考博英语基础语法与长难句第一部分基础语法第二部分长难句第一部分基础语法现今大多数学校的考博英语已经不会对英语语法进行直接命题, 但这并不意味着同学们在复习的过程中可以忽略对语法的学习语法知识贯穿着整张考博英语试卷, 完形填空部分有些试题会直接考查语法点 ; 阅读理解翻译里会出现大量的长难

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1 考博英语基础核心语法主讲老师 : 心一欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材

2 考博英语基础语法与长难句第一部分基础语法第二部分长难句第一部分基础语法现今大多数学校的考博英语已经不会对英语语法进行直接命题, 但这并不意味着同学们在复习的过程中可以忽略对语法的学习语法知识贯穿着整张考博英语试卷, 完形填空部分有些试题会直接考查语法点 ; 阅读理解翻译里会出现大量的长难句, 对这些长难句进行分析也必须有扎实的语法功底 ; 写作部分如果不掌握好语法, 写出来的句子就会错误百出因此, 语法的学习在考博英语复习过程中依然占据着重要的基础地位实词动词 (v.)- 谓语动词 + 非谓语动词名词 (n.)- 名词性从句 ( 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句 ) 形容词 (adj.)- 形容词性从句 - 定语从句 ( 限制性定从非限制性定从 ) 副词 (adv.)- 副词性从句 - 状语从句 ( 时间 / 地点 / 原因 / 结果 / 方式 / 目的 / 比较 / 让步 / 条件 ) 简单句复合句并列句主谓宾主谓主谓宾宾补主系表一动词 1 谓语动词谓语动词, 就是指在整个句子中充当谓语成分的动词一个英文句子不管再短, 也必须有谓语动词, 否则这个句子就不完整 ; 同样, 在分析长难句中, 迅速找出谓语动词是进一步划分句子结构的前提行为动词情态动词助动词和系动词都是动词, 但重点是谓语动词的时态变化由于同学们在初高中阶段对于英语时态都有一个比较系统的学习, 因此我们对此主要是带着同学们进行简单的复习, 让同学们熟悉一下谓语动词不同形式所表示的不同时态时现在过去将来过去将来态一般进行完成完成进行 do/be 一 1 do/do-s/am/is/are 2 am/is/are doing 3 have/has done 4 have/has been doing

3 二 1 do-ed/was/were 2 was/were doing 3 had done 4 had been doing 三 1 will/shall do/be 2 will/shall be doing 3 will/shall have done 4 will/shall have been doing 四 1 would do/be 2 would be doing 3 would have done 4 would have been doing 2 非谓语动词非谓语是指在句子中不是谓语的动词, 主要包括不定式 (the Infinitive) 动名词(the Gerund) 现在分词 (the Present Participle) 和过去分词 (the Past Participle), 即动词的非谓语形式非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外, 可以承担句子的其他成分, 因此, 非谓语动词是学习动词的一个难点 1)to do make do/let do/help do 2)do-ing 主句宾语同位语状语 3) 分词 do-ing do-ed 主句宾语同位语状语 interesting interested 现在分词与过去分词的区别 : 1 时间 : 现在分词 - 正在进行过去分词 - 已然完成 2 语态 : 现在分词 - 主动过去分词 - 被动二名词名词是表示人事物抽象概念等名称的词名词在句子中可以充当多种成分, 包括主

4 语宾语宾语补足语表语同位语定语状语等在考博英语中, 对名词的考查主要是体现在对名词性从句的考查上名词性从句可以分为四大类, 即主语从句宾语从句表语从句和同位语从句在考博英语中, 名词性从句并非难点, 但是却是高频考点, 同学们熟悉掌握名词性从句对于迅速抓住句子主干, 快速把握句子主要大意十分重要 1 主语从句在复合句中充当主语成分的句子叫做主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句, 通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语 it 代替, 而本身放在句子末尾 (1) 连词 that,whether 例句 : 1 That he will come and help you is certain. 他来帮助你是确实无疑的 ( 注意 :that 在句首时不可省去 ) 2 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题 ( 主语从句中只能用 whether 不可用 if ) (2) 连接代词 who,which,whatever,what 例句 : 1 What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么, 还不清楚 2 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知 (3) 连接副词 when,where,why,how 例句 : 1 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的 2 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行, 还没有宣布 It 做形式主语 That he will come and help you is certain. It is certain that he will come and help you. To study hard is necessary. It is necessary to study hard. 2 宾语从句在复合句中充当宾语成分的句子叫做宾语从句 (1) 表陈述意义的关联词 that that 在句中不担任任何成分, 在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去, 但如从句是并列句时, 第二个分句前的 that 不可省例句 : 1 I believe (that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的 2 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好, 别人什么都不好 (2) 表示疑问意义的关联词 if,whether 要注意,whether 常与 or not 连用, 此时不能用 if 代替 ; 作介词宾语时要用 whether 不能用 if; 从句是否定句时一般用 if 引导例句 : 1 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来 2 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的

5 钱 I don t know if (whether) it is interesting. 我不知道它是否有意思 3 He doesn t care if it isn t a fine day. 他不在乎天气是否好 (3) 表示特殊疑问意义的关联词 who, whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语例句 : 1 Please tell me what you want. 请告诉我你需要什么? 2 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好 3 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人, 她都会给予热情的支持学习宾语从句还应当注意 : (1) it 做形式宾语如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语, 则用 it 作形式宾语, 将从句后置例句 : We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚 (2) 宾语从句中的否定转移 think, believe, imagine, suppose 等动词引出的宾语从句, 要将从句中的否定形式, 移动主句中例句 : 1We don t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这 2 I don t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做 (3) 时态 1. 主句用一般现在时, 从句可用任意时态 2. 主句用过去时, 从句用过去某个时态 3. 主句用过去时, 从句是真理时, 只用一般现在时 3 表语从句表语从句即在一个复合句中, 从句作的是主语的表语成分表语从句位于主句系动词之后 1. 引导表语从句的关联词 (1) 连接 that,whether 在非正式的文体中 that 可以省去例句 : 1 The problem is(that) they can t get here early enough. 问题是他们不能很早到达这里 2 It looks as if it s going to rain. 看起来天要下雨 (2) 连接代词 who,what,which 例句 : 2 That s just what I want. 这正是我想要的 2 The question is who (which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁 ( 你们哪一位 ) 接着发言 (3) 连接副词 when,where,why,how 例句 : 1 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在

6 2 That is why he didn t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因 4 同位语从句在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句同位语从句是名词性从句中很重要的一种从句类型, 它的作用是对前面的名词 ( 短语 ) 加以补充说明或进一步解释, 它们之间的关系是同位关系特别要注意在考试的时候把同位语从句和定语从句相区别开来同位语从句可以由连词 that 引导, 也可以由 when,how,where 引导由 that 引导时, that 在从句中不充当任何成分同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容, 常用的名词如 :fact, news, idea, hope, thought, question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof, belief, story 等例句 : 1 The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界 2 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来 3 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了 4 He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题 5 名词性虚拟语气在表示命令建议要求惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气, 基本句型 : 主语 +(should) + 动词原形, 如 : Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o clock.( 宾语从句 ) We suggested that the meeting should not be held.( 宾语从句 ) It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.( 主语从句 ) The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.( 同位语从句 ) That is their demand that their wages be increased.( 同位语从句 ) 老师 PPT 上错误, 以讲义为准注意 : 在这种句子中绝不出现 would must could 等三形容词形容词 (adjective), 简称 adj., 是英语四大实词中的一种主要用来修饰名词的词, 表示事物的特征形容词用来修饰名词或代词, 表示人或事物的性质状态, 和特征的程度好坏与否形容词在句中主要充当定语和表语成分在考博英语中, 对形容词的考查主要是体现在对定语从句的考查上定语从句 (Attributive Clauses) 顾名思义, 在句中充当定语成分, 修饰一个名词或代词, 被修饰的名词, 词组或代词即先行词定语从句通常出现在先行词之后, 由关系词 ( 关系代词或关系副词 ) 引出定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1 限制性定语从句限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用, 使该词的含义更具体, 更明确限制性定语从句不能被省略, 否则句意就不完整

7 1) 由 who 引导由 who 引导的定语从句修饰的是人,who 在从句中可以充当主语或者宾语成分通常, who 在从句中做主语,whom 在从句中做宾语, 口语中 who 可以代替 whom, 也可以被省去, 但做介词宾语时只能用 whom 例句 : 1 This is the doctor who saved the boy s life. 这就是救了孩子生命的医生 2 She is the new student whom I want to introduce to you. 她就是我要介绍给你的新学生 2) 由 which 引导由 which 引导的定语从句修饰的是物 (1)which 在从句中做主语例句 :Please pass me the book which is lying on the table. 请递给我摆在桌上的那本书 (2)which 充当宾语时可以省去例句 :The novel which Tom bought is very interesting. 汤姆买的小说很有意思 (3)which 做介词宾语不可省例句 :Can you lend me the magazine about which you talked yesterday? 你能把昨天谈到的那本杂志借给我吗? 3) 由 whose 引导 (1)whose 在从句中做定语例句 :The professor whose daughter teaches you English is Dr. Williams. 那位教授是威廉斯他的女儿教你英语 (2) 指某人的也可以用 of whom 代替 whose 例如, 上一例句可以改写为 : The professor, the daughter of whom teaches you English is Dr. Williams. (3) 指物时也可以用 of which 代替 whose 例句 :The bike whose brake was damaged has now been repaired. 那辆坏了闸的自行车现在已经修好了 =The bike the brake of which was damaged has now been repaired. 4) 由 when 引导, 修饰时间, 通常 when 在定语从句中做时间状语要注意的是, 先行词是 time, minute, moment, next time 很少用关系副词 when, 可用 that 但通常省去例句 : He came at a time when we needed him most. 他在我们最需要的时候来了 We ll never forget the day when the People s Republic of China was founded 我们永远不会忘记中华人民共和国成立的那一天 5) 由 where 引导, 修饰地点, 通常 where 在定语从句中做地点状语例句 :This is the room where he put up for the night. 这就是他渡过夜晚的那房子 6) 由 why 引导, 修饰原因,why 在定语从句中做原因状语例句 :I know the reason why she studies so well. 我知道她学习好的原因 2 非限制性定语从句

8 非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用, 缺少也不会影响全句的理解, 在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开, 如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间, 其前后都需要用逗号隔开 1) 由 who,whom 引导, 修饰人, 此时 who, whom 不能省去, 也不能用 that 代替例句 : George,who is my classmate, has won a scholarship. 乔治获得了奖学金, 他是我的同学 Dr. Li, whom I know very well, will come here tomorrow. 李大夫明天将来这儿, 我跟他很熟悉 2) 由 which 引导, 修饰物, 此时 which 不可省去, 也不能用 that 代替例句 : I gave him a New Year card,which he enjoyed very much. 我给他一张贺年卡, 他很喜欢它 3) 由 which 引导, 修饰前面整个句子, 此时没有固定的先行词,which 作主语指它前面的整个句子, 不可用 that 代替, 强调结果例句 : He studies hard at school when he was young, which leads to his success in his later life. 他年轻时在校学习努力, 这导致了他后来生活中的成功 4) 由 as 引导的非限制性定语从句在定语从句的非限制性定语中,which 和 as 是容易混淆的在很多情况下两者兼可互换, 但是通常 As 可以放在整句的句首, 而 which, 只能在逗号之后,as 本身含有正如,as 在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语 (1)as 指前面整个句子,as 在从句中充当主语例句 :He gets up early,as is always his habit. 他总是早起床, 这是他的习惯 (2)as 指前面整个句子,as 在从句中充当宾语例句 :John was admitted into the college, as we had expected. 约翰被大学录取了, 这是我们期待的 (3)as 引导的定语从句可以放在句首, 句中或句末例句 :The earth, as is known to all, is round. 人人皆知, 地球是圆的 (4) 用于 the same as, such as, as as 等结构中例句 :This is the same book as I lost yesterday. 这本书与我昨天丢失的那本书一样 3 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句都同属于定语从句, 在整个句子中充当定语成分, 但两个还是有一些区别, 主要包括 : 1) 从从句与先行词的关系上看, 限制性定语从句中从句是先行词不可缺少的定语, 如果省去, 主句的意思就会不完整或不明确 ; 非限制性定语从句中从句只是对先行词的附加说明, 如果省去, 主句的意思仍然清楚或完整 2) 从标点符号上看, 限制性定语从句中从句和主句之间不用逗号分开 ; 非限制性定语从句中从句和主句之间通常用逗号分开 3) 从从句的修饰上看, 限制性定语从句只修饰一个名词或代词 ; 而非限制性定语从句可以修饰一个名词或代词也可修饰整个主句 4) 从翻译的角度上看, 限制性定语从句一般译在被修饰词的前面 ; 非限制性定语从句

9 则通常被译成另一个独立的句子四副词副词 (adverb, 简写为 adv) 是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词, 用以修饰动词形容词其他副词或全句, 表示时间地点程度方式等概念在考博英语中, 对副词的考查主要就体现在考查状语从句上状语从句是副词性从句, 它在句子中担任状语, 修饰主句的动词形容词或副词根据修饰的方面, 状语从句可以分为时间地点原因目的结果条件让步方式比较状语从句九大类型条件状语从句 1 真实条件句主将从现 / 主祈从句 / 主情从现 If it rains, we will not go to school. 2 虚拟条件句虚拟主句从句现在 would (could/should/might)+do -were -ed 过去 would (could/should/might)+have done had done -were 将来 would (could/should/might)+do -ed -should do If I were a boy, I would chase after Lady gaga. If it rained, we would not be here. If the doctor had come last night, the little boy would have been saved. If it should rain, we would not go to school.

10 第二部分长难句第一节 : 非谓语动词 1. That is defeatist: getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort, held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need, and by the food industry s ruthless opportunism in exploiting that. 2. Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements----themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. 第二节 : 名词性从句一主语从句 1. It is recounted of Carlyle that when he heard of the illness of his friend, Henry, he went off immediately to visit him, carrying with him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle s. 2. Whether the remarkable growth of organized camping means the eventual death of the more independent kind is hard to say. 二宾语从句 1. The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience. " 2. First, models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. 三表语从句 1. One point repeatedly made at last week s climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists. 2. What is harder to establish is whether the productivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real. 四同位语从句 1. There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity. 2. This modern faith in medicines is proved by the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise.

11 第三节 : 定语从句 1. Third, interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person s personality and their mental and physical health. 2. Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools, which have separate healthcare and finance issues, the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent. 第四节 : 状语从句 1. While it is not clear how-many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown, developers hope the project will increase Germans understanding for China and Chinese culture. 2. Initially the brain can function normally as it loses dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, even though it cannot replace the dead cells. 第五节 : 并列结构 1. We need two approaches: more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible, and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death. 2. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. 第六节 : 强调结构强调结构是指在句子当中, 有时为了突出句子的某些成分以加强语气, 增强情感色彩或加强对比, 需要改变句子结构, 这种结构叫做强调结构 1 Do(does/did)+ 原形动词表强调此种结构来强调谓语动词, 往往只用于一般现在时或一般过去时的肯定句或肯定结构的祈使句, 不适用于 "be" 动词 2 It is/was... that(who) 结构表强调 3 强调部分提前 1. Perhaps it is humankind s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. 2. When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one expects, it seems to me that there are two causes. 第七节 : 比较结构英语中, 比较结构的句型复杂, 表现形式多样在翻译的时候, 需要仔细分析, 在准确理解的基础上, 才能进行贴切的表达所以, 从理解与表达的角度来看, 比较的形式是次要的, 真正重要的是意义上的比较只要意义上表示比较, 就属于比较句式常见的比较结构

12 的意义很容易理解, 所以也比较容易翻译, 如 :I am taller than he.( 我比他高 ) 因此, 这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法, 而主要介绍在意义上容易混淆的比较结构的翻译一 as as 句型 ( 一 )as as 句型 as as 句型是同级比较, 表示两者比较程度一样所以在翻译的时候, 通常翻译为和. 一样 ( 二 )not as (or so) as 句型跟 as as 句型相反的结构 not as (or so) as 表示两者的程度不一样, 前者不如后者, 所以, 通常翻译为不如 ( 三 )not so much as 句型 not so much as 通常翻译为与其说不如说 ( 四 )not so much as 句型 not so much as 这个结构相当于 not even, 所以通常翻译为甚至不, 甚至没有请注意与 not so much as 这个结构的区别 He cannot so much as spell a word. 他甚至连一个词也不会写二比较级 + than to do 句型由比较级与 than to do sth. 结合在一起的句型, 通常翻译为不至于做某事 I had a better command of English than to make such foolish mistakes. 我的英语学得很好, 不至于犯这样愚蠢的错误三 more than 句型 ( 一 )more A than B 句型 A 比 B 多是 A 而不是 B 与其说 B 不如说 A less A than B 句型 A 比 B 少是 B 而不是 A 与其说 A 不如说 B ( 二 )more than 句型在英语中, 如果 more than 句型后面所跟的词性不相同, 意义也不尽相同, 所以应该用不同的汉语词来翻译 1.more than 后面接数词, 表示多于,. 以上的意思 2.more than 后面接名词或者动词, 表示不只是的意思 3.more than 后面接形容词副词或者分词, 表示极其, 非常的意思 4.more than can 则表示难以, 完全不能的意思 ( 三 )no more than 句型 1 no more A than B not A any more than B A 不是 B 也不是 2 no less A than B A 是 B 也是

13 1. There is probably no better way for a foreigner (or an Englishman) to appreciate the richness and variety of the English language than by studying the various ways in which Shakespeare used it. 2. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 第八节 : 否定结构英语中的否定结构是翻译中的一个常见而以比较复杂质问题由于英汉两种语言在表达方法上存在很大差异, 尤其在表达否定概念上, 英语在用词语法和逻辑等方面与汉语都有很大不同有些英语否定句译成汉语后却变成了肯定形式, 而另一些肯定句型译成汉语后又往往变成否定形式在翻译过程中, 这些否定句就象陷阱一样, 稍有不慎, 就会掉入其中因此翻译否定结构时, 切不可望文生义, 而必须细心揣摩, 真正透彻理解其意义, 然后根据汉语的表达习惯进行翻译只有正确地理解英语中的各种否定句型, 才能使译文准确恰当地表达出原文的含义 1 形式肯定但意义否定 more than can anything but may (might) as well too to do too for n 2 形式否定但意义肯定 not until( 直到才 ),not too( 越越好 ),none but( 只有 ),nothing but( 只有 ), nothing more than( 仅仅 ),no sooner than( 刚一就 ),hardly when ( 刚一就 ),not only but also( 不仅而且 ),not long before( 很快就 ),no more than( 仅仅, 只是 ),no other than( 只有, 正是 ) 3 否定谓语转换为否定状语英语原文否定谓语, 翻译成汉语时, 需要把否定转移到状语上 He doesn t study in the classroom. 他不在教室里学习 4 主句的否定转换为从句的否定英语原文否定主句, 而翻译成汉语的时候, 需要把否定转移到从句上这样结构常常是 not because., 可以翻译为并不是因为才 She did not come because she wanted to see me. 1. The contemporary phenomenon of car worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails. 2. Children of today do not automatically become more sophisticated because they have access to more information than children of the past. 第九节 : 倒装结构 1. Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who has such faith in the bottle of

14 medicine, especially if it be wrapped in white paper by a clever chemist. 2. The implications of all this were that it was not the disturbance of sleep that mattered, but the disturbance of dreaming. 第十节 : 分裂结构 1. Many argue that in a host of areas ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature. 2. Given the health implications increased risk of heart disease, stroke, diabetes and some cancers anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing, right?

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2009.05 2009 05 2009.05 2009.05 璆 2009.05 1 亿平方米 6 万套 10 名 20 亿元 5 个月 30 万亿 60 万平方米 Data 围观 CCDI 公司内刊企业版 P08 围观 CCDI 管理学上有句名言 : 做正确的事, 比正确地做事更重要方向的对错于大局的意义而言,