中國的科學與中國的公民：大陸研究在台灣的困境\\

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1 Jack Donnelly Jack Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly Jack Donnelly NSC H I10

2 174 Jack Donnelly The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1 Cerna, 1994: cf. Laqueur and Rubin, 1990: Cerna, 1994: Cerna, 1994: 740; Renteln, 1990: 29 3 W. Laqueur and B. Rubin (eds.), (1990) The Human Rights Reader, revised ed. pp

3 universal human rights or the universality of human rights international human rights Jack Donnelly A. Renteln A. Milne Jack Donnelly Bell, 1996: 650 Jack Donnelly moral claim international consensus claim liberal regime 4 Donnelly 4 Donnelly liberal Donnelly liberal regime

4 176 Jack Donnelly 5 Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly comprehensive philosophical account of human rights Donnelly, 1989: list of human rights Donnelly, 1989: 21 moral nature human action for a life of diginity, for a life worthy of a human being Donnelly, 1989:17 person equality autonomy Donnelly, 1989: 69 Donnelly 5 Donnelly American Political Science Review Human Rights Quarterly World Politics Journal of International Affairs International Journal Donnelly Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice Cornell University Press The Concept of Human Rights Internaional Human Rights

5 moral universality of human rights Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 18 human rights are a special class of rights, the rights that one has simply because one is a human being Donnelly, 1989: 1, 12 Donnelly, 1989: 50 6 Donnelly individual community state Donnelly, 1989: 1, 69 equal, moral worth equal concern and respect 7 6 Donnelly Donnelly Ronald Dworkin R. Dworkin, Life s Dominion 7 Donnelly Ronald Dworkin basic political rights Dworkin being Dworkin goods or opportunities Dworkin, 1978: ; Donnelly, 1989: 68

6 178 Jack Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: Donnelly universal natural rights 8 the highest moral rights Donnelly, 1989: 1, 70, Donnelly political society progressive possibility of human nature Donnelly, 1989: 19 Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 1 8 Donnelly natural rights natural being human

7 international concensus and normative universality of human rights Donnelly as ideal standard Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 1, 23-25,113 Donnelly, 1989: 1, 112 Donnelly, 1989: 1-2, 24, Donnelly, 1989: 1, 4 Donnelly International Bill of Human Rights Donnelly, 1989: cf. Ramcharan, 1979: 3, 93; Renteln, 1990: 27

8 180 Jack Donnelly 10 Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 24 Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: Donnelly normative universality Donnelly, 1989: 1-2, Donnelly, 1989: Donnelly Donnelly 10 cf. Human Rights Law Journal, 1995, 16 (1-3): C. Cerna Cerna, 1994: 748

9 Donnelly, 1989: Donnelly, 1989: 66 Donnelly, 1989: 11 Donnelly, 1989: 19 Donnelly, 1989: 18 progressive development Donnelly, 1989: 18 Donnelly, 1989: 14-15, 19 Donnelly ( ) constructive interaction Donnelly, 1989: 18 Donnelly Donnelly Ronald Dworkin social democratic welfare system market economy Donnelly, 1989: 68-69

10 182 Jack Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 72 Donnelly minimal or nightwatchman states social democratic welfare states Donnelly, 1989: 73 Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: Donnelly, 1989: 50, individual Donnelly, 1989: 87 Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 87 Donnelly, 1989: 69 Donnelly the process of sociopolitical 12 Donnelly liberal regime, X regime Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 73

11 individualization modern state the philosophical claim that human rights are universal Donnelly, 1989: 70 Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: , 121 Donnelly, 1989: 116, 122 Michael Freeman 1994: , Freeman Donnelly human needs Donnelly direct philosophical arguments Donnelly, 1989: Freeman Donnelly Donnelly Freeman, 1994: 505

12 184 Jack Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: theoretical connections imply Donnelly, 1989: 49 Donnelly, 1989: Donnelly, 1989: 50 hierarchy Donnelly, 1989: role membership Donnelly, 1989: 15, Donnelly human rights are held particulaly against the state. Moreover, they hold against all types of states, democratic as much as any other fully human Donnelly

13 Donnelly, 1989: 72 Donnelly Asmarom Legesse 1980: 124, 128 sacralized position the rights of communities Donnelly Donnelly Alison Renteln Renteln, 1990: Renteln

14 186 Jack Donnelly Renteln, 1990: 49 Renteln 13 Renteln, 1990: 30-32, Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 87 Bell, 1996: 653 Bernhard Graefrath cf. Donnelly, 1989: 66 Donnelly

15 Donnelly Donnelly, 1989: 66, 69, 87 Donnelly O'Manique, 1990: Bell, 1996: 655 O'Manique, 1990: 470 John O'Manique O'Manique, 1990: 471 Donnelly Freeman normative theory Donnelly Freeman, 1994: 504 Daniel A. Bell

16 188 Jack Donnelly moral aspirations political practices Bell, 1996: 667 The Growth of East Asia and Its Impact on Human Rights 14 Renteln self-evident duty-based Renteln, 1990: 138 Renteln Renteln, 1990: Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na c im, Joanne Bauer, Daniel A. Bell, Maria Serena Diokno, Jack Donnelly, Amitai Etzioni, Laurence Goldstein, Jomo K.S., Eric Kuhonta, Michael Posner, Dorothy Solinger, Bing Song, Kevin Tan, Eric Tsui-James, and Yozo Yokota Hakone workshop Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs Japan Institute of International Affairs the Faculty of Law at Chulalongkorn University Daniel A. Bell cf. Bell, 1996: 641 1

17 mutual respect internal discourse cross-cultural dialogue genuinely universal human rights (Na c. im, 1992: 4-5, 28 Donnelly Renteln Renteln, 1990: 30

18 190 Jack Donnelly 1989 Alston, Philip 1994 The UN's Human Rights Record: From San Francisco to Vienna and Beyond, in Human Rights Quarterly. 16(2): Bell, Daniel A The East Asian Challenge to Human Rights: Reflections on an East West Dialogue, in Human Rights Quarterly 18(3): Cerna, Christina M Universality of Human Rights and Cultural Diversity: Implementation of Human Rights in Different Socio-Cultural Contexts, in Human Rights Quarterly 16(4): Donnelly, Jack 1985 The Concept of Human Rights, 1989 reprinted (Routledge). Antony Rowe, Chippenham: Croom Helm Ltd Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice, nd printing. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Dworkin, Ronald 1993 Life s Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom. N.Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Freeman, Michael 1994 The Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights, in Human Rights Quarterly 16(3): Human Rights Law Journal 1995 States Parties to Each Convention, 16(1-3): 80. Laqueur, Walter and Rubin, Barry (eds.) 1990 The Human Rights Reader, revised. N.Y.: Penguin Books USA

19 Inc. Legesse, Asmarom 1980 Human Rights in African Political Culture, in K.W. Thompson (ed.), The Moral Imperative of Human Rights: A World Survey. Washington, D.C.: University Press of American. Milne, A.J.M Human Rights and Human Diversity. Hampshire: The Macmillan Press. Na c im, c Abd Allah Ahmad 1992 Human Rights in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: A Quest for Consensus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. O'Manique, John 1990 Universal and Inalienable Rights: A Search for Foundations, in Human Rights Quarterly. 12: Ramcharan, B.G. (ed.) 1979 Human Rights: Thirty Years after the Universal Declaration. Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Renteln, Alison Dundes 1990 International Human Rights: Universalism Versus Relativism. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, Inc. Wronka, Joseph Michael 1991 An Analysis of Human Rights Principles, as Defined by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in United States Constitutions: Implications for Social Policy. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International (UMI) Dissertation Services.

20 192 Jack Donnelly Preliminary Analysis of the Universality of Human Rights: Discussion of the Theories of Jack Donnelly Chen Hsiu-jong Abstract The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in The universality of human rights is recognized and accepted as the common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. It is said that the United Nations shall promote the universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, and no distinction shall be made on the basis of culture. Debate has grown around the issue of universal human rights. Generally speaking, some defend and urge the idea of universal human rights, while others doubt the validity of this ideal. This article focuses on theories of Jack Donnelly, whose standpoint is to justify why human rights are universal rights, and to defend this justification against the strong claims of cultural relativism. Donnelly bases his justification on two arguments, the moral universality of human rights, and the internationally normative universality of human rights, to construct his theory, emphasizing the necessary connection between human rights and the consolidation of

21 liberal regime. The author will discuss this theory construction and offer a brief commentary note. In the concluding remarks, one enhanced approach toward genuinely universal human rights recommended by Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na c im is briefly touched upon as an alternative to Donnelly s approach. Key words: Jack Donnelly, universal human rights, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, liberal regime, equality, autonomy, human diginity

22 194 Jack Donnelly

穨199705

穨199705 distributive justice 1 Ronald Dworkin John Rawls 2 treating people as equals 3 1 Raz (1990) 2 Rawls (1971) 3 Dworkin (1981b), 283Dworkin (1981a) 1 4 share 5 taste 4 Amsperger (1997), Arneson (1989), Cohen