THE FORMOSAN VOCABULARY OF FOXTAIL MILLET, WITH TERMS RELATING TO OTHER PLANT DOMESTICATES Laurent Sagart, Tsai Yuan- ching, Hsu Tzefu and Hsing Yue- ie 2013-2016 Table of Contents I. NOUNS... 4 foxtail millet (Setaria italica)... 4 Setaria italica (general term)... 4 Setaria italica (non glutinous)... 4 Setaria italica (glutinous)... 4 field of Setaria italica... 4 parts of the foxtail plant... 6 ear... 6 leaf... 6 stem... 6 root... 6 grains of foxtail at different stages... 8 seed (for sowing)... 8 seedling (germinated)... 8 grain in husk... 8 dehusked grain... 8 stages in foxtail plant maturation... 10 young foxtail plant... 10 mature foxtail plant... 10 harvested foxtail plant... 10 foxtail ears bound in a sheaf... 10 foxtail millet as food and drink... 12 flour (as of foxtail millet)... 12 1/29
cooked grain (as of foxtail millet)... 12 gruel (as of foxtail millet)... 12 wine: 1. of foxtail millet; 2. general term... 12 glutinous foxtail paste/pastry... 12 chaff, bran, empty husk... 14 chaff (not edible)... 14 bran (edible; possible ingredient in millet wine)... 14 empty husk... 14 foxtail millet cultivation tools, harvesting tools, storage facilities... 15 hoe... 15 foxtail millet harvesting method and tool... 15 outside granary on piles... 15 container for grains: 1. inside granary. 2. in home... 15 foxtail millet processing tools... 17 threshing tool and method... 17 winnowing tool... 17 dehusking/crushing mortar... 17 dehusking/crushing pestle... 17 broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum)... 19 Panicum miliaceum: general, nonglutinous... 19 Panicum miliaceum, glutinous... 19 beans... 20 general term... 20 Cajanus cajan 樹荳... 20 red phaseolus bean 赤小豆... 20 other traditional cereals... 21 Chenopodium formosanum 紅藜... 21 Taiwan oil millet, Eccoilopus formosanus 台灣油芒... 21 Job s tears, Coix lacryma- jobi 薏苡... 21 introduced cereals... 22 maize, Zea mais... 22 sorghum, Sorghum bicolor... 22 finger millet, Eleusine coracana... 22 barnyard grass, Echinochloa crusgalli, 稗... 22 2/29
tubers... 23 taro... 23 sweet potato... 23 yam... 23 II. VERBS... 24 preparing a foxtail field... 24 to hack down vegetation to open field... 24 to burn hacked down vegetation... 24 to uproot remaining stumps... 24 to burn uprooted stumps... 24 sowing, weeding, harvesting... 25 to plant seeds one by one (e.g. beans)... 25 to sow broadcast... 25 to thin out, remove weak plants... 25 to weed, pull out weeds... 25 to harvest... 25 threshing, pounding, winnowing... 27 to thresh with the feet... 27 to dry grain in the sun... 27 to dry by fire before pounding... 27 to thresh with a large pestle... 27 to pound grain to remove seed coat... 27 to winnow... 27 preparing grain food... 29 to cook grain... 29 to let cooked grain cool off... 29 to grind grain to make flour... 29 to make wine out of grain... 29 3/29
I. NOUNS foxtail millet (Setaria italica) (pinyin) and informant # Setaria italica (general term) Setaria italica (non glutinous) Setaria italica (glutinous) field of Setaria italica Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan laməәlu umah Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an hafaj haɬhaɬ Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus trakis hegil trakis 1. qmajæħ opened field 2. tvux-an trakis place for sowing S. Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong maɗɔq pulsɔk ɗulað Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun maɗoq maɗoq varieties: ɗokulas-að: nonglutinous, used for cooking. bakka: nonglutinous, hardens after cooling off. ɗulað (for making wine) 1. pis-maɗoq-an 2. quma general term for fields Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 vinaʔʉ matani 'kəәcju ʔo'ma-oma Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 vi'naʔəә vi'naʔu palaj 'ʔuma vinaʔəә uru Kavalan 新社 Xinshe luzaj ɓakka a nonglutinous variety, hardens after cooking məәzunut aj luzaj mranaj Paiwan 德文 Dewen vaʔu ʔuma Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao vaqu djuadjuay quma Paiwan 台坂 Taiban vaqu tsuparan djuadjuay pu-vaqu-an, pu-vaquan a quma Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen betseŋ betseŋ ka tsʉ paran betseŋ ka dʉ ray 1.uma- uma 2. bəәtsəә- bəәtsəәŋəә Rukai eastern 大南 Danan bɨcəәŋ cɨara ka bɨcəәŋ doraj ka bɨcəәŋ (for umʔuma 4/29
making abaj) Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li əәvəәcəәŋəә əәvəәcəәŋəә makəәŋəәcəә 1. vavarara 2. umuuma Saisiyat 東河 Donghe tataʔ bulaθɪh (also hɔʔɔl ʔœmʔœmæh nonglutinous rice ) Sediq 清流 Qingliu matsʉ matsʉ βale 1 dɛhɛquy matsʉ t<n>tak-an Thao 德化 Dehua 'kamar ma-sinis a 'kamar retbus dry field, swidden. isa retbus a pazaj/kamar one swidden of rice/foxtail Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 tɔnʔu tɔnʔu hɔhʉeca tɔtɔnʔu Tsou Tfuye tonʔu tonʔu svojʉ tonʔu həәʉutsaʔ totonʔu 1 βale true 5/29
parts of the foxtail plant ear leaf stem root Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan ta-tekiŋ-an Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an papah ʔakawaj lamit Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus buaj avaw trakis qəәvuci trakis ɣamil trakis Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong maɗɔq; one ear : tasa maɗɔq lisav qao lamis Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun ɓuʔɓuʔ lisav qaːu lamis Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 macju lænŋ vinaʔʉ 'karu vinaʔʉ ha'caʔʉ Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 ma'tsu ranəәŋ vinaʔəә karu'in ra'misi Kavalan 新社 Xinshe -sapuluni the vjeχe na luzaj tina na luzaj χavas na luzaj growing ear, with the leaves still around it -mrikaw-aj ti s<in>a-luzaj the ear already formed, free from the leaves and bending down (mrikaw-aj bending down ) ( mother of the foxtail plant ) Paiwan 德 Dewen asaw tsuvu kapaz Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao vaŋaʎ asaw qapu kapaz Paiwan 台坂 Taiban vaŋaʎ 2 asaw ʃiŋiʎ kapaz Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德 Dewen vasaw tsəәbəә balatsəә Rukai eastern 大南 Danan ronono (ronoŋo?) bija ki bɨcəәŋ tsəәbu ki bɨcəәŋ Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li vuŋavuŋa ral əәŋəә kiu əәvəәcəәŋəә ramii 2 pigiɭ subdivision of the ear 6/29
Saisiyat 東河 Donghe boaj bɪæʔ min-paðajan (includes the root but not the ear) Sediq 清流 Qingliu matsʉ wasɔ matsʉ pusʉ matsʉ pusʉ matsʉ Thao 德化 Dehua kamar (= foxtail kamar wil aq kamar a baŋqer kamar a lamis millet); one ear : latata a kamar) Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 [mcuu] əә 'hʉŋʉ əә 'miɕi Tsou Tfuye mcu hʉŋʉ to tonʔu easʔi misi 7/29
grains of foxtail at different stages seed (for sowing) seedling (germinated) grain in husk Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan cəәcaj al as to laməәlu one husked-grain of foxtail 3 Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an sa-pa-luma mahaɬ germ hafaj hci fruit (general term) Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus ɣəәxap trakis səәɣujɔq ingit-an trakis (already threshed) dehusked grain cəәcaj flac to laməәlu one dehusked-grain of foxtail ma-si-flec-ay no hafay foxtail millet that has been dehusked vuax Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong itpul lelas-an maɗok Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun binisjɪq talikauŋ germ; to germinate maɗoq tilas foxtail millet, dehusked and ready to cook Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 'lapu 'kwarʊ vura vinaʔʉ Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 'rapəә can matsua 'one grain'; uru'uru grain drying on the ground' Kavalan 新社 Xinshe vχas na luzaj Paiwan 德 Dewen gusam rapəәli aruru-an vat Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao vusam laqəәtsap pigi vat Paiwan 台坂 Taiban vusam lapəәʎik suav vat Puyuma 南王 Nanwang bini bəәras Rukai Budai 德 Dewen əәapəә bu nabunu tsuβu bəәratəә Rukai eastern 大南 Danan sasarəәmu ki wa cəәbu ŋa ka niika ka bɨcəәŋ bəәrasəә ka bɨcəәŋ 3 al as < *qasan grain of cereal, with husks, with metathesis. Cp. standard Amis adas (Wu Mingyi) 8/29
bɨcəәŋ bɨcəәŋ 'foxtail that has already germinated' (come out- germalready-kafoxtail) Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li suliʔi umaratupu əәvəәcəәŋəә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe binʃiʔ tataʔ ma-abaθœð (germinating); m<in>a-abaθœð (already germinated) kaaməәð noka tataʔ Sediq 清流 Qingliu rabu matsʉ beras matsʉ beras matsʉ Thao 德化 Dehua kamar puʃmeqejraq kamar ( one grain : latata wa kamar) Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 tutu fʉesʉ Tsou Tfuye hioiapo cʉfeʉ 'germ' tonʔu ʃiʔʃiʔ p<in>a-ka-ronu ida wa kamar foxtail that has already been pounded bini, binsiq < b<in>isiq 9/29
stages in foxtail plant maturation young foxtail plant mature foxtail plant harvested foxtail plant Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan luluŋ Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an -hatia to pacilit 'tall cipoʔni full, faloɬ as a pacilit bird' pregnant (only used -hatia to tikulats 'tall of plants) as a partridge' -hatia to tolok 'tall as a pheasant' 4 Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus -səәləәvak (one leaf) -sajiŋ avaw (2 leaves) -cjuɣal avaw (3 leaves) -pajet avaw (4 leaves) Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong Bunun eastern məәrəәruaŋ trakis foxtail ears bound in a sheaf 太平村 Taipingcun minɓulav ripe tumɓoq; tasa tumɓoq one sheaf Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 li'vasa Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 Kavalan 新社 Xinshe Paiwan 德 Dewen vunavun ma-kəәsa ŋa ripe Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao pi-asaw (ear has not formed) 1. v<əәn>aŋaʎ has made an ear 2. ma-kəәsa ripe (color has changed) Paiwan 台坂 Taiban na ma-k əә sa na vaqu qasaʎ Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德 Dewen mabe aŋəә ripe 4 Favorlang has a similar system for telling the size of young foxtail plants by reference to birds of different sizes. 10/29
Rukai eastern 大南 Danan wa bua ŋa ka bɨcəәŋ (PRF-fruit-alreadyka-foxtail) Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li tumaŋura əәvəәcəәŋəә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe Sediq 清流 Qingliu rabu matsʉ mahada matsʉ kumbukian Thao 德化 Dehua kamar maraʔin niraq k<en>oskos 5 Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye mitsu fuisʉ o tonʔu 5 moskos make sheaves. Compare k-in-ushkush 'was piled up, of stones etc. (Blust 2003). 11/29
foxtail millet as food and drink flour (as of foxtail millet) cooked grain (as of foxtail millet) gruel (as of foxtail millet) wine: 1. of foxtail millet; 2. general term Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan hmay Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an hmaj (ʔ)aʔam turun Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus mami uva 1. quaw Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong qajɕiŋ ʔulʔul 2. ɗavus 6 Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun taŋtaŋ qajsiŋ (general term, also for rice) ʔulʔul glutinous foxtail paste/pastry ɓoqol (< round ) (made with rice: inaliv) Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 Kavalan 新社 Xinshe mmaj χwaχo t<n>uzun Paiwan 德文 Dewen ramug Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao q<in>əәmu 1. v<in>awa vaqu 2. vawa Paiwan 台坂 Taiban q<in>əәmu k<in>sa vaqu l<in>itaw Puyuma 南王 Nanwang t<in>aləәk Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen ɭɨvəәgəә ku tsəәganəә aga Rukai eastern 大南 Danan Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li 'səәkəәləә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe θiniŋoː 1. p<in>uʃhak-an t<in>aobun tataʔ Sediq 清流 Qingliu idɔ idɔ rumʉ (rumʉ thin 1. ɕinɔ βalɛ (winetrue) Thao 德化 Dehua ahu 7 Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 tuŋva naveu Tsou Tfuye avaj 6 Takivatan davus sweet millet wine (de Busser) 7 Blust afu 12/29
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chaff, bran, empty husk chaff (not edible) Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an tah afih Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong nukis bran (edible; possible ingredient in millet wine) Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun nukis Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 Kavalan 新社 Xinshe vaŋtun knapəәl Paiwan 德文 Dewen Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao ɭavu Paiwan 台坂 Taiban Puyuma 南王 Nanwang ɭabu Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen Rukai eastern 大南 Danan əәca Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li Saisiyat 東河 Donghe Sediq 清流 Qingliu rehak lepi Thao 德化 Dehua Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye [hʔisi] empty husk 14/29
foxtail millet cultivation tools, harvesting tools, storage facilities (pinyin) and hoe foxtail millet harvesting method and tool Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan by hand, or with knife: saritrit 8 Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an (in the past) with stone knife: sapi-kəәtos 9 outside granary on piles container for grains: 1. inside granary. 2. in home ar ir i 1. fakar (made of rattan) (nowadays) with sickle: r i t r i t Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus pajeħ by hand kaħu Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong by hand ɗenpusun (general term) 1. tongqa container for foxtail in outside granary (amunu rice container in outside granary ) Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun Outside granaries not in usage Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 by hand 2. ca'tuʔu Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 by hand ri'sakəә Kavalan 新社 Xinshe tatak by hand, or with knife: qamit ɕɛχ Paiwan 德文 Dewen by hand kubaw 1. tsadju Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao by hand (older method) with a small knife: ʃiqunu 1. tsadju 2. pa-tilas-an container inside the house where foxtail is kept, still in sheaves Paiwan 台坂 Taiban by hand 1. tsadju (wooden, keglike, removable) 8 Scythes used for rice have teeth, and are also called sa-ritrit. 9 Informant remembers seeing them used as a child. sapi- instrument noun prefix ; kəәtos harvest ears of cereals. 15/29
2. kuvkuv (inside house) Puyuma 南王 Nanwang with a small knife: kamuʈ aɭiɭi 10 Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen by hand kubaw 1. pu luḍu (compartment within granary) Rukai eastern 大南 Danan with hand or knife, liba depending on foxtail variety Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li with a small knife: kakatəә risakəә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe kahləәk by hand θakθakaː Sediq 清流 Qingliu with a small knife: ja:ju repun biʨak (knife-small) Thao 德化 Dehua by hand Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 with a small knife: fuʔfu patoyaŋi (general term) Tsou Tfuye with knife: fuʔfu oisia container for a single grain type 10 Cauquelin (2015) aɭiʔɭiʔ. 16/29
foxtail millet processing tools threshing tool and method winnowing tool dehusking/crushing mortar Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan with parpar pestle hatapəәs ʔasulu Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an with tapalu pestle: sa-tapes pi-tifek-an (ʔ)asulu tall (1.5 m.), wooden, tapering at bottom Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus vəәluku lṷohuŋ qasəәju Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong with the feet qapuŋ kosaw Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun with the feet qapuŋ nusuŋ kosaw Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 'touməәrəә tarʉ'kʉra 'paɲi Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 with the feet toomarəә tarəә'kəәra 'paŋi Kavalan 新社 Xinshe niniχ insuŋ saχo Paiwan 德文 Dewen varaŋa asəәru Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao with the feet vaaŋa qaseɭu Paiwan 台坂 Taiban with the feet tjakaz valaŋa qasəәlu Puyuma 南王 Nanwang with parpar pestle takaɖ tabi pa-ʈ<in>apa-n small mortar for pounding ʈ<in>apa roasted millet grains rasuk Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen loŋo a soɭo Rukai eastern 大南 Danan with the feet luŋ asoro Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li with the feet talaku tl uuŋu paŋiri Saisiyat 東河 Donghe with the feet hæhæop lœhœŋ ʔaʃɔʔ Sediq 清流 Qingliu with the feet; butuku duhuŋ seru formerly a hammer was used Thao 德化 Dehua with the feet rono qasoro Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 with the feet apŭŋu sohŋu p(ĭ)ŋiei dehusking/crushing pestle 17/29
Tsou Tfuye ap(ŭ)ŋu suhŋu 18/29
broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) Panicum miliaceum: general, nonglutinous Panicum miliaceum, glutinous Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus veɕinu hegil vəәɕinu Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong ɓatal Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun ɓatal Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 Kavalan 新社 Xinshe Paiwan 德文 Dewen Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao Paiwan 台坂 Taiban Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen Rukai eastern 大南 Danan Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li? ranəәŋi 11 Saisiyat 東河 Donghe baθaː Sediq 清流 Qingliu basɔ Thao 德化 Dehua Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye 11 cf. ranəәŋ 'leaf' 19/29
beans general term Cajanus cajan 樹荳 red phaseolus bean 赤 小豆 Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan fataʔan afrikay Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an fataʔan farini Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong bainu Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun qaliɗaŋ Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 Kavalan 新社 Xinshe Paiwan 德文 Dewen Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao Paiwan 台坂 Taiban Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen Rukai eastern 大南 Danan Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li tavaŋal a ariamu Saisiyat 東河 Donghe Sediq 清流 Qingliu bɛlʌħ Thao 德化 Dehua Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye tahza ɛts(əә)ŋi 20/29
other traditional cereals Chenopodium formosanum 紅藜 Taiwan oil millet, Eccoilopus formosanus 台灣油芒 Job s tears, Coix lacryma-jobi 薏苡 Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan usaləә atsaŋaway Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an osar Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong ɗil Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun mukun ɗiil Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 nɔmi Kavalan 新社 Xinshe tippur Paiwan 德文 Dewen Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao lumaj Paiwan 台坂 Taiban lumaj Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen lalumaj Rukai eastern 大南 Danan baəә larumaj mudaj Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li l arumi viaru al amarəә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe Sediq 清流 Qingliu Thao 德化 Dehua katihut voyu pohe təәta Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 [heome] Tsou Tfuye əә'voyu 12 12 Also bat ; used by shamans to drive ghosts away. 21/29
introduced cereals maize, Zea mais sorghum, Sorghum bicolor finger millet, Eleusine coracana barnyard grass, Echinochloa crusgalli, 稗 Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan ariray farisan samaro Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an fariasan salipatax Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong tipul Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun puʔi sumsum salað qasisa Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 vatakəә Kavalan 新社 Xinshe 1. kovkov vlajsan madapanay 2. mais (< Spanish) Paiwan 德文 Dewen Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao Paiwan 台坂 Taiban Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen ti-betseŋ (= fake foxtail ) Rukai eastern 大南 Danan ŋoɖaŋoŋo romagaj Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li sasaisala takaraja Saisiyat 東河 Donghe baθæh Sediq 清流 Qingliu Thao 德化 Dehua tippor salal (< Bunun) pohe Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye batayʉ (loanword < Malayo-Polynesian) paj hitsu (= devil s rice ) 22/29
tubers taro sweet potato yam Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan tali kisiafaʔ Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an tali fuŋa Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong tae hamis Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun ta:i tamɓuna Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 Kavalan 新社 Xinshe svataʔ Paiwan 德文 Dewen Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao Paiwan 台坂 Taiban Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen Rukai eastern 大南 Danan tai tokoj Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li Saisiyat 東河 Donghe Sediq 清流 Qingliu Thao 德化 Dehua l are pikpik Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye utsej 23/29
II. VERBS preparing a foxtail field to hack down vegetation to open field to burn hacked down vegetation to uproot remaining stumps Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan miŋilap to umah mi-turux Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an ʔenaf Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus məәnajaŋ qmajæħ t<m>avul məәsjup Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong maqun pis-taba Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun maqun pis-taba-un Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 tmatakʉtakʉ namar Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 makituku Kavalan 新社 Xinshe χajtaχun tmaq Paiwan 德文 Dewen q<əәm>ulits l<em>ama Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao q<əәm>ulits l<em>ama Paiwan 台坂 Taiban ma-vatsuk l<em>ama q<əәm>ulits Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen wəә-lama Rukai eastern 大南 Danan rabi ki taw bɨcəәŋ laobu Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li uma'sasapa tsumul u Saisiyat 東河 Donghe paksilbæʔœh Sediq 清流 Qingliu t<m>atak pskama t<n>tak-an t<m>abun Thao 德化 Dehua ma-siwat paʃ-nara Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye moʔtoʔʉ p-home o buru to burn uprooted stumps 24/29
sowing, weeding, harvesting to plant seeds one by one (e.g. beans) to sow broadcast to thin out, remove weak plants to weed, pull out weeds to harvest Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan mi-raras to flats to laməәlu tsaka kapah bulasen (not-prettyremove) mifutfut to rəәŋus Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an fusak facfac pocpoc to ʃemot (removing plant and root) fotfot (with or without root) Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus ɣ<əәm>ahap t<m>uvux mahing trakis mahing trakis k<əәm>əәluəә ħ Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong minaŋ manato maɗɔq ma-laɓut ismut ka-maɗɔq mi-ritrit to laməәlu (using knife) Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun ma-pinaŋ manatu ka-maɗoq Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 r<om>a'rapu 'moʔoma vinaʔʉ m-ari vinaʔʉ Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 r<um>a'rapəә ma'ruucu m-ari vinaʔəә Kavalan 新社 Xinshe taqsam totos qaj-panaj (using knife) Paiwan 德文 Dewen g<əәm>usam m-aʃik ki-vaʔu Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao v<əәn>usam m-aʃik ki-vaqu(general term) v<əәn>əәŋatj (by hand) Paiwan 台坂 Taiban t<m>aləәm v<əәn>usam m-aʃik ki-vaqu Puyuma 南王 Nanwang pu-bini g<əәm>ʈiɭ harvest ear by ear, using small knife 13 Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen wəә- sabulu wəә-ramulu kia- bəәtsəәŋəә Rukai eastern 大南 Danan əәaʔəә ki bɨcəәŋ ramolo ki bɨcəәŋ ki-bɨcəәŋ Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li umaurapəә mua u'muma (mua go ) m-area əәvəәcəәŋəә 13 A derivative of gəәtiɭ cut between the nails, showing harvesting with knife is recent among the Puyuma. 25/29
Saisiyat 東河 Donghe k<om>alœh t<om>okœh ʃ<om>aʃaː l<om>aθəәð paʔalhiæh Sediq 清流 Qingliu mu-huma t<m>ukuj matsʉ gumbabɔ matsʉ blɛbin sʉdʉ Thao 德化 Dehua ma-kiʃmer kamar m-ara kamar Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 miapɔ tatʔɔzu Tsou Tfuye miapo momo tatʔɔzu 26/29
threshing, pounding, winnowing 14 Ferrell (1982) dj/m/ulat to tread, stamp with foot 15 denominal verb out of suav grain in husks. to thresh with the feet to dry grain in the sun to dry by fire before pounding to thresh with a large pestle to pound grain to remove seed coat to winnow Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan mi-parpar mi-tifəәk mi-tapəәs to talul Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an pa-wari mi-tapes Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus ɣ<əәm>it trakis muɣi trakis t<m>apus Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong ma-ulmiq maɗɔq pa-vali maɗɔq maɓaðo maɗɔq ma-tapus Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun ma-ʔulmik pa-vali maɓaðu ma-tapus Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 pa-ri-n cju 'mioru tapuɕ-in vinaʔʉ Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 umiriki pa-ri mi'aoru t<um>a-tapusəә Kavalan 新社 Xinshe zəәzəәq-an pa-waχe taχqan-an to tapes saχo Paiwan 德文 Dewen d<um>urat 14 t<um>urəәtur t<m>apəәs Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao p<əәn>ut ta vaqu r<m>aʃi ta vaqu ma-isu tj<m>apəәs ta vaqu Paiwan 台坂 Taiban s<m>uav 15 ma-isu tj<əәm>apəәs Puyuma 南王 Nanwang parpar ma-ʈ<in>apa- (a)n Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen wa iiki wa-ḍu raḍuru wa- tapusu Rukai eastern 大南 Danan aiki (aiki=ta ki bɨcəәŋ let s thresh the foxtail) ɕeribo ki bɨcəәŋ taʔoso ki bɨcəәŋ Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li umairiki paraŋanəә miaːnəә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe h<om>əәnəәk ka tataʔ ma-hilaː ka tataʔ (pa-hila ; ʃipa-hila) θ<om>olθol ka tataʔ h<əәm>aop Sediq 清流 Qingliu k<um>ulɛqaħ mi-hidɔ matsʉ t<m>ekan t<m>ɛbəәs 27/29
matsʉ matsʉ Thao 德化 Dehua k<m>umkum maka'rono kamar t<m>apiʃ kamar Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 peʔeni pusi Tsou Tfuye tsapi o tonʔu (to smoke grain) meʔeni pusi 28/29
preparing grain food to cook grain to let cooked grain cool off to grind grain to make flour Amis southern 都蘭 Dulan mi-taŋtaŋ to laməәlu mi-təәpur Amis Fata an 馬太鞍 Matai an sa-hmaj Atayal 司馬庫斯 Smakus p-ħapuj trakis Bunun western 雙龍 Shuanglong pitʔia maɗɔq pis-kaðhav maɗɔq ɗulað maɗɔq to make wine out of grain Bunun eastern 太平村 Taipingcun pitʔia (boil) Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 1 pa'sevarʉ Kanakanabu 那瑪夏 Namaxia 2 pa'sevarəә Kavalan 新社 Xinshe χamaz tu luzaj (boil); vasaw (any cereal, incl. rice) lamuz ta luzaj (steam) Paiwan 德文 Dewen kəә<m>əәsa ta vaʔu Paiwan 大鳥 Daniao k<m>sa ta vaqu v<n>awa ta vaqu Paiwan 台坂 Taiban Puyuma 南王 Nanwang Rukai Budai 德文 Dewen Rukai eastern 大南 Danan aj aga=ta ki bɨcəәŋ ( let s cook foxtail millet) Saaroa 高中里 Gaozhong Li avaavu əәvəәcəәŋəә Saisiyat 東河 Donghe taləәk, t<um>aləәk pak-baʃ-baʃaw puʃhak Sediq 清流 Qingliu pure matsʉ s<m>alu ɕinɔ βalɛ Thao 德化 Dehua Tsou 樂野 Leye 2 Tsou Tfuye peiʔi to tonʔu 29/29