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2012 6 49 41-101 NSC97-2410-H-001-050 2011/04/26 2012/02/02

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Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, June 2012, 49: 41-101 Manifestation of ling Efficacy: From Symbolic System to Social Coalition Jen-chieh TING Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica Abstract Although ling is a key concept for understanding Chinese folk religion, it suffers from a lack of theoretical analysis. That explains the motivation for this paper, which begins with a discussion of how social and supernatural worlds are defined and reproduced in Han patrilineal society. A structuralization principle considered inherent to the system may presuppose a manifestation of spiritual efficacy, resulting in analytical distinctions between two kinds of efficacy: mere and interactive. A secondary type may consider reciprocity between spiritual efficacy and receiver feedback. The secondary efficacy framework hints at the long-term link between spirit and collectivity, meaning that many collective processes may be connected to this kind of efficacy social construction. We also discuss the concept of doing efficacy as a means of understanding supply and feedback within the secondary efficacy process. It is hoped that this study contributes to the establishment of a useful framework for understanding links between the Han symbolic system and social mobilization. Keywords: efficacy, folk religion, coalition, reciprocity, structuralization

44 1 Chau 2006; Baity 1975; Feuchtwang 2001; Sangren 1987 1

45 2 magic 16 Thomas 1971 17 17 transubstantiation 3 Tambiah 1990: 18-19 Thomas 1971: 41 spell Tambiah 1990: 19 Tambiah 1990: 19-20 2 3

46 Valerie Hansen 1990: 11-12

47 4 Valerie Hansen 1990: 1-2 11 4 Sangren 1987: 131 Sangren Sangren

48 5 6 5 6 2008 Durkheim

49 Sangren 2000: 59 2008: 80; Baity 1977: 75; Sangren 2000: 56-7 Baity 1977: 75 7 Sangren 2000: 56-58 Sangren 2000: 57 authentication 7 Sangren 2000: 56-58

50 Sangren 1987: 213-15 Sangren 1987: 210-211 8 Feutchwang 2001: 84-9 mandate of people Ahern 1981: 94-95 Feutchwang 2001: 89 Sangren 1987, 2000 Dumont 1980 the encompassing of the contrary Sangren 9 1987: 132-165 8 Sangren 2000: 51-54 9 Sangren 1987: 132-165

51 Sangren 2000: 4 Sangren Baity 1975; Harrell 1979; Nadeau 1987 1992 2000 1999, 2001 David Jordan 1972 10 10 David Jordan 1967-69 Jordan 1972 Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors: the Folk Religion of a Taiwanese Village 2008 Jordan Jordan

52 1999

53 11 12 11 12

54 exclusively inclusively 1 1

55 * 圖 1 以 結構化與否 與 排他向與否 兩個面向所定義出來的超自然世界的範疇 Baity 1977; Harrell 1979; Jordan 1972: 27-41 Baity 1977

56 * a. b. c. 圖 2 不同超自然範疇之間的相對位置與相互移動關係 Baity Baity

57 2 2 2 13 13 Baity 1977: 75

58 2004 2004: 3 15 641 29 713

59 2005: 83-85 14 2 A 15 n.d. 16 17 1870-1957 14 15 A 16 n.d. p.6 17 2005: 115-119

60 18 1957 12 12 13 n.d. 19 20 18 19 20

61 12 13 A

62 2 2 2

63 21 22 21 2 A a 22

64 23 2 23

65 1970 1975 13 14 1984 1990

66 1990 Jordan 1972: 164-171 2009 40 Jordan

67 Jordan 1907 1908 30 1938 30 Little Maid 40 Jordan Jordan 1907 1938

68 20 1958 24 1989 1990 30 16 2004 24 Jordan Jordan

69

70 25 26 27 25 26 27

71 3

72 圖 3 兩個場域裡的 結構化 28 28

73 29 30 1 2 29 30

74 1 2 1 1 31 2 2 A B B 2 1. ling of achieving A ascribed achieved 2. ling of legitimacy L 31

75 1. ling of transgressiveness T 1992: 12-15 Sangren 2000: 102 T 1992: 13-15 L 1997 T 32 2. ling of bureaucratic rank R Wolf 1974 1997: 235-250 3. 32 Jordan 1972: 155-164 2

76 ling of the bureaucratic system S 33 4. ling of inclusiveness I 2 A B 34 35 33 Katz 2009: 47-60 34 Sangren 2000: 173-175 35 T L R S L I A L

77 36 2 2 ALTRSI 37 reciprocity 36 R S L R L S L I A L IAL 37

78 38 ALTRSI Reciprocity A B A B Reciprocity B A 39 38 39 2008

79 I 40 ambiguous reciprocity Ra Ra 2 A normal reciprocity Rn Rn 2 B 40

80 B post-reciprocity Rp 41 ambiguous reciprocity Ra TA X normal reciprocity Rn LAR Y post-reciprocity Rp LASI Z 41 Rp Rp Rn Nadeau 1987: 58-59 Nadeau Rp

81 X or Y or Z TA LAR LASI X Y Z X T Y R Z I Rn Rp 2002: 105-08 1 2 Sangren 2000: 88-92 Jordan 1972: 125-27 3

82 Sangren 2000: 173-175 Gouldner 1960 Chau 2006: 66-68; Jordan 1972: 103-04 Jordan 1972: 103-133 42 42 Rn Rp Y Z

83 Rn Rp Rn Rp 1. communal hegemony Chau 2006: 69-72

84 2. 3. 43 4. 43 Jordan 1972: 103-135

85 Rn Rp 2005 Reciprocity A B 44 A 44

86 Reciprocity A B A B B A A

87 45 45 Reciprocity A B Ra Rn Rp Ra Rp Rn Rn Ra Ra Rp Ra Rn Rp

88 1 2 46 47 46 ALTRSI 47

89

90 48 49 48 49

91 Feuchtwang 2001: 15-16 Feuchtwang p.15 50 Metaphoricity 51 50 Metaphoricity Feuchtwang 2001: 15 Durkheim Mauss Feuchtwang 51

92 52 53 Levinson 1996: 123 Levinson 1996: 123 54 Taylor 1871 Malinowski 1935, 1948 52 Feuchtwang 2001: 15 sacrifice and inspiration 53 54 the Law of Similarity the Law of Contact Frazer 1890

93 Malinowski Evans-Pritchard 1937 Azande Evans-Pritchard Winkelman 1982 Stoller and Olkes 1987 Luhrmann 1989 Mauss [1902] 1972 Mauss [1902] 1972

94 55 56 55 56 2000

95 Jordan 1972: 35-37

96 57 1 2 2000: 10-11 2008: 4-10 57

97 2008: 233-237 58 58

98 2005 2008 1992 2002 93-151 2005 62: 56-92 n.d. 2000 3-14 2005 2008 69: 57-104 1999 11 27 28 2001 2001 10 26-27

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