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1 Systematic Theology 系統神學 Bread of Life Theological Seminary ST_

2 A Brief Overview of the Course 課程簡介 Angels, Humanity, Sin 天使, 人, 罪 Readings: Grudem, Systematic Theology 閱讀 : 古德恩, 系統神學 Quizzes: one each week 每週一次測驗

3 Scripture reflections: one each week 經文反思 : 每週一則 Doctrinal statements: three statements due on November 20 th 三篇教義論文, 11/20 前繳交 This is one more than last course, but they can be shorter ( words) 比上一堂課多一篇, 但字數較少 ( 每篇字 ) A note on the structure of this course: Grudem s chapter on sin will consist of two lectures (weeks 6 7) 第 6-7 週講古德恩有關罪的篇章 I added a lecture on the Problem of Evil (week 8) 第 8 週加講有關罪惡的問題

4 Any questions about the syllabus or this course in general? 對教學大綱或本課程有任何問題嗎?

5 Angels have featured in Christian art since the early church and remain present in Western culture today 由早期教會至今, 西方文化中都有與天使有關的基督教藝術品

6 Gabriel and Mary 加百列和馬利亞

7 Guardian angels 守護天使

Halos were used to identify divine and holy figures within art and this eventually became commonplace in Christianity and other religions 曾有人

9 Halos were used to identify divine and holy figures within art and this eventually became commonplace in Christianity and other religions 曾有人用光環來標識神或聖人, 最終導致基督教和其他宗教採用光環 Altarpiece dedicated to Buddha Maitreya, Northern Wei dynasty ( ), dated 年奉獻給彌勒佛的祭壇, 北魏 ( )

10 Hindu deity, Rajasthan, 11th century AD 印度教神祇, 拉基斯坦邦, 公元 11 世紀

11 Angels 天使 The name angels describes their office or role, and not their nature 天使一名描述其職份或角色, 而非其本性 We do not know when they were created 我們不知道天使何時被造 Perhaps on the 1 st day when God created the heavens 也許在第一天上帝創造諸天之時 What we can know is that they were certainly created before the 7 th day 我們可以知道的是, 他們應當在第 7 日之前已經被造

12 The nature of angels (unifying traits) 天使的本性 ( 共有的特質 ) They are created spirits 天使是被造的靈 They do not have bodies 天使沒有身體 They have great power and intelligence 天使大有能力和智慧 They have wills and are thus moral beings 天使有意志, 是有道德選擇的存有

13 They are not married and do not have families 天使不嫁娶, 沒有家庭 They are invisible and immortal 天使是眼不可見的, 是不朽的 They are bound to time and space 天使受時間和空間的限制 They are not made in the image of God 天使不是按照神的形像被造的 They likely do not have a gender 天使可能沒有性別之分

14 The function of angels (diverse traits) 天使的功能 ( 不同的特質 ) They have different names 天使有不同的名稱 We only know of Gabriel and Michael 我們只知道加百列和米迦勒 Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox believe there is a third name, Raphael, which comes from the Book of Tobit (Apocrypha) 羅馬天主教和東正教有第三個名字, 拉斐爾, 源於次經多比傳 Different roles 不同的角色

15 Different ranks 不同的階級 Archangels 天使長 Angels in general 一般的天使 Cherubim and Seraphim 基路伯和撒拉弗 (we will discuss these shortly 很快就會討論這些 ) Principalities, powers, thrones, authorities, and dominions 執政的, 掌權的, 有位的, 有能的, 主治的

16 Pseudo Dionysius offered a schematic division of the angels in The Celestial Hierarchy and The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy 偽丟尼修在天階序論教會聖品階級中為天使劃分等級 Side note: he promoted himself as Dionysius from Acts 17:34, but we now know that he lived some time in the 5 th or 6 th century 附註 : 他自稱為使徒行傳 17:34 的丟尼修, 但我們現在知道他是第五或第六世紀的人 The celestial hierarchy is formed by three classes of angels 天使階級分為三級 First class: cherubim, seraphim, and thrones 第一級 : 基路伯, 撒拉弗和有位的 Second class: dominions, powers, and authorities 第二級 : 主治的, 掌權的和有權柄的 Third class: principalities, archangels, angels 第三級 : 執政的, 天使長和眾天使 The ecclesial hierarchy mirrors this celestial hierarchy 教會的等級類似天使的等級

17 天階序論九品天使上三級熾天使 Seraphim; 智天使 Cherubim; 座天使 Thrones 中三級主天使 Dominions 德天使 Virtues 能天使 Powers 下三級權天使 Principalities 大天使 Archangels 奉遣天使 Angels

19 This view of angels was influential for the Church, both East and West 這種天使觀對東方和西方的教會都有影響 However, it has been unanimously rejected by Protestants since the time of the Reformation 宗教改革時被新教徒一致的拒絕

20 Other issues 其他問題 Cherubim and Seraphim 基路伯和撒拉弗 Some view them as mythical beings, divine forces, or symbolic figures 有人認為它們是神話人物, 神聖的力量, 或象徵性人物

21 Cherubim 基路伯 Their symbolic representation tells us something true about their spiritual nature 象徵性的代表其屬靈本質 Bavinck sees the living creatures in Ezekiel 1 to be Cherubims 巴文克認為以西結書 1 章的活物就是基路伯 Power of an ox 牛的力量 Majesty of a lion 獅子的威嚴 Speed of an eagle 老鷹的速度 Intelligence of a human being Wings to fly 人的智慧 Sword to guard 守護的劍 They are charged with the task of guarding the holiness of God in the garden of Eden, the tabernacle and temple, and in God s descent to earth 他們領受的職責是要在伊甸園, 會幕, 聖殿中和神降世時守護神的聖潔

22 Seraphim 撒拉弗 Probably derived from the Arabic stem sarufa (it was noble) 大概源自阿拉伯語 sarufa( 高貴的 ) They stand as servants of God, acclaiming his glory and awaiting his commands 神的僕人, 侍立在旁, 稱頌神的榮耀, 等待神的命令

23 The Angel of the LORD 耶和華的使者 Some view this as an angel distinct from God himself 有人認為這是一位天使, 不是神 Personally, I see this as a Theophany 我個人認為這是神的顯現 A visible and temporary manifestation of God 神以肉眼可見的方式暫時的顯現 Theos (God) and phainein (to appear) 神顯現

24 In Scripture the Angel of the LORD is: 在聖經中耶和華的使者 Identified as God 確定為神 Recognized as God 被視為神 Described in terms only fit for God 敘述用語只適合神 Calls himself God 自稱為神 Receives worship 接受敬拜 Received a sacrifice 接受獻祭 Was the angel who wrestled with Jacob and was recognized as God 與雅各摔跤, 被認定為神

25 Guardian angels 守護天使 This idea likely originated in the Christian faith through Origen 這個概念可能源於俄利根 ( AD) It has remained a teaching of the Roman Catholic church, although most Protestants do not believe it is a biblical teaching 羅馬天主教會至今仍然持守此于教導, 但大多數新教徒不相信這是聖經的教導

26 Veneration of angels 崇敬天使 Roman Catholics claim to venerate angels but not to worship them 羅馬天主教自稱崇敬天使, 但不是崇拜天使 For example, in 1851 Pope Pius IX approved the Chaplet (or prayer) of Saint Michael based on a reported revelation in 1751 from the angel Michael to Antonia d Astonac, a Portuguese nun 例如, 在 1851 年羅馬教宗比约九世批准聖彌額爾總領天使經 ( 或祈禱 ), 理由是基於 1751 年天使米迦勒向葡萄牙修女 Antonia d Astonac 顯現的報告 Protestants have argued that Scripture knows of no distinction between veneration and worship, nor of any kind of veneration of angels 新教徒認為, 按照聖經敬拜和崇敬之間沒有區別, 也沒有任何形式的天使敬拜

27 Angels and the origins of other world religions 天使長和世界其他宗教的起源 Islam 伊斯蘭教 Muhammad claimed to be given revelations from the archangel Gabriel over a period of 23 years ( AD) 穆罕默德聲稱他從天使長加百列那裡得著啟示, 歷時 23 年 ( 公元 ) The content of these revelations became the Qur an 這些啟示的內容, 成為可蘭經 Mormonism 摩門教 In 1823, Joseph Smith was directed by the angel Moroni to the location of golden plates. He met with the angel many more times, but was not allowed to take the plates until 年約瑟史密斯得到天使摩羅乃指點金頁片的位置. 他會見了天使很多次, 但直到 1827 以前都不准帶金頁片

28 Angel Moroni of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) 耶穌基督末世聖徒教會的天使莫羅尼 ( 摩門教 )

29 C.S. Lewis provides a helpful warning about demons that can be applied to angels as well. We must avoid two extremes 魯益師提供有關可用於天使和惡魔的有益警示. 此二極端都應避免 : One is to disbelieve in their existence. The other is to believe, and to feel an excessive and unhealthy interest in them. 一個極端是不相信他們的存在. 另一極端是相信他們的存在, 並且過度的感興趣 (The Screwtape Letters, p. 9) 地獄來鴻

30 Questions?

31 Next week Quiz #1 will be sent out tonight Due on September 21 st by 5pm (Pacific Standard Time) Read chapter 20 on Satan and Demons 閱讀第 20 章撒但與鬼魔 Scripture reflection #1 due before class on Sept 25 th

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