good health! 省略 if 的虚拟条件 Were I you, I would not do it in this way. 2. so / nor / neither + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 系动词 + 主语 与 so / nor / neither + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 系动词 (1) so / nor / neither + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 系动词 + 主语 表示前面说过的情况也适用于另一个人或物时要部分倒装 如 : Peter can t answer the question. Neither can I. (2) so / nor / neither + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词 / 系动词 表示 确实, 仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和 如 : ---The lights are still on in the classroom. You must have forgotten to turn them off. --- So I did. 经典例题 ---Well, I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast A. So it is B. So is it C. So does it D. So it does 答案 A 解析: 考查倒装句 so+ 主语 + 助动词 结构, 用来表示赞成前一说话者所说的内容, 可译为 是的 对 或 确实如此 本句意思是: 哎, 我真地认为兔子是一种漂亮温顺的动物, 跑得很快 确实如此 故选 A 考点 虚拟语气 if 引导的虚拟条件句的结构 与现在事实相反 与过去事实相反 条件从句结构 If + 主语 + 动词过去式 (be 动词用 were) If + 主语 +had + 过去分词 主句结构 主语 + should / would / could / might + 动词原形 主语 + should / would / could / might + have + 过去分词 与将来事实相反 If + 主语 + 动词过去式 If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形 If + 主语 + should + 动词原形 主语 + should / would / could / might + 动词原形 经典例题 But for the leadership of our Party and our government, we these splendid results. A. have achieved B. shouldn t have achieved C. should have achieved D. would achieve 答案 B 解析 : 考查虚拟语气 but for 相当于 without, 可以用 if 非真实条件句替换 句意 : 多亏了党和政府的领导, 我们才能取得这些辉煌的成就 = 如果没有党和政府的领导, 我们不会取得如此之大的成就 由句意可知选 B 考点 语法填空语法填空题在考试当中考查的是考生的词汇量 词汇正确运用以及文章主旨大意的把握 所填单词以考查实词为主 一共有十个空, 常考题型主要包括根据汉语或英文单词填写出英文的正确形式 ( 简单 ), 根据首字母填写正确的单词 ( 难度一般 ), 第三种是既没有汉语提示也没有首字母提示 ( 较难 ) 文章篇幅长度为 200 词左右 题材开放多样 1. 解题技巧根据题型的特点说明, 我们总结出以下几个答题技巧 : 填词三部曲 (1) 确定词解答给汉语提示的单词拼写题时, 切忌不考虑句意简单翻译, 汉语和英语在互译时并不是永远能一一对等的 (2) 确定词性分析应填词担任的句子成分, 正确判断所缺单词的词性 (3) 确定词形正确 工整 清楚地拼写出所填单词正确形式 2. 找搭配信息

9 (1) 对于首字母提示和语境提示的空格 : 如何判断其意义及词性, 关键看搭配, 重点找已知信息 搭配包括 : 主谓搭配, 动宾搭配, 前置定语 ( 形容词 动词分词 )+ 名词或名词 + 后置定语 ( 形容词, 动词分词, 介宾短语或者定语从句 ), 谓语 + 状语 ( 副词 ), 副词修饰形容词等等 空格前后的已知信息词决定着空格词的词性 (2) 汉语提示题相对简单 : 大部分我们可以根据汉语提示直接写出答案 但需特别注意的是有时题中给出我们的意思能够理解, 但词性的选择和单词的选择还是需要根据具体的搭配信息确定 而且中文往往是模糊的, 与之相近的意思的单词或许不止一个词 这时更需要我们根据文中已知信息来确定 3. 核查答案所有空格都给出答案之后要将全文通读一遍, 核查答案填写是否符合文章大意, 检查单词拼写是否正确 经典例题 阅读下面的短文, 根据以下提示 :1) 汉语提示,2) 首字母提示,3) 语境提示, 在每个空格内填入一个适当的英语单词 所填单词要求意义准确 形式正确 Many of us were raised with the saying Waste not, want not. None of us, 1. h, can completely avoid waste in our lives. Any kind of waste is thoughtless. Whether we waste our potential talents, our own time, our limited natural 2. ( 资源 ), our money, or other people s time, each of us can become more aware and careful. The smallest good habits can make a big 3. d. It s a good feeling to know in our hearts we are doing our 4. b in a world that is in serious trouble. By focusing on 5. ( 节省 ) oil, water, paper, food, and clothing, we are playing a part 6. cutting down on waste. We must keep reminding 7. ( 自己 ) that it is easier to get into something 8. it is to get out of it. Actually, severe damage 9. d to our land is fairly recent in the history of our evolution. It s time for us to 10. no to waste so that our grandchildren s children will be able to develop well. We can t solve all the problems of waste, but we can encourage mindfulness. Waste not! 答案 1. however 2. resources 3. difference 4. best 5. saving 6. in 7. ourselves 8. than 9. done 10. say 考点 完形填空完形填空的考点梳理如下 : 1. 词汇角度 (1) 考查固定搭配或习惯用语 (2) 词义辨析 : 考查词汇的基本含义, 最好的方法就是逐一代入验证法 (3) 根据生活常识及文化背景知识选词 (4) 词语复现复现是完型填空常见的考查手法, 复现即表达相同意思的词汇在文章的不同地方出现, 词汇的复现方式有很多种, 可以是同词复现, 近义词复现, 反义词复现等 这需要我们在做题时注意 瞻前顾后, 发现词汇之间的复现关系 (5) 词语同现同现指的是词语共同出现的倾向性, 在语篇中, 当讨论某一话题时, 有些单词一定会出现, 只要我们把握话题, 结合选项就能选出答案 2. 语法角度从语法的角度考查考生对于文章理解, 这要求语法基础知识扎实, 由于语法项目较多, 在此列举其中考查较为频繁的语法点 (1) 倒装关系 (2) 被动语态 (3) 各类从句 (4) 形容词比较级 3. 逻辑角度从逻辑的角度考查考生对于上下文逻辑关系的理解, 要求学生理清文章脉络, 把握常见的逻辑关系引导词 (1) 并列关系 (2) 转折关系 (3) 因果关系 (4) 递进关系 4. 语篇角度从语篇的角度主要是考查学生对于上下文语境的理解, 更多地关注语篇内容, 在语境中做题 经典例题 Two years ago, a restaurant had fallen upon hard times. Only five 1 were left: the manager and four others, all over 60 years old. In the town near the restaurant there 2 a successful businessman who was good at managing business, so the manager 3 to ask the businessman if he could offer any advice that might 4 the restaurant. The manager and the businessman talked for a long period of time, 5 when he was asked for advice, the

10 businessman 6 for a while and then said, I have no 7 to give. The 8 thing I can tell you is that the saver ( 救星 ) is one of you. The manager, returning to the restaurant 9, told the other people what the businessman had said. In the months that followed, the old restaurant workers thought 10 of the words of the businessman, The saver is one of us? they asked themselves. As they 11 about this possibility, they all began to treat each other with 12 respect. And thinking that each of themselves 13 be the saver, they also began to treat themselves with more care. 14 time went by, people coming to the restaurant 15 that some respect and warm kindness were around the five old members of the small restaurant. Hardly knowing 16, more people began to come back to the restaurant. They began to 17 their friends, and theirs brought more friends. Two years later, the small restaurant had once again 18 a big food company, thanks to the businessman s 19. They understood that it was they themselves that were the 20_. 1. A. members B. waiters C. cooks D. customers 2. A. lived B. stood C. lay D. sat 3. A. hoped B. decided C. allowed D. began 4. A. build B. change C. sell D. save 5. A. but B. and C. until D. so 6. A. rest B. laughed C. stopped D. wasted 7. A. money B. advice C food D. clothes 8. A. least B. most C. simple D. only 9. A. hopefully B. angrily C. lively D. nervously 10. A. strangely B. angrily C. carefully D. excitedly 11. A. heard B. Guessed C. worried D. thought 12. A. similar B. strange C. special D. strong 13. A. need B. might C. have to D. dare 14. A. With B. Since C. Before D. As 15. A. recognized B. advised C. felt D. wished 16. A. what B. how C. when D. why 17. A. order B. bring C. help D. make 18. A. become B. controlled C. organized D. increased 19. A. advice B. methods C. words D. success 20. A. God B. helper C. winner D. saver 试题分析 : 有一家小餐馆快倒闭了, 经理去向一个成功商人征求建议, 商人说他们自己是餐馆的拯救者, 最后, 他们通过努力拯救了餐馆, 使得这个小餐馆又一次成为一个大餐馆 1. 答案 A 解析 : 考查名词 A. members 成员 ;B. waiters 服务员 ;C. cooks 厨师 ;D. customers 顾客 ; 根据 the manager and four others, all over 60 years old. 可知是只剩下了五个饭店的老成员, 故选 A 2. 答案 A 解析 : 考查动词 A. lived 生活 ;B.stood 站立 ;C. lay 躺着 ;D. sat 坐着 ; 生活着一个成功的商人, 故选 A 3. 答案 B 解析 : 考查动词 A. hoped 希望 ;B. decided 决定 ;C. allowed 同意 ;D. began 开始 ; 经理决定向这个成功的商人请教经商建议, 故选 B 4. 答案 D 解析 : 考查动词 A. build 建立 ;B. change 改变 ;C. sell 卖出 ;D.save 节约, 救 ; 前文提到 a restaurant had fallen upon hard times. 可知经理想要拯救这个即将倒闭的餐馆, 选 D 5. 答案 A 解析 : 考查连词 A. but 但是 ;B. and 和 ;C. until 直到 ;D. so 所以 ; 上下文之间是转折关系, 当他询问的时候, 商人却想了一会说没有什么建议, 选 A 6. 答案 C 解析 : 考查动词 A. rest 休息 ;B.laughed 笑 ;C.stopped 停止 ;D. wasted 浪费 ; 商人是停顿了, 想了一会, 故选 C 7. 答案 B 解析 : 考查名词 A. money 金钱 ;B. advice 建议 ;C food 食物 ;D clothes 衣服 ; 上文提到了 asked for advice, 可知这里商人说没什么建议, 可知选 B 8. 答案 D 解析 : 考查形容词 A. least 最少 ;B. most 最多 ;C. simple 简单 ;D. only 只有 ; 我能告诉你的唯一的一件事就是拯救你的餐馆的人是你, 故选 D 9. 答案 A 解析 : 考查副词 A. hopefully 有希望的 ;B. angrily 生气的 ;C. lively 生动的, 活泼的 ; D. nervously 紧张 ; 听了商人的话, 这个经理感到很有希望, 选 A 10. 答案 C 解析 : 考查副词 A. strangely 陌生 ;B. angrily 生气 ;C. carefully 仔细 ;D. excitedly 兴奋 ; 根据 The saver is one of us? they asked themselves 可知他们都在思考这句话, 说明他们想的很仔细, 选 C 11. 答案 D 解析 : 考查动词 A. heard 听见 ;B. guessed 猜测 ;C. worried 担忧 ;D. thought 想 ; 他们在考虑自己是餐馆的拯救者的可能性, 选 D 12. 答案 C 解析 : 考查形容词 A. similar 相似 ;B. strange 奇怪 ;C. special 特别的 ;D. strong 强壮 ; 因为想到这里的每一个人都是餐馆的拯救者, 所以他们开始对别人都特别尊敬起来, 选 C 13. 答案 B 解析 : 考查情态动词 A. need 需要 ;B. might 可能 ;C. have to 不得不 ;D. dare 敢于 ; 他们想到他们中的每一个人都有可能是餐馆的拯救者, 故选 B 14. 答案 D 解析 : 考查介词 A. with 和 ;B. since 自从 ;C. before 在 之前 ;D. as 当 ; 当时间一点点过去, 故选 D

11 15. 答案 C 解析 : 考查动词 A. recognized 辨认出 ;B. advised 建议 ;C. felt 感觉 ; D. wished 希望 ; 根据 some respect and warm kindness, 可知尊敬和善良是通过感觉感受到的, 故选 C 16. 答案 D 解析 : 考查关系词 A. what 什么 ;B. how 怎么样 ;C. when 何时 ;D. why 为什么 ; 但是他们都不知道这其中的原因, 故选 D 17. 答案 B 解析 : 考查动词 A. order 订购 ;B. bring 带来 ;C. help 帮助 ;D. make 使得 ; 根据 theirs brought more friends 可知是带朋友一起来, 故选 B 18. 答案 A 解析 : 考查动词 A. become 成为 ;B. controlled 控制 ;C.organized 组织 ;D.increased 增加 ; 这个曾经落魄的小餐馆又一次成为了一个大餐馆, 故选 A 19. 答案 C 解析 : 考查名词 A. advice 建议 ;B. methods 途径 ;C. words 话语 ;D. success 成功 ; 是因为上文成功商人的一番话, 他们才能重新经营起来, 故选 C 20. 答案 D 解析 : 考查名词 A. God 上帝 ;B. helper 帮助者 ;C. winner 胜利者 ;D.saver 拯救者 ; 根据 each of themselves be the saver, 可知是他们自己是餐馆的拯救者, 故选 D 考点 阅读理解 1. 重点题型中的几个问题 : (1) 词汇题 : 字面意思不是答案, 要根据上下文推测其深刻含义 (2) 句子理解题 : 一般不要求推理, 只看句子本身 (3) 推理题 : 答案很大程度上是原文的重现, 不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出 2. 正确答案的特征 : (1) 正确答案经常与中心思想有关 (2) 正确答案的位置, 最常见的三个位置是 : 段首段尾处 转折处 因果处 (3) 正确答案经常运用的原则是 : 同义替换 正话反说 反话正说 (4) 从语气角度来看, 正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词 如 :can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some. (5) 正确答案经常具有概括性 深刻性, 不能 只见树木不见森林 3. 错误答案的特征 : (1) 第一大层次 : 1 无中生有 ( 未提及的概念 ); 2 正反混淆 ( 选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反 ); 3 所答非所问 ( 虽然选项的说法没有问题, 符合原文, 但和题干搭不上边 ) (2) 第二大层次 : 1 过分绝对 ; 2 扩大范围 ( 注意隐蔽型的扩大范围 mostly); 3 因果倒置 ; 4 常识判断 ; 5 推得过远 ; 6 偏离中心 ; 7 变换词性 (3) 常识判断 : 如果一个选项仅仅符合常识, 不一定是正确答案, 还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现 ; 如果一个选项不符合常识, 一定不是正确答案 经典例题 When my family moved to America in 2010 from a small village in Guangdong, China, we brought not only our luggage, but also our village rules, customs and culture. One of the rules is that young people should always respect ( 尊敬 ) elders. Unluckily, this rule led to my very first embarrassment in the United States. I had a part-time job as a waiter in a Chinese restaurant. One time, when I was serving food to a middle-aged couple, the wife asked me how the food could be served so quickly. I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly. As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure. My manager, who happened to hear what I said, took me aside and gave me a long lecture about how sensitive( 敏感 ) Americans are and how they dislike the description old. I then walked back to the table and apologized to the wife. After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry. In my village in China, people are proud of being old. Not so many people live to be seventy or eighty, and people who reach such an age have the most knowledge and experience. Young people always respect older people because they know they can learn from their rich experience. However, in the United States, people think growing old is a problem since old shows that a person is going to retire or that the body is not working well. Here many people try to keep themselves away from growing old by doing exercises or jogging, and women put on makeup, hoping to look young. When I told the couple in the restaurant that I respect the elderly, they got angry because this caused them to feel they had failed to stay young. I had told them something they didn t want to hear. After that, I changed the way I had been with older people. It is not that I don t respect them any more; I still respect them, but now I don t show my feelings through words. 1. Jack brought the couple their food very fast because.

12 A. the manager asked him to do so B. he respected the elderly C. the couple wanted him to do so D. he wanted more pay 2. When Jack called the couple elderly, they became. A. nervous B. satisfied C. unhappy D. excited 3. In Jack s hometown,. A. people dislike being called old B. people are proud of being old C. many people reach the age of seventy or eighty D. the elderly are the first to get food in restaurants 4. After this experience, Jack. A. lost his job in the restaurant B. made friends with the couple C. no longer respected the elderly D. changed his way with older people 5. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The more Jack explained, the angrier the couple got. B. Jack wanted to show his feelings through words after his experience. C. The manager went back to the table and apologized to the couple. D. From this experience, Jack learned more about American culture. 1. 答案 B 解析 : 细节理解题 根据第 2 段中的 I told her that I had made sure they got their food quickly because I always respect the elderly 可知答案 2. 答案 C 解析 : 细节理解题 根据第 2 段中的 As soon as I said that, her face showed great displeasure 可知他们听到 Jack 称他们为老者时, 一点也不高兴 3. 答案 B 解析 : 细节理解题 根据第 3 段中的 In my village in China, people are proud of being old 可知答案 4. 答案 D 解析 : 细节理解题 根据最后一段中的 After that, I changed the way I had with older people 可知答案 5. 答案 D 解析 : 细节理解题 根据第 2 段最后一句 After the couple heard my reason, they understood that the problem was caused by cultural differences, so they laughed and were no longer angry 可知 A 选项不对 ; 根据文章最后一句 but now I don t show my feelings through words 可知 B 选项不对 ; 根据第 2 段中的 I then waked back to the table and apologized to the wife 可知 C 选项也不对, 故正确答案为 D 考点 改错口诀见到谓语找主语, 主谓一致找状语 ; 见到名词想多数, 可不可数要记牢 ; 见到平行看结构, 形式功能要对称 ; 见到代词找指代, 指代通常不合理 ; 小小 of 常抓的点,of 前名词 adj 最高级 谓语句中就一个, 其余动词非谓语 ; 常见形式有三种,v-ing;v-ed 和 to do; 主宾通常 v-ing, 现在分词表主动 ; 过去分词表被动, 目的要用不定式 ; 改错要想拿高分, 语法口诀要记牢 经典例题 请你修改以下作文, 文中共有 10 处语言错误, 每句中最多有两处 错误涉及一个单词的添加 删除或修改 增加 : 在缺词处加一个漏字符号 ( ), 并在其下面写出该加的词 删除 : 把多余的词用斜线 (\) 划掉 修改 : 在错的词下划一横线, 并在该词下面写出修改后的词 注意 : 1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词 ; 2. 只允许修改 10 处, 多者 ( 从第 11 处起 ) 不计分 Have you ever had a headache during a test? Have you ever been too worried 1. about something that you have a headache or even can t sleep at night? If so, then you know that stress is. 2. Not all stress is bad for you. Some kinds of stress can help you get things do 3. better, like when you are running towards the finishing line or when you are being asked to give a speech to your class. Stress sometimes can help push 4. you to make full preparation for a test. However, too much stress can 5. result in anger, depression and other related problems, which we need to take serious. 6. There are many things in our life what might cause stress having 7. too much homework, taking a difficult test, and having economic problems. 8. It s impossible to live in a life completely free of stress, so you should learn to deal with stress. The best way reduce stress is to 9.

13 have a balance life. If you get enough sleep, eat properly, take more 10. exercise and have enough fun time, you ll probably feel less stressed. 1. 答案 too 改为 so 2. 答案 that 改为 what 3. 答案 do 改为 done 4. 答案 去掉 being 5. 答案 preparation 改为 preparations 6. 答案 serious 改为 seriously 7. 答案 what 改为 that 8. 答案 and 改为 or 9. 答案 way 后加 to 10. 答案 balance 改为 balanced 考点 翻译英译汉英译汉的翻译技巧有以下几点 : 1. 词语形态和词义的变化由于英语是显性语言, 词汇意义的变化可以通过词形的变化表现出来 所以, 在英译汉时要特别注意英语词汇的形态, 如名词单复数 动词时态等 如果单词形态对句子的意思有影响, 汉语要把这种词语形态引起的意思变化翻译出来 如 :Mr. Green didn t talk over her daughter s suggestions about their holiday. 这一句中的 suggestions 是复数, 翻译时应译为 各项建议 当词形的变化不会引起意思的变化时, 不用译 2. 词性的转换英译汉中经常出现的几种词性转换包括动词转译成名词, 形容词转译成名词或动词 ( 短语 ), 副词转译成形容词或名词, 介词 ( 短语 ) 转译成动词等 如 : (1)Fire fighters know how fires behave, just as soldiers know how an enemy will probably fight. 译文 : 消防员了解火的走势, 就像士兵了解敌人的战术 ( 动词 名词 ) (2)We will go to Beijing by plane. 译文 : 我们要乘飞机去北京 ( 介词短语 动词短语 ) 汉译英 1. 首先进行段落大意分析, 再进行句群分析 句子分析, 最后以句子为单位进行翻译 ; 2. 要关注句子内部的调整 句子层次意义的译文重组 ; 3. 段落翻译的焦点仍是句子翻译, 这个过程中, 要注重句际关系的分析, 从段落的视野把握每个句子的处理方式 ; 4. 与英译汉篇章翻译相同, 还是要先通读, 然后翻译, 最后重读一遍 经典例题 The temperature in the wetlands ( 湿地 ) is usually neither too high nor too low.there is a lot of rain and sunshine,too.they are really good places for wildlife ( 野生生物 ). Offering food and home for some special kinds of animals and birds is not the only reason why we need to protect wetlands.wetlands are important because they also prevent flood. But some people want to change the wetlands to make more space for farms and buildings.this means there will be less and less space for wildlife. Luckily, more and more people are beginning to realize the importance of wetlands and wildlife. Every year, on February 2nd, many activities are held to tell people more about wetlands. 参考译文 湿地的温度, 通常不会太高, 但也不会太低 那里有充足的雨水和阳光, 是野生动物生存的好地方 为一些特殊种类的动物和鸟提供食物和家园不是我们需要保护湿地的唯一的原因, 更重要的原因是湿地能够为我们阻挡洪水 但是一些人却想要改变湿地, 意图建造更多的耕田和建筑 这对于野生动物而言, 就意味着会有越来越少的生存空间 幸运的是, 有越来越多的人开始意识到湿地和野生动物的重要性 每一年, 在二月二号那一天, 通过举办很多活动, 来告诉人们更多关于湿地的知识 考点 英美文学 1. 英国文学 (1) William Makepeace Thackeray ( 萨克雷 ) was an English novelist of the 19th century. He was famous for his satirical works, particularly Vanity Fair 名利场. (2) Charles Dickens ( 狄更斯 ): one of the most popular English novelists of the Victorian era; the greatest representative of English critical realism. His major novels include: A Tale of Two Cities 双城记, Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿, David Copperfield 大卫 科波菲尔, Great Expectations 远大前程, Hard Times 艰难时世. (3) Bronte sisters ( 勃朗宁姐妹 ): Charlotte, Emily and Anne, were English writers of the 1840s and 1850s. Charlotte s Jane Eyre 简爱, Emily s Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄 and Anne s Agnes Grey 艾格妮斯 格雷 are masterpieces of English literature. 2. 美国文学 (1) John Smith ( 史密斯 ) was considered as the first American writer. A True Relation of Virginia 关于弗吉尼亚的真实叙述. (2) Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 霍桑 ): American novelist, best known for his four romances ( 传奇小说 ): The Scarlet Letter 红字, The House of the Seven Gables 七个尖尖角的房子, The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇, The Marble Faun 玉石人像.

14 (3) Arthur Miller ( 米勒 ): American playwright, best known for his The Death of Salesman 推销员之死. 经典例题 Ralph Waldo Emerson is a central figure among the American Transcendentalists. His major work includes. A.The Life of George Washington B.Nature C.The spy D.The Freedom of the will 答案 B 解析: 考查美国文学常识 拉尔夫 爱默生是美国思想家 文学家, 美国超验主义文学代表人物, 代表作 论自然 故选 B 考点 说明型议论文说明型议论文是将议论和说明结合在一起进行阐述的一种议论文体, 要求就某一问题或现象, 正面阐述自己的观点, 并分析说明其理由, 通常要用例证对其重要性 必要性 利弊关系或正误关系等进行论证说明, 有时还需要提出解决问题的办法或建议 在写说明文的时候, 一定要注意安排好段落层次, 采用一定的逻辑顺序, 使文章清晰 有条理 在题目中通常以 How to? 这样的问题出现 1. 文章布局第一段提出个人观点第二段分类介绍, 有逻辑有条理地分析第三段做出总结 2. 常用结构词 (1) 首先 :first and foremost/in the first place/firstly/what comes first should be/first of all (2) 其次 :secondly/in addition/moreover/meanwhile/furthermore/in the meantime/what comes next is no less important than/of equal importance (3) 再次 :thirdly, fourthly (4) 最后 :at last/last but not least/in the final/ultimately/consequently/ is also worth our attention (5) 一方面 另一方面 for one thing..., for another... on one hand..., on the other hand... one side of the coin shows, while the other side implies to 现象带来的后果 To begin with 原因之一 Moreover 原因二 In addition 原因三 As a result 原因导致的结果 As to me 我的观点 态度 First of all 理由一 Besides 理由二 To conclude 总结全文 经典例题 Directions: For this part,you are allowed to write a short essay entitled Abilities and Good Looks by commenting on the old saying, Never judge a person by his appearance. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 参考范文 Abilities and Good Looks We are often told not to judge people by their appearance, because for a person, abilities are far more important than appearance. Throughout history, there are numerous examples of outstanding people with remarkable achievements who are just plain or not good-looking at all. However, nowadays some people hold the belief that appearance outweighs abilities, partly because some beautiful people seem to have advantages in competitive situations like job interviews and have been given more opportunities than others. Nevertheless, I still firmly believe that abilities are more important. For one thing, although good looks are easy on the eye, it is always one s abilities that create values that really matter. For another, while people s good looks were born to them, abilities have to be gained through deliberate self-cultivation and years of hardworking which speak more of people s true colors. Last but not least, abilities grow over time while good looks only fade. Eventually, it is the abilities that help people succeed, so it is safe to say that abilities will always bring more to life than good looks. 考点 书信写作书信主要考查的是对信息的提取整理能力, 并不注重复杂句式语法的运用 所以, 在书信写作中, 考生需要注意认真读题, 不要遗漏题干中给出的关键信息, 或者在写作中偏离了题干信息 此外, 题干提供的信息较少时, 需根据信件题材加以发挥, 但注意内容的逻辑性和合理性 1. 书写格式下面给大家介绍在考试中一般信件的格式主要组成部分 :

15 (1) 称呼 (salutation), 即写对收信人的尊称 称呼顶格 : 个人 :Dear Sir / Madam / Judy / Jack, 机构 :Dear Sir or Madam, / To whom it may concern, / To those concerned, 专业 :Dear Mr. Wang, / Dear Professor Wang, / Dear Editor Wang, (2) 正文 (body), 即信件内的主要内容 正文第一句一般和称呼之间空一至二行 (3) 信尾客套语 (complimentary close), 即写信人在信的右 ( 或左 ) 下角, 写上表示自己对收信人一种礼貌客气的谦称 一般有 Sincerely; Sincerely yours; Yours sincerely; Friendly yours; Truly yours; Yours truly; Cordially yours; Yours cordially 等 (4) 信尾签名 (signature), 即亲笔签上写信人自己的姓名 如果是用打字机或电脑写的信, 在写信人签名的上方, 同样应该打上写信人的姓名 2. 书写款式齐头式 (Block Style) 和折衷式 (Semi-Block Style) 齐头式常在商贸 官方以及一些正式的信件中使用, 以显示信件内容的严肃性 真实性 可靠性 而折衷式则显得比较随便, 主要用于家人 朋友 私人之间来往的信件 如果两人之间不是第一次通信, 相互比较了解, 可以省略信内的双方地址 书信分类 1. 私人信函 (Private Letter) 私人信函是一个宽泛的概念, 既可以指公务信函以外的一切信函, 也可以指与家人或朋友之间互通信息 感情这一特定类型的信件 2. 公务信函 (Official Correspondence) 公务信函是现实生活中应用最广的一类, 主要包括申请信 感谢信 邀请信 道歉信 建议信等几大类, 下面将分别进行介绍 (1) 申请信 (Letter of Application) 1 文体特点申请信指当一个人想得到某种机会或某些东西时, 往往通过申请信来请求 如申请留学, 申请援助或一份工作 申请信应简洁 明确 如实地反映你的才能 成绩 愿望和目标 申请信的内容一般包括以下三个部分 : 申请的具体内容和缘由 ; 自己的情况和条件 ; 提出要求, 如回信 面试等等 2 文章布局根据题目要求, 第一段提出申请或请求, 明确表达申请的意图 I would like to apply for... I wish to... I have cherished the opportunity of... for many years. 第二段可具体说明自身情况, 诸如教育背景 工作经历 兴趣爱好 特长技能等 第三段表达自己的愿望, 如希望得到面试机会, 或尽早得到回复 结尾最好表达出期望的心情 Looking forward to your reply. I shall be greatly appreciated. I would be grateful to you. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon. (2) 感谢信 (Letter of Thanks) 1 文体特点感谢信是为了答谢对方的邀请 问候 关心 帮助等 2 文章布局感谢信的写作内容主要包括 : 第一段明确表示谢意 I am writing to express my thanks for I would like to show my sincere appreciation for I am writing to show my gratitude for 第二段列举对方提供的帮助, 说明该帮助所起的作用 ; 或表达对所受物品的喜爱以及以后如何使用及收藏等 第三段再次表达感谢并问候对方 Please accept my gratitude, now and always. I must thank you again for your generous help. I feel most obliged to thank you once more. (3) 邀请信 (Letter of Invitation) 1 文体特点邀请信用来在日常生活中邀请亲朋好友和相关人士来参加某一活动或会议 2 文章布局第一段开门见山写出主题, 即邀请某人做 第二段提供主题, 时间地点等细节信息 第三段表达谢意和期待对方的回复 (4) 道歉信 (Letter of Apology)

16 1 文体特点道歉信主要用来表达歉意, 解释原因, 以及提出补救办法等 道歉信的写作要点包括 : 写信目的, 道歉缘由, 提出补救措施等 2 文章布局第一段表明写信的目的, 说明需要道歉的事件 I am writing to you to express my apology for I am writing to apologize for Please accept my sincere apology for I am very sorry to say that 第二段可具体说明道歉的事由 It is probable that on this occasion the mistake was made due to It is just because of 第三段再次表达歉意, 希望得到对方的理解 Please allow me to say sorry again. I am sorry for any inconvenience the matter has caused to you. Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. I assure the same thing will never happen again. (5) 建议信 (Letter of Suggestion) 1 文体特点建议信是指向个人或机构提出合理的建议, 并希望对方采纳, 从而解决问题 建议信的写作要点通常为 : 写信的目的, 提供合理的建议, 希望问题得到改善 注意在写作中, 用词应委婉礼貌, 否则容易变成议论文 2 文章布局根据题目要求, 第一段点明身份, 说明写信目的, 提出一些建设性意见 I am writing to express my views about I recommend that concerning the issue. Here is my suggestion for I would like to share my view with you with regard to 第二段可具体说明情况, 提出解决的办法 It would be beneficial if You may consider doing If I were you, I would 第三段表达感谢和期盼 I would appreciate it if you take my proposals into consideration. I hope you find these suggestions useful. Please take good consideration of my advice. Thank you. I am available to discuss with you about further details 经典例题 假如你是一名高中生李华, 你校校园网需要招收英文网络编辑 (web editor), 请根据以下提示, 用英语向外籍主编 Chris 申请这一职位 1. 关心时事, 对新闻工作感兴趣 ; 2. 有做校刊记者的工作经历 ; 3. 擅长英语, 曾获校英语写作大赛一等奖 注意 : 1. 词数不少于 100; 2. 可适当增加细节, 以使行文连贯 ; 3. 开头和结尾已给出, 不计入总词数 参考范文 Dear Chris, I m writing to apply to be a web editor, which I saw advertised on our school website. I would like to work for you because I care a lot about current affairs and take great interest in journalism. I think I can do the job well due to my language skills. I m good at English. Once I got the first prize in the English Writing Competition in our school. In addition, I worked as a reporter for our school newspaper last year, which will surely help me do the job better. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely, Li Hua