,, 17 075 200,, 170, 1, 40, 4 000, 5,,,, 100 600, 862,, 100, 2 /5,, 1 /5, 1
2,, 1 /5,,, 1 /2,, 800,,,,,,, 300,,,,,, 4 300,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,, 2003 9 3
3. 22 24 4. 26 30 2 33 33 1. 34 61 1. 1 37 63 1. 2 44 66 1. 3 46 68 1. 4 47 68 1. 5 49 69 1. 6 51 71 1. 7 53 72 1. 8 54 73
1. 9 55 73 1. 9. 1 55 73 1. 9. 2 57 74 1. 9. 3 58 75 2. 76 93 2. 1 77 94 2. 2 81 96 2. 3-83 - 98 2. 4 84 98 2. 5 87 100 2. 6 89 102 2. 7 91 103 3
2. 8 92 103 3. - 104 129 3. 1 106 130 3. 2 109 131 3. 3 110 132 3. 4 112 133 3. 5 116 135 3. 6 118 136 3. 7 120 138 3. 8-122 139 4 3. 8. 1 122 139 3. 8. 2 127 142
4. 143 146 5. 148 151 6. 153 159 7. 162 167 8. 170 175 9. 177 180 10. 181 187 11. 190 194 12. 196 200 13. - 203 205 14. 206 209 5
15. - 211-213 16. 214 216 17. 217 221 18. 224 226 6, 228 228 1. 229 233 2. 235 237 3. 238 242 4. 244 247 5. 248 252
6. 253 257 7. 259 264 8. 267 269 9... 270 274 10... 276 278 11.,... 280, 284 12... 286 292 296 1. ( ) 296 2. 300 3. 302 303 7
1. 2 [ 1] ( ). [ 2], 17075200 2. 4000, 9000.. 11. 5,, 7. [ 3],,. -,,,,
, -,,,,,. [ 4] :, ;,,.. ( 5633 ). [ 5],. - 70, + 70. [ 6] : 21, 49, 6, 10,, -, 89 3.. 21 :
4,,,,,, -,, -,,, -,,,,,,,, ( ). [ 7],,,. 145, 5, 0, 33% ( 1999 ). 9 2,., 25 2, 1 2. ( 1998 ) : ( 8800000 ), - ( 4436700 ), ( 1413000 ), ( 1469000 ( 1454000 ), ), ( 1260000 ) ; 1,,,,, - -,. [ 8] 100,
. 81, 5%, 3, 8%, 3%, 1, 2 %, 0, 9%,,,,, 9, 6%.,,,. 1. [ 1] ( ) [ 2], 17 075 200 4 000, 9 000 11 5,, 7 [ 3],,,,,, [ 4] :, ;, ; 5 ( 5 633 ) [ 5],
, - 70,, 70 [ 6] : 21, 49, 6, 10, 1, 2 :, 89, :,,,,,, -,, -,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) [ 7], ( 1999 ) 14 550,, 0. 33% ( 1999 ) 9,, 25, 1 1998, : ( 8 800 000 ), ( 4 436 700 ), ( 1 469 000 ), ( 1 454 000 ), ( 1 413 000 ), ( 1 260 000 ) ; 100 : [ 8] 100, 81. 5%, 3. 8%, 3%, 6 1. 2%, 0. 9%, 9. 6%,,
2. [ 9],,.. 4269,, 3690 ( ). [ 10],,,. 300. 1 /2., :,,,,,,.,,. [ 11].. [ 12], -. 7
8 :, 371020 2, ( 30510 2 ), ( 1637 ).. [ 13],,..,,.,. -,,,,,,, -. [ 14].,,,,,.,,,,,,,.,,. [ 15]
,,,.,,. 2. [ 9] 4 269,, 3 690 ( ), [ 10],,, 300 1 /2,, :, [ 10], [ 12], :, 371 020,, 30 510, ( 1 637 ) 1 / 5 [ 13],, 9
,, [ 14],, [ 15],, 3. 10 [ 16] ( ),. [ 17],. 15 17..,,, ;, ;
,.,,. [ 18] 30 -....,. [ 19],.,!,,,!,!!.!,! 11
,,,!,!!..,!,,,!,!! 12 [ 20], 1993,,.,. : [ 21] 26 2000., ;
.. : [ 22] ( 178, :,. ) ( 450, ; ). : [ 23], :. 3. [ 16] ( ) [ 17] 13 15 17
, ;, ;, [ 18] 2000 12 30,,,, [ 19] :,,,,!,,,!,!!,!!,,,!,!!,,,,!,,,!,!! [ 20] 1993 [ 21] 2000 3 26 ; 14 : [ 22] ( 178,,
, ) ( 450,, ;, ) : [ 23],, 15
: 1. [ 1] 862,,,,.,, 1-6-. 862., 862. 700 ( 1598 ). [ 2],. 17 IX.,.
18 [ 3] 880 882,. -., - 1237,. 300-. 907, (, ), 911.. [ 4] ( 978 1015 ) ( 1019 1054)..,,,,.. 988,.
:,,,,., 988. [ 5],... -, -. -,. 1. [ 1] 862,,, 100 600 862 19,, 862 700 ( 1598
) [ 2], 9, [ 3] 880 882,, 1237, 907, (, ), 911, [ 4] ( 978 1015 ) ( 1019 1054 ),, 988,,, 988 [ 5],, 20 -
: 2. - [ 6] -, -, 1237 1238. -,.,,. 1240 1480,, -. [ 7] -. III 1478 1485.,.,, 1510, ( 1505 1533)., 16, 21.
2. [ 6] 1237 1238,,,,, 1240 1480,,, [ 7] 1478,, 1485,, 1510 ( 1505 1533 ) 16, 3. 22 [ 8] III ( 1462 1505),. III. IV,.,.
: [ 9] 1598, I,,. 1613 16- I, 300 -, 1917. [ 10] 1689 I ( )...,..,.,., -.,,.. [ 11], 23. -,
,.. 1721. [ 12] 1917 II ( ) ; 1812, ; 1861, ; 1905,, 1918. 22000000 2 :,, ; ; ;. 3. 24 [ 8] ( 1462 1505 )
:, [ 9] 1598,, 1613 7, 16, 300, 1917 [ 10] 1689, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, [ 11],,, 1721 [ 12] 1917, : ( ) ; 1812, ; 1861, ; 1905,, 1918, 22 000 000, 4 :,,, ; ; ; 25
4. 26 [ 13] 1917 II. ( ) ( ),, ( ) ( ). [ 14] 1917.,,, :,,.... [ 15],,. 7....
:.. 24. 25..,. 9 45... 1917. [ 16] 1917,, 1930-,. [ 17], 22 1941, 4, -,.... 27
28. [ 18]..,,., 70, 73.,.. [ 19] 1941.....,. 1944. -,. [ 20] 1941.
: 2, 5., 38 150 250.. [ 21] 1942... 2. 1942 1943 60.,.. 1945. [ 22]. 20. [ 23] 1991. 29
- 1993,,,. [ 24] 31 1999,. -. 26 2000. 4. [ 13] 1917,, : ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ) [ 14] 1917 2, :,,, [ 15] 10 7,, 30, 10 24, 25 9
: 45,, 1917 10 [ 16] 1917, 1930 [ 17] 1941 6 22 ( ) 4,,, [ 18],,,,, 2, 70, 73 [ 19] 1941 9,, 1944 900,, [ 20] 1941 11, 2. 5, 38, 150 250 31 [ 21] 1942, 7
200 1942 7 1943 2, 60, 50, 1945 5 [ 22], [ 23], 1991 12 : 1993 -, 10, [ 24] 1999 12 31,, 2000 3 26, 32
1. 34 [ 1] 9 856-,,,.,.,, - -. 80. [ 2], 1147. 1156. -., -,
,. [ 3] ( 1462 1505 ).,. 16-1583 1593 9. 1713 -... [ 4] 19 1812., :,. -,,,. [ 5] ( 1941 1945 ). 1941 35 -. -
36 1965. [ 6]. :,,. 60, 100 75,.,,. 4, ). 000, ( [ 7],.,..,,,.,. [ 8].,
., 856. [ 9] -..,,,........, :., -, XX. 1. 1 [ 10] 37
38 XV XIX. -..,. [ 11],. 14. :,,.,, 1508 1600. 17 ( 81 )., 25. [ 12] -. 1733 1735. 200., 11, 5.
,. -., 1586. 40,,,. -,. [ 13] 1491,.,.. [ 14] 1702 1736. 875,. [ 15] 1849 :,,,. [ 16]. 1813. 39
40 -.. 1812.,. [ 17] 1961,. 6002. 100, 500.,. 65. [ 18] 2235. 28, 5 19. 3, 5 6, 5. 1045 2 2, 5 65 70..,.
[ 19] 20.,. 71...,. 25. 10..,,,., 1982... 5.... -, 41,,. [ 20] ( 1475 1479 )
42...,.,,.,,,,.,,.,.. [ 21].,. 1484 1489, 60 - XVI,.
.. -. :,.. [ 22]. 1505 1508.,.,. [ 23],.,.,,..,. XIV XVIII. 46. 43.
44 1. 2 [ 24],.. [ 25] XV. ( ) XVII.. XVI. ( ) 1555 1560.. 1991. 1818., 1875 1881. 48. 4. 1890 1893,. 200. 1953
( ). 65. 1924 1930...,. [ 26],,, IV.,,...,, -., -,,,.,. [ 27], 8 80., 45, 1612
-.,. 46 1. 3 [ 28] 1493,.,,.,. [ 29] 1980-,. -,,,., -., :..,..,..,..,... 10,..
1. 4 [ 30]..... [ 31] ( 1832 1898 ),. 1856..,.. 1892,. [ 32]. :,,, 47, XX. 100
48 : XI XVII (,,, ) ; XVIII XIX ;,,,,,,...,..,.,,, [ 33].. (. XIV. 1430. )... ( 1729 1802 ). ( 1784 ). XIX.. ( 1830 1897 ). ( 1871 )..
1. 5 [ 34],,. 1776-,.,. 1806. [ 35] 1780,.,,,. 1824.. (.. ),., 1825. 1853. 3.. 49. [ 36]
50.,.,,. 21, 25, 26. 2153., 4.,.,.,.. 11 1881, 2.,,,,..,. [ 37]
.,.,,. 1929... 1. 6 [ 38]. -.,. 16 17,.,,.,. [ 39] 1524 III - 51..
52 [ 40] :, 1598, 17, 1682 1689 I, 1812. [ 41],,.,. [ 42], :,.. 18,.,. [ 43]
16,, 16. 1. 7 [ 44] ( ). 1989 ( ), ( ). [ 45] 1 1939.,,. [ 46] 136,,,, 250.. 1 25 3, 5. 3000. [ 47] 1 1954 53. 207.
1956.. 28 1958, ( ). [ 48] 16 1959.,,. 300, 100... [ 49] 23 1992 ( ).. 54 1. 8 [ 50]
. 1935. 13 160, 264. 85.. [ 51]... :,,,,. [ 52],. 1. 9 1. 9. 1 [ 53], XVIII XIX., 55
56. -. ( 1810 ). [ 54].. [ 55] 18, 1780,..,,. [ 56],,,.. - II,.,,.
[ 57] 1917 - -,. 1. 9. 2 [ 58] - - -,.,., XIV. XV XVII,. I. [ 59]., -, -,. [ 60] XVII. 1666 1671, 57
,., 1768 -.. (,, ). [ 61],, XVII : XVIII, I,, -. [ 62],, ; 600 800. 58 1. 9. 3 [ 63] 70 XIX.. [ 64] 1843.
,.,.. :..,..,..,..,....,, 1849,. [ 65],. :,,, -,.. [ 66] 1870,., 59.,.
60,,,... ( ),..,..,.. ;..,..,....,. [ 67] 1881 1882..... XII., 1889,.... [ 68] 1919,... 30-,..,..,...
1. [ 1], 900, 856,, 80 [ 2] 1147, ( ) 1156,, [ 3] ( 1462 1505 ) 16, 1583 1593 9 1713 [ 4] 19 1812,, :,,, 61,, [ 5] 1941 1945
1941, 1965 [ 6] 60 100 75, 150 4 000 ( ) [ 7] 9, 4, [ 8] 856, [ 9],,,, 62 20
1. 1 [ 10] 15 19, [ 11], 14 3 :,,, 1508, 1600 17 ( 81 ), 25 [ 12], 1733 1735 200, 11. 5 63,
, 1586 40,, [ 13] 1491, [ 14] 1702 1736 875,, [ 15] 1849 :, [ 16] 1813 1812,, [ 17] 1961 6 002 100, 500 65 [ 18] 2 235, 28, 5 19, 3. 5 6. 5 1 045, 2 2. 5, 65 70, 64,, [ 19] 20, 71
,, 25, 10 5, 1982 5 000,,, [ 20] ( 1475 1479 ),,, [ 21] 65, 1484 1489,,, 16 60
4, 2,,, : [ 22] 1505 1508, [ 23],,, 14 1725 46 1. 2 [ 24] [ 25] 15 ( ) 17, 16 1550 1560 ( ), 1991 1818 66 1875 1881, 48 400 1890 1893, 250 200 1953,
( ) 6 500 1924 1930,,, [ 26],,,,,,, [ 27], 8. 8 67,,
1612 -, 1. 3 [ 28] 1493,,, [ 29] 20 80,, : 10,, 1. 4 [ 30] [ 31] ( 1832 1898 ),, 1856, 68 1892, [ 32]
:, 20 10,,, : 11 17 ( ) ; 18 19 ; : [ 33] ( 14 1430 ) ( 1729 1802 ) ( 1784 ), 19 ( 1830 1897 ) ( 1871 ) 1. 5 69
[ 34], 1776, 1806 [ 35] 1780,, 1824 ( ),, 8,, 1825 1853 3, [ 36],, 21, 25, 26 2 153, 4 000, :,, 1881 1 11, 2 000, 70, [ 37]
, 1929 1. 6 [ 38],, 16 17,,, [ 39] 1524, [ 40] 4, 71 :, 1598 2
, 17, 1682 1689, 1812 [ 41],, [ 42],, :, 18,, [ 43] 16,, 16 1. 7 [ 44] ( ) 1989 ( ), ( ) [ 45] 1939 8 1 [ 46] 136,,, 250 8 1 10 25 350 3 000 72 [ 47] 1954 8 1 207 1956 6 1958 5 28,
[ 48] 1959 6 16 300, 10 [ 49] 1992 6 23 ( ) 1. 8 [ 50] 1935 5 13 160, 264 85 [ 51],, :,,,, [ 52] 1. 9 1. 9. 1 [ 53] 18 19, 1810 73 [ 54],
, [ 55] 18, 1780,,,, [ 56],, ( ) [ 57] 1917 10, 1. 9. 2 [ 58],,, 14 15 17, [ 59] :,, [ 60] 17 1666 1671,,,, 74 1768 ( : ) [ 61] 17 (
) : ( 18 ),,, [ 62],,, 600 800 1. 9. 3 [ 63] 70, 19, [ 64] 1843,,,,,,,, 1849 8, [ 65],,, : [ 66] 1870,,, 75,,,,
( ) ; :, [ 67] 1881 1882, 12 1889 [ 68] 1919, 20 30, 2. 76 [ 69],.. [ 70],,.,
,. 11 17,,,.,. [ 71],,, :,,,, ;,, ;,, :,,,,. 2. 1 [ 72] : 60. 100000., 1991. 77,,
78., -. [ 73]..,,,, -. -,,,. [ 74] 14,,. 4. XV XVII - :.,,,,,.,, 1, 5,
14 6. 17,. 4 7. ( ).,. ( 17 - ),. [ 75], 1559 1585,,., 4. [ 76] -,, 1422 1423.,.,.. [ 77]. 79
80.,.. XV,......... [ 78]. 28 1769. 42, 4000. 88. [ 79],.,..
2. 2 [ 80] 203., 990 -. 33, 5, 17, 280.... -. [ 81],,.,,. [ 82] :, -,,.. [ 83] -,, 12..., 81. 700.
82... -,.. [ 84],,,.. [ 85] - ( 1352 ) 1200, 12 XVII, XVI XVIII.. - XVI.,... [ 86], -, 1364..
. 2. 3 - [ 87] ( ) -. 127. -, :,, - ;,, XVIII XIX. -. I,. [ 88],. :,.,,.., 83.,
. 18,, 600 20. 84 2. 4 [ 89] 190. ( ),,.., IX. XVII.. [ 90] -,. -,,.,.,
,. [ 91] 1000 -. 862. 11 13. -, ( 1186 1219 ). 1207. 1474. 15. 1589 1788. 1602. 1970 -. [ 92], 2, -, 1670 1675., ( 1683 ), ( 1670 ),..,. - 85
86. [ 93] -,, XVI.,, -. ( 1682 1687 ). 13, 4500..., 1689,.. ( 1682 1683 ),., 18. [ 94],,,..,. 1812,.,.,.
. [ 95]. - :,,... 2. 5 [ 96] 274.. [ 97],,..,. [ 98] 937. 1148. XIII. 1329. [ 99] 87,.,,
88 ( 1591. ).,,,. ( ),, 1598,...,. [ 100]. -., 1692..,, XVIII,,,,. 15 1591... ( ),. :!,,.. 200,
,,,. :,,, 12, 1892 300-. [ 101], ( 1628 ).,,,. [ 102]. ( 1689 1690 ),,. 2. 6 [ 103] 250. 6400000.. 30 ( 1 ). 89
90. [ 104] 1010.,. 1218..,,. 1612 -,,, 25.. XVII.., -,. XVIII...,. [ 105],
.,,,,,. [ 106] ( 1647 1650 )..,.., -. 2. 7 [ 107] 379. 1152 -. [ 108], II,,,, 91,.
1773,. [ 109],,,,... 92 2. 8 [ 110].. 1108 ( ). 1157 -. 12. [ 111],.
,,.... [ 112], XII., XIX.,.,..,,. XII. XVII XVIII. -,, ( ). 2. 93 [ 69]
[ 70],,, 11 17,,, [ 71], :,, ;, ;, : 2. 1 [ 72] 60, 1991,, 94
, [ 73],,,, [ 74] 14,, 4 15 17 :, 1. 5 14 6 17, 4, 7 ( ), 17,, [ 75], 1559 1585,,, 4, [ 76], 1422 1423,,, [ 77] 95,
15,, ( ),, [ 78] 28, 1769 42, 4 000 88 [ 79], 2. 2 96
[ 80] 203, 990 33, 5, 17, 280 [ 81],,,,,,,, [ 82] : [ 83] 12,,, 700, [ 84],, [ 85] ( 1352 ) 1 200, 12 17 16 18,, 16, [ 86],, 1364, 97,,,
2. 3 - [ 87] - ( ),, 127, : ; ( ) 18 19, [ 88], :,,, 18, ( 600 20 ) 2. 4 98 [ 89] 190, ( ),,, 9, 17, [ 90],,,,, [ 91] 862 11 13
-, ( 1186 1219 ) 1207 1474, 15 1589 1788 1602 1970 [ 92] 2,, 11, 1670 1675, ( 1683 ),, ( 1670 ),,, [ 93], 16,,,, ( 1682 1687 ), 13, 4 500 99
, 1689, 2 000 1 000 500 ( 1682 1683 ),, 18 [ 94], : 1812 [ 95],,, 2. 5 100 [ 96] 274
[ 97], [ 98] 937, 1148 13 1329 [ 99], 1591 8 ( ),, 1598, [ 100],, 1692,,, 18,, 1591 5 15,, ( ) :!,,, 200,,, :,,, 12,, 1892 300, 101 [ 101], ( 1628 ),
,, [ 102], ( 1689 1690 ),,,, 2. 6 [ 103] 250, 64, 30 ( 1 ), [ 104] 1010, 1218, 1612,,, 25 000 17 18,, 102 [ 105],,,,,
[ 106] ( 1647 1650 ),,,,,, 2. 7 [ 107] 379, 1152, [ 108],,,, 1773, [ 109], :,, 2. 8 [ 110],, 1108, ( ) 1157-12 [ 111], 103,,,
[ 112] 12, 19,,, 12, 17 18, ( ) 3. - 104 [ 113] -, - ( ). [ 114],, :,,..,.,
. [ 115],,. 86,,,,, 100.,,.,. 101,,,, 42. [ 116] 1703,.,,. I,. I. 1712 1728 1732 1918 -. [ 117] 1914 1924 -. 1924 105.
-. - ( ) 1917. 900-. 1945 -. [ 118] -.,. 4436700 ( 1998 ).. ( ). ( ) ( ) ; -. 43, 16, 47.,. 106 3. 1 [ 119] XVIII. -,,. 16 1703.
[ 120] 29 1703, -.., - -.. 1704.,.. 1706 ; 1740. [ 121], - XVIII,... [ 122]. 107
108, 1712,.,. ;. 122. [ 123]. 1 III. 1998 II. [ 124],,, XVIII.., 12.
-. 3. 2 [ 125] I,.. ; 29, ( 1700 1721). I, I. [ 126], 1704. 11. I.,.,,,. 109.
, 250 89. 1777. [ 127].,.,.,. 110 3. 3 [ 128].,,. 1754 1762... 1837. 6,. [ 129] 1762 1050, 117, 1886, 1945, 2.
..,,,,,. [ 130].,,.,.,,., 2, 9,,.,.,,. [ 131] 1917. 111. 25 26.
1918,,, 1922. 112 3. 4 [ 132].,,, -. [ 133],,,,..,.,,.,,. [ 134] 1764,.. XVIII
. [ 135],.,, -. 400.,,. [ 136] 12 :,,,, ( XVIII ),,,, -, -,,.. 76, 6 24. 600, 000. 120. 113
114 XI XX..,,,,,..,, 12 14. ( 1478 ) ( 1480 1491 ). ( 1502 1503 ) (. 1506 ). XVI XVII., ( ).. 40.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. [ 137]
106, 000,,,. III, IV..,,. [ 138],.,, -, :,. [ 139] : 180. 78.,,,,,,, 115.
116 3. 5 [ 140] 1781 1782.,,.,. [ 141], I 1799. ( ), 30- XVIII..,. 1800. 27. 1801 [ 142].,,,,
.,. ( ), ( ). :,, 96.,..,. [ 143] 15 1811,. 25 1812-27. 1814 115 94, 117 1813 1814. 13 1813
... [ 144] 1837, 1812.... - -,... 118 3. 6 [ 145],. 40.,,,.. [ 146] 1928. 1710., 30 I. 19 1712 I,. 1717.
,., XVIII. 1802,. 1809. I.. [ 147], -, 10762. :,.,. [ 148],., 24 119. 22, 26 ; 490
, 990, 49, 30. [ 149] 112, 114, 17. : 101, 5 ( - ), 1 ; 12.. -..,,,,. 25, 23. [ 150],,,.. 120 3. 7 [ 151]
.. ( 1819 1829,... ).,. :,. ( 16, 10 ),. [ 152], 1834,. 1812 I. 47, 5. 600. ( I).. [ 153],.., 121,,
-..,. [ 154]. I,..,,?!,?. 122 3. 8-3. 8. 1 [ 155] -,,
( 1944 ). [ 156] -, 29 -,,, -...,,. [ 157] 1714, 15, 1723.,, I. ( 102, 5 ) ( 15 ),,,, 123 (,, ),,,..
124 ( 22 ). [ 158], 300,.. 1719. I,. 1745.. :,...,,. XVIII. II.. [ 159] -
, :,.,,. XVIII,,.,. 22,. :,,.,,. I., 1721,, 125. 30 - XVIII.
126,,, -,. I ( )., XVII XVIII.. I - -. [ 160].. 64, 255,,.., 1735,, 1734 25-.
,,, ( ). 3. 8. 2 [ 161] ( 1724 1918, 1918 1937, 1937 ). 25 -. -,....... [ 162]. - XVIII XIX. 306 1744 1756. 127,.. 1752 1756,
128,,., 80- XVIII.. [ 163] 1720 1860-. ( 100 ) ( 200 ). XVIII. 1770,,,., -.,,, 1783 1786. ( ). [ 164]..
,,. 3. [ 113], ( ) [ 114] :,,,, :,,, [ 115], 86, 100,, 101,,, 42 [ 116] 1703 5,,,, 1712 1728 1732 1918 [ 117] 1914 1924 1924,, 129
, 1917 ( ), 900, 1945 [ 118], 4 436 700 ( 1998 ),,, ( ) ( ) ; - 43, 16, 47 3. 1 [ 119] 18 130, 1703 5 16 [ 120] 1703 6 29,
,,, 1704, ( ), 1706, 1740 [ 121] 18,, [ 122], 1712, 21,,, ; 20 122 [ 123] 1998 [ 124], 18,,,, 12 3. 2 131 [ 125],,
, 29, ( 1700 1721 ), [ 126], 1704 11,, 50,,,,,,, 250 89 1777, [ 127], 3. 3 132
[ 128],,, 1754 1762 1837, 6 000 15 [ 129] 1762, 1 050, 117, 1 886, 1 945, 2,,,,,,,, [ 130],, : 2 9,, [ 131] 1917, 10 25 26, 1918,, 1922 3. 4 [ 132], 133, :,
[ 133],,, [ 134] 1764, 18 [ 135] 300, 400, [ 136] 12 :,,,, ( 18 30 ),,,,,,, 76, 6 24 60, 120 11 20 :, 134, 12 14 ( 1478 ) ( 1480 1491 ) : ( 1502 1503 ) ( 1506 )
16 17 ( ), 40,, [ 137] 106 000, 3000, 4,, [ 138] :,,, 3 : [ 139] : 18, 78 3. 5 [ 140] 1781 1782,,,,, 135 [ 141], 1799 18 30 ( )
, 1800 11 ; 1801 8 27, [ 142],,, ( ), ( ) :,,, 96,, [ 143] 1811 9 15,, 1812 12 25, 27 1814 115 94, 1813 1814 1813 6 13,.. [ 144] 1837 1812.... - -,.. 136 3. 6 [ 145],
40, [ 146] 1928, 1710,,, 5 30 1712 2 19 1717 18 1802, 1809 9 137 [ 147],,
,, 10 762 :,,, [ 148] 8, 24,, 22, 26 ; 490, 990, 49, 30 [ 149] 112,, 114, 17 : 101. 5 ( ), 1 ; 12 000 25, : 2 300 [ 150],,,, 3. 7 [ 151] ( 1819 1829, ) 138, :, ( 16, 10 ),
[ 152], 1834,, 1812, 47. 5, 600 ( ) [ 153],,,,, [ 154],,,??,!,,? 3. 8 3. 8. 1 [ 155], 139, ( 1944 )
[ 156] 29,,, 24, 4 [ 157] 1714, 1723 8 15 10 ( 102. 5 ) ( 15 ), ( ), ( 22 ) [ 158], 140 300 1719,, 1745
:,,,,,, 18,, 3 [ 159], ( ) ( ),, 18, 5, 22, :,,,, 1721,, 18 30, 3,,,, 17 18 - -, [ 160] 141 64 255
100, 1735, 1734 25,,, ( ) 3. 8. 2 [ 161] ( 1724 1918, 1918 1937, 1937 ) 25, [ 162] 18 19 306 142 1744 1756 50 1752 1756, 18 80,
[ 163] 1720 1860 ( 100 ) ( 200 ) 18 1770,,,,, 1783 1786 ( ) [ 164],,,,,,, 4. [ 165] -,, :..,,,. 143,, (
144 ). ( ) - 8-13, + 8 + 14.. 80 130. [ 166]. 1990.,,,,,.,,,,. [ 167].,,.. [ 168] 1916. 1917 - -. 1921
, 1927, 1938., -. [ 169].,. [ 170], ( ). 1933.,. -. [ 171].,,,.. [ 172]!., 145.,
,,,., :,,.,,., :, -, -,,,,., :,,,,. [ 173]. : 20 -,,,. 30 1934, 69 -. 146 4. [ 165],
,,, 1-8, - 13, 7 8 14, 80 130 [ 166] 1990,,,,,,, [ 167],,,, [ 168] 1916, 1917 4-1921, 1927,,, 1938 [ 169], [ 170], ( ) 1933, [ 171] 147 [ 172]!
,,,,,, ( : ),,, :,,, : [ 173], : 20, 1934 3 30, 69 5. 148 [ 174] -.. 180 -., 9..
[ 175] 859. ( ). 10. 10 (,,, ),. 1136 1478,. 1169.. [ 176] 1478. 16 18.. 1546 3-. 1611 1617. 18 - -,. 1727. 1930. 1944 149.. 1950 1960
150. 1998. [ 177] -. 14 1992.., ( 10, 1302 1324, 1385, - - ). ( 1045 1050 ), ( 15., 16 19 ( 1770-, 17. ),. ), ( ) ( 1433 ), ( 1673 ), (,, 1670), ( 1862). [ 178], ( 17., 18 19. )
,..,.,. [ 179], ( 12. ) ( 1117). [ 180], ( 12. ) ( 1119)., - (,,,. ). 5. 151 [ 174], 180,
,, 9 : [ 175] 859, 10, 10 ( ) 1136 1478, 1169 [ 176] 1478 16 18 1546,, 1611 1617 18,, 1727 1930 1944,, 1950 1960, 1998 [ 177] 1992 12 14,, 10, 1302 1324, 1 385, ( 1045 1050 ), ( 15, 16 19 ), ( 1770, 17 ), 152 ( 1433 ), ( 1673 ), (, 1670 ), ( 1862 ) [ 178] ( 17, 18 19 ),
,,, [ 179], ( 12 ), ( 1117 ) [ 180], ( 12 ), ( 1119 ),, 6. [ 181] ( 1932 1990 ) 56 44 -, 400., 350 2 1, 5., -. 100,,,. 153.
154 -. [ 182],,,,.,,,.,,. [ 183] 1221,,,,.,, 14. 1350 1341 -.., 1372
. 1392 I. 1506 1511 III. [ 184] 16 -.. 1611 1612.. -. [ 185] 17.,,.. : 1622,, 119. - [ 186] 1719. 1816 155.
156,....,.,. 1817 1917, 1922 1930 1990. [ 187] 1862. 19. 1929. 1932,. 1991. [ 188]. :,,,,,. 13,
,. ( 1500., 1508 1511. ) ( 1624 1631. 13. )., ( 1649. ) ( 1678. ) ( 1632. ) 2 ( 1642 1645. 1648. ), ( 1672 1715. ) ; ( 1694 1697. ) ( 1719. ). [ 189],,.,,. 18 30 ( ) 12 22.. 157
158. 1965., 33.. [ 190].,., -.,,,.,. [ 191],.. ;..,,,. [ 192] 10 -..,...
,.. -.. 1868..... [ 193].,. 6. [ 181] ( 1932 1990 ) 56 44,, 400, 350, 150, 100, - [ 182],,,,, 159
[ 183] 1221,,,,,,,, 14, 1350 -( 1341 ),, 1372 1392,,, 1506 1511 [ 184] 16,, 1611 1612 - [ 185] 17,,,, 1622 119 [ 186] 1719 1816,,,, 100, 160, 1817 1917 1922 1930 1990 [ 187] 1862 19
1929 1932,, 1991 [ 188], 13,, ( 1500 1508 1511 ) ( 1624 1631, 13 ), : ( 1649 ) ( 1678 ) ; ( 1632 ) ( 1642 1645, 1648 ) ; ( 1672 1715 ) ;, ( 1694 1697 ) ( 1719 ) [ 189], 13 5, 8 18 30, 5, 12 22,, 1965 2, 33 [ 190], 161 1 000,,
[ 191] :,, [ 192] 10,, -, 1868, [ 193] 10, 7. 162 [ 194]. 90,.. [ 195] - -,,,,,
. [ 196] 1589,,,..,,. [ 197] XVI,,,.. :,,... [ 198].,. [ 199] 1925.. 40,. [ 200]. 163
164 1942.,,,,,..,,,,.. [ 201] 2 1943,.. :. [ 202] -, 8 1965..,.
-, -,,. [ 203] 1961,. -,,,. [ 204].,,,,,,,. [ 205],. -,. 15 1967.,, 165
166..!,,. 12-. -,,,,,,,..,... -,..,. - 52- -,,.
[ 206],,,,. [ 207],.,.. 7. [ 194] 90,, 100 [ 195] - -,,, [ 196] 1589,,,, 167 [ 197] 16,,
,, : [ 198],, [ 199] 1925, 40% [ 200] 1942,,,, 200,, 100 [ 201] 1943 2 2,,, : [ 202], 1965 5 8,,,, 168,, -, [ 203] 1961,,
, [ 204] 20, 7,, [ 205], 1967 10 15,,!,,, 12 ( ),,,,, ;,, 52,,, [ 206],,,,, [ 207], 169,,
8. [ 208] 170. 4.,,,... [ 209],,. 145.,. ( ) 3506... [ 210] - :,,, ( 300 1100 ),,.,,
.,,. [ 211]. ( ) 20,. + 7. 90 %. [ 212],. ( + 24+ 26 ).,,,,,,,. [ 213]. 171,,
172.,,.,,.. [ 214] -..,.,, 1892.,. 1969,. [ 215] -. 60..
1934,,,,. -.,,,,,,..., 6...,. 1940. 167,,,,... 1995. [ 216], 173. -.. ( 1928 1936
174, ) 1 1937.... [ 217] :,,, -,,,. [ 218], 660-,., 4. [ 219], 600,,., -, -,,.,.
,,,,,.,,.,??! 8. [ 208], 400,,, [ 209],, 145, ( 4 ) 3 506, [ 210], : ( 300 1 100 ),,, [ 211] :, 175, 4 11 20, 7 8 7
90% [ 212], 6 10 ( 7 8 24 26 ) :,,,,,,, [ 213],,,,,,,,,, [ 214],,, 1892,, 1969, [ 215] 60,,, 1934,, 5,, 10 11, 45,,, 176 600, 60, ( 1940 )
167, 1995 [ 216], ( 1928 1936, ) 1937 5 1,,, [ 217] : - [ 218] 660,, 4 [ 219] 40, 600,,,,,,,?,! 9. 177 [ 220],
178,.,.,,. [ 221],,,..,,. :.. 2005. [ 222] X XI., 1278,,
. XV. [ 223],.,.,,,,. [ 224] 2 1552.. XVIII. [ 225],,,,,,,., 179,.
-,,. [ 226],. 9. [ 220],,, 800, [ 221],,,,,,, :, 2005 1 000 180 [ 222] 10 11, ( ), 1278,,,, 15
[ 223],, [ 224] 1552 10 2, 18, [ 225], : ; ;,,,, :,, [ 226], 10. [ 227] ( 1924 1991 ) -.,,, 2, 000, 181,
182.,,. :. 30 -. 17 18 1918 II. -, II. [ 228], 1, 4. :,,. 1667, ( ). [ 229],,,,,,,,. 7
( 18 ) 1723,.. I ( 1684 1727 ). 1796. 1919, 1923, 1934. 18 ( 1751,, )...., 1990. [ 230],. 183.. 1991
184,. -. [ 231].,,,,...,. 15 [ 232], 26.,,. : - ( XIX. ), ( XVIII XIX. ), - ( XIX. ), ( XIX. ).. 14
( ) 5. :,, ;. [ 233] 1905,, 1905. 1905,. 1905. [ 234] ( ), XVIII,. 6 1998, II., -,. [ 235], 185,.
186, XIX,. [ 236]., -.. [ 237].. -,, I.., -,,.,.
- 1812. [ 238] 1990-. 8.. 10. [ 227] ( 1924 1991 ), 2 000,, :!,, 30, 1918 7 17 18, 187 [ 228],, 140
( ), 1667 [ 229] :,,,,, 1723 11 7 ( 18),,, ( 1684 1727 ) 1796 1919, 1923, 1934 18 ( 1751, ),, 1990 [ 230], 7, 1991,,, 3 [ 231],, 188,,, [ 232] 15, 26
, : ( 19 ), ( 18 19 ), ( 19 ), ( 19 ), 14 ( ), 5, [ 233] 1905, 1905 10, [ 234] 18 1998 6 6, 9, 2, [ 235], 19, [ 236] [ 237] 8,,,, 189
1812 [ 238] 1990,, 11. [ 239],,,.. [ 240]. - -,, 3191..,,. 190 [ 241] :,,,.. 26,,.
:,,. [ 242] 1893 (, ). 1894 (, III, 1894. ), 1895 II ( 1868 1918 ). 1903. 1925. [ 243],.,,.., 80.. ( ). 191 [ 244].
192, 19..,. [ 245] :.. 1915 300-..,. 2100.,... [ 246],, 1,,,.
, -.,.,,. 18.,. [ 247] ( ). :,,. [ 248] ( ), 30. -,,. [ 249] -, 193 ( ). 1700.
17. 70- XX -. 11. [ 239], [ 240],,, 3 191 ;, 100,, 4 [ 241] :, 26 : [ 242] 1893, (, ),, 1894 ( 1894 ), 1895 194 ( 1868 1918 ) ; 1903 ; 1925 [ 243],
, 80,, ( 6 ) [ 244] 19, [ 245], 1915, 300,, 2 100 ;, [ 246],,,,, 18, [ 247] ( ), : 195 [ 248] ( ) 30,
[ 249],, ( ) 1700, 17 20 70 12. 196 [ 250] -, ( ), 66, 5042.,,.,,. 600.,.,,,,,.
.,... [ 251],,, 1661 -. 1686.,. -. 18,,,..,.,,,. [ 252], XVIII,. 197
198 1825..,.,, -,. [ 253] 18 19.. 1840 -.,.... [ 254]....,..
..,,,,.,,.,,,,,. [ 255] 685, 108. : 199 ( 1706 1710; 1758 1762 ), ( 1718 1731 ),
( 1689 ) ( 1757 1762 ), ( 1763 1778 ), III ( ). (, 1800 1804, 1837 -, ). [ 256] -. : ( 1667 ) ( 1679 ), 19 ; 6 3 -. 200 12. [ 250] -,
,, 66, 5 042,, ;,, 60,,,, 10 2 4 [ 251], 1661,, 1686,,, 18,, [ 252], 18, 1825,,, 201 [ 253] 18 19 19 40,,
, [ 254],, ;,,,,,,,,, [ 255] 685, 108 : ( 1706 1710 ; 1758 1762 ) ( 1718 1731 ), ( 1689, 1757 1762 ), ( 1763 1778 ), ( 202 ) ( 1800 1804,, 1837, )
[ 256],, : ( 1667 ), ( 1679 ), 19 ; 6000 3000 13. - [ 257] - ( 1934 ).,, 1947 -. :. [ 258] -, 1666,. 1680.,. 1688 1689 ( ). 1690. 1790 203.
,. - : 390., ;.,,.,,, XVIII.,, -.. [ 259] 34, 3., 30. 204 [ 260] 100 : 72, 7%, 21, 1%, 2, 6%. [ 261] : 3,,.
13. [ 257] ( 1934 ), ( 1947 ), [ 258] 1666 1680, 1688 1689 ; 1690 1790,, 39 : 205,
,,,, 18, [ 259] 34 300, 30 [ 260] 100 : 72. 7%, 21. 1%, 2. 6% [ 261] : 14. 206 [ 262]... -,,. -, -. (, ).,.,,. [ 263] 14
. ( 16 100 ),. 17 -. [ 264] : ( 1714), ( 1764 ).,,,,. [ 265]...,....,..,,,..., 37-. [ 266],,,. 207
208.,,.,,,,.,...,. [ 267].,,,,. [ 268].,
. (. 14. ), ( 2 -. 18. ) ( 17 19. ),,,, ( 19. 20. ). 14. [ 262],,, (, 209 ) 1 650,
[ 263] 14, ( ) ( 16 100 ) 17,, - [ 264] : ( 1714 ), ( 1764 ),,,,, [ 265] 22,,,,,,,, 37 [ 266] ( ),,, 8, 9,,,,,,,, [ 267] 210,,,, [ 268]
14 18 17 19, 19 20 15. - [ 269] -. 15.,. [ 270] -.,.,, -. 3, 3.. 211,,
212. 1985.,, -,,. [ 271] -,,. : ;,, :,,,. [ 272]. 40 (,, ), 204 ( - ), 16,.
15. - [ 269] 15%, [ 270] -,,,,, - 330,,, 1985 10, - ( ), [ 271],, 3 : ; ;, [ 272] 40 ( ), 204 ( ), 16, 213
16. 214 [ 273].,. : II I,,,. [ 274],,,., 25 16 ( 246. ).. [ 275]. :,.,
. II I,,,. [ 276] 15..,,. 17,,.. 1676 -,. [ 277],,,, 215, -.
. 16. [ 273], : 2000 1000,,, [ 274],, 6, 25, 16, 246, 216 [ 275], :
, 2000 1000 [ 276], 15 ( ) 17, 8 1676,, [ 277],,,, 17. [ 278], 455.,. 31, 5.., 636, 79, 217 25.. 1641. 23
218. ( 22% ),,,,,. 22., ( ) -. 2100. [ 279],,,,. 336.,,,,.,. [ 280] ( 3500 ),,,.,,,,. [ 281]. 25. 10 20.,,,.
,. [ 282], 2630,, 2 /3,.,,,. [ 283] :,,,,,,,,,,.,,. [ 284] 56 :,,,,. : -, 219,. [ 285],
220. -,, 43 %.. [ 286],,,. [ 287]. 200 250,,.,,.,.,. 12 15. [ 288] 3 3. 1916,. 374400... - 1986,, -.
659919. ( 14- ).,. : ( : 1969. : 165700 ), ( : 1986. : 418 ), ( : 1986. : 270 ), ( : 1991. : 1183600 ). [ 289],...,,. [ 290] -. 17. 221 [ 278], 455,,, 31 500
, 636, 79, 25, 1 641 23 000 ( 22% ),,,,, 22,, 2 100 [ 279] 336,,, :, [ 280] ( 3 500 ),,,,, [ 281],,,,, [ 282], 2 630, 2 /3,,,,, [ 283], : 222,,,,
[ 284] 56 : :,,,, [ 285],,, 43%, [ 286], [ 287] 200 250,,, 1, 3 1 5, 6 1215 [ 288] 3 3 1916, 374 400, - 1986,, 659 919, ( 14 ), ( 1969, 165 700 ), ( 1986, 418 ), ( 1986, 270 ), ( 1991, 1 183 600 ) [ 289],, 223 [ 290]
18. 224 [ 291] -. 1200, 370 2.,,,.. [ 292], -,.. 150. [ 293],.. 28 141,.
., 25 30., 1697 1963 43. 1944. 5 1944. 1 1945,,. 250 300.,,., 1 60... [ 294] 30 1956. ( 200 ),. [ 295],, -.. [ 296], 225.
,,,,. [ 297].,..,.,,. 3 4.,. 18. 226 [ 291], 1 200, 37, [ 292],
,, 150 [ 293],, 28 141, 3, 25 30 1697 1963 43, 1944 12 5,, 1945 1 1,, 250 300,,, 1 1 6 000 [ 294] 1956 3 30,, 200, [ 295],, [ 296], 1 1, [ 297] 1,,, 227 3 4,,
1. [ 1],,. ( ) ( ).,,,..,,. [ 2],,., 229,.,,
230,,.,,,,,,.,,. [ 3],..,,..,,,,,,.,.,.,,,,, :.,
,,,.,,. [ 4]...,,.,.. [ 5]..,., -,,.,., 231 :,,
232,..,,. :.,,,,.,. [ 6],.,,.,,.,.,,.,,,.,,,,.,!
,,,. 1. [ 1], ( ) ( ),,,,, [ 2], ( ),,,, ;,,,,,,,,, [ 3],,,,,,,,, 233,,,,,, :
,,,,,, [ 4],,,, [ 5],,,,,,,,,, :,, :,, [ 6],,,,,,, 234, ;,,,,,,!,
2. [ 7],.. 3,...,.,,.,,. 325,,.,, 235 22 25. [ 8] 23. 30
236 4., (..!! ). (, ),,,. [ 9],,. : 1) ( ),,,,,.,,,. 2), :,,,. 3) ( ).
[ 10],,,,,. [ 11].,,,.,. [ 12],,,. 2. [ 7] 3000,,,,,,,, 325, 237, ( ), 3 22
4 25, [ 8] 23: 30 4,,!!,, [ 9],, : ( 1) ( ),,,, ( 2) :, ( 3) [ 10],, [ 11],, ( ),, [ 12],, 238 3. [ 13].,,
-,,.,.,,, -,., -..,. [ 14].,..,,,,.. :,,,,, 239
240,,,. [ 15] ( ),,.,,,..,. [ 16] -,.,,,,..,,,, :,,,,,,. [ 17].,,...
, 1975, ( ) 18, - 9, 8.,?. 1) [ 18] 1, 300, 600, 130, 80, 1, 30. [ 19] 3,, 1 ( ). ( ), ( ).,,. [ 20], 16,. 6 10.,,. [ 21] 15 2 3. 241
. [ 22],.., ( 1 30 ),. [ 23] 3 4.,.. 2) [ 24] 10 1 1.,... 2 3. 3. 242 [ 13],,,,,,
,,,,,,, [ 14], 1000,,,,, :,,,,,,, [ 15] ( ), : [ 16],,,,, : [ 17] 1975, 18, 9. 8? 243 ( 1) [ 18] 1, 300, 600,
130, 80, 1, 30 [ 19] 3,, 1 ( ) ( ),, ( ),,,, [ 20], 16,, 6 10,,,, [ 21] 15, 2 3 [ 22], 1, ( 30 1 ), [ 23] 3 4 ( 2) [ 24] 10 1 1,, 2 3 4. 244 [ 25] -,. -,,
.,,, -,,..,,,,.. [ 26], -,,,.,, (,! ) [ 27],..,,,,.,. - 245,
246,. [ 28],... [ 29], e.,,..,,,..,.,.,...,.,..,. [ 30]
. XIX,. - (,,, ).. 4. [ 25],,,,,,, [ 26], : :,, (,, ) [ 27],,,,, [ 28], 247,, ; ;
[ 29], :,,,, : [ 30] 19, (,,, ),, 5. 248 [ 31],?,.. -,,,,. [ 32],,,,
.., -. -... 1900... -,. [ 33] :,.,,,.,,, -. 3 24., 249. [ 34]
250,..,,.,.,..,,,.. [ 35] 60. 1923. - (,, ).,,.,,. [ 36]. (,,,. ).,
( ),.,.,, ( ).,.,,,. [ 37] ;,,.,,,,. 251.
XIX :,., :,. 5. 252 [ 31],?, [ 32], 100,,, 1900,, [ 33], ( ),,, 3 24 [ 34],,
,,,,, [ 35] 60 1923,,,, [ 36] ( ) ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,, [ 37],,,,, 19,,,,,, 6. [ 38].., 253
254, : -, -... (, ),... [ 39] 1859 -,. 1862.. -,. 1866...... [ 40] XIX,,..,..,..,.. -.
.,. [ 41].., -,.,,,,., ( ),,..., (,, ). (,, )., 255 1866. [ 42]
256..., (, ). [ 43] -..,,.,,,,,. [ 44],,..,..,..,. [ 45]..,,,,.,,,
( ), -,,. [ 46].., -,,,,. [ 47],,.,.. 6. [ 38], : ( ) [ 39] 1859, 1862.. 257,,
1866,..,.. [ 40] 19,, -, [ 41],,, : ( ),, 6 : 1866 [ 42], :, [ 43], :, 258 [ 44], : [ 45]
,,, 15 ( ) [ 46] :, [ 47], : 7. XIX [ 48] 90-. 1896. [ 49]..., (.. ). [ 50] 20-,,. 259 [ 51]
...,,,,.. [ 52] 30 -. :,,. [ 53],,..,..,..,..,... [ 54]..,, (.. ), (. ), (. ),, ( ),. 260,.,.,..
[ 55] (,, ),..,,,. [ 56]..,,. [ 57],..,,,,. [ 58]..,, -,, -,,. [ 59] -..,..,... [ 60].. 261 -.
262,,,. [ 61]..., (,.. ). [ 62].. -, - (,,,, ).,,. [ 63]..,,... -,,,,.,,,.
[ 64],.,. ( ),. ( ),. ( ). [ 65] -.. -.,,, (.. )., -,. [ 66].. (,,, - ), -. [ 67].. ( 263,, ),. ( ),
.. [ 68].,. ( ),. ( ),.,. ( ),. 7. [ 48] 19 90 1896 [ 49] : ( ) [ 50] 20 20,, [ 51],,,, 264 [ 52] 20 30, :
[ 53], : [ 54] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), : [ 55],, : [ 56],, [ 57],, : [ 58], :,, [ 59] : [ 60],, [ 61],, 265, ) (
[ 62], :,, [ 63], :, [ 64],, : ( ) ( ) ( ) [ 65] - ( ) [ 66] (, ), [ 67] 20,,, 266 [ 68] : ( ) ( ) ( ),,
8. [ 69].,,,.,. :,.,.,,,,. [ 70] 60.,.,. [ 71]. 78, 9., 300.,.,, 267 1227.
268 :, -,.,,,. [ 72],,,. : :, -.,. [ 73].!.,,,,.,,.,,. [ 74] :, 100.
8. [ 69],, :,,,,,, [ 70] 6,, [ 71], 78 900 30,, 1227, :,,,,, [ 72],,,, :,,, [ 73] 269!,,,
,, [ 74], :, 100 9... 270 [ 75] 14. 28 1828, 50.,,. [ 76]..,,,.,....,,,. [ 77], 50,
.. 67.,, 1898, 70.,. [ 78],,.,.,,,. [ 79],,,.,. [ 80] :. 271,,,,
272. [ 81]..,,,,.. [ 82],,. :.,,,. :,,.,.,,,. [ 83]
: -,,..,,.,. [ 84],,,. [ 85] :. :.,,!,,.,.. 1878. [ 86] 273
, -,.. -,. 9. [ 75] 14 1828 8 28, 50,, [ 76],,,,,, [ 77], 50,, 274, 67,, 1898, 70,
[ 78],,,,,,, [ 79],,, [ 80] :,,,, [ 81] 23 000,,, [ 82],,,,,,, :,,,, [ 83] :,,, 275,,,
[ 84],,, [ 85] :, 4, 3, 105!,, 1878 [ 86],, 10... 276 [ 87] ( 1908 1968 )...,. [ 88] 22 1908,..
. [ 89] 1929.,,..,,,. [ 90] 1931. 26 -, 27. [ 91] 1937..,. [ 92] 1949. [ 93]. 277
... [ 94] 7 1962..,... [ 95] 100.., 1962... [ 96] 1968.... 278 10. [ 87] ( 1908 1968 )
, [ 88] 1908 1 22, 13, 16 [ 89] 1929,,, [ 90] 1931, 26, 27 [ 91] 1937,,, [ 92] 1949, [ 93] [ 94] 1962 1 7,,,,, [ 95] 100, 1962, 279 [ 96] 1968 60, 20
11.,... 280 [ 97] ( 1910 1998 ) 1996,....,,.,,,. :,,,,,.... :???,.. [ 98] -
.,. 1928, (. ). 1944 ( ). [ 99],,,..,.,,,,.,,,, 281.,,
282., ;,,,,.,,.,.. :,,,,,. ( 1941), ( 1957). [ 100], :.,,,..,. [ 101], -. -
. :,.,....,,.,,,,. [ 102], :,,,..,,.,, -,.... 283...
11., [ 97] ( 1910 1998) 1996,,,,,, :,,,,, :???, 86 [ 98] 1910 1 8,,, 1928, ( ) 1944 [ 99], : 284,,,,,,
,,,,,,, : ( 1941 ) ( 1957 ) [ 100] :,,,, [ 101],, :., :, ( ) [ 102],, :,,,,, 285,
, 12... 286 [ 103] 7 1952.,,,.,,. [ 104] 1975... 1996. 1985 1990. 20 1991. [ 105] 1990,. [ 106] 12 1991 -.
,,. [ 107] 1994 1996 - -. 1996. 1997. 1998 ( ). [ 108] 1998, 1999. [ 109] 1999. 31 1999... [ 110] 26 2000,,, 52, 94%. 7 2000. 287
288 [ 111],.,.. 11. -. 1973, 1975. [ 112],. 6 1958. 1986 -.,,.. [ 113] : [ 114].,...! [ 115]....,,.,
.,,. [ 116],,,.,.,,,. -.,. [ 117],,.., -.,,. -... [ 118],,...?., :,,,. [ 119].,,,,, 289
290..,,..,,, -, -,..,...,,.,,.,,,.,.! -,,,.. -! -,,.! [ 120] -
.,,,. [ 121],, -. - -,,.,,,. [ 122], :..,., -,, :,.,,.,,. [ 123]. 291?. -.,
..., -,,... [ 124],... 12. [ 103] 1952 10 7,,, [ 104] 1975, 1996 1985 1990 1991 8 20 292 [ 105] 1990 [ 106] 1991 6 12
[ 107] 1994 1996 1996 8, 1997 3, 1998 5, [ 108] 1998 7, 1999 3 [ 109] 1999 8 1999 12 31, [ 110] 2000 3 26 52. 94%, 5 7 [ 111],,, 11, 1973, 1975 [ 112], 1958 1 6, 1986, : [ 113] : [ 114],,! [ 115],,,, [ 116],, 293,,
[ 117], [ 118]?,, [ 119],,,,,, 4 :,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,!,,! [ 120],,,, [ 121],,, 294,,,, [ 122], :
,, :,,,,, [ 123]?,,,, [ 124],, 295
1. ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 296 : ( ) 2 + 2
( ) + 2 (, ) + 3 4 1755, ( ), 1755 3 : 22 :, 3 ; 8 500,, 97 3 000,, 190.. 297,
, 1724,, 32,,, 12 19, 7 1866,,,,, 4 : 1. ; 2. ( : - ) ; 3. ( : ) ; 4. ( ) : 298,
5 : ; :,,, ; : ; : ; : :, 6 ( 5 ) 10 1 6 1, 6 7 : :,,, ( ),,, 299
, : ( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ; ( 4) ; ( 5), 2., : ( ), a),, (,, 300 / / b),,
( ) ( ) ( ) c), ( OVIR) ( ) ( ) d) e),, f) : ( ) g) /, ( ) 301,
( ),,, 3. 1949 10 3,, 1997 4, : : 6 : 9382006: 9382132: 9382005 : 1431543 : : 4 : 010-65321381 : 010-65322181 : 010-65321267 : : 20 : 021-63242682 : 021-63069982 : : 109 : 024-86114963 : 024-86114964 302
1.. :, 1975. 2...... 2001. 3.. :, 1999. 4...,..,... :, 1987. 5.... :, 1991. 6... :, 1984. 7...... -. : +, 2001. 8..,.,.. :, 1995 9... :, 2000 10... :, 1996 303 11.,.. :, 2000