untitled - PDF Free Download

經濟部 -

(Taiwan's View) (Digital Music)(Carrying Media) ipod itunes; (Digital Entertainment) - (Pixar Studio)(The Incredibles) () (Game Industry) (Slim City) Maxis (e-learning Education) - -(Getty Family) (Getty Image) (Digital Collection) (Value Chain Analysis Model) (The Disruptive Theory ) (Observe) (Describe) (Categorization) (A Statement of What Causes What and Why )

領 93 數 -- 數... 1-1... 1-2... 1-4 -Getty Image... 1-15 3D - -Pixar... 1-18 - Maxis SimCity... 1-25... 1-32 - ipod and itunes... 1-37... 1-45... 1-50 1-ii

領 93 數 -- 數 1... 1-5 2... 1-9 3 Getty Image... 1-17 4 Pixar... 1-23 5 itunes and ipod... 1-41 6... 1-42 7 ipod /itunes... 1-42 8... 1-46 9... 1-47 10... 1-51 1 2000-2004... 1-6 2 3D CG... 1-6 3... 1-12 4 Pixar 2004 11 4... 1-20 5 Maxis--Sims... 1-27 1-iii

領 93 數 -- 數 ; (Value Chain) - (Content Provider) "" "" "" " " 1 " " (Paradigm Shift ) 2 (Leader of Digital Content Provider for Chinese People) 3 2002 5 13 4 2002 5 31 2008 5 ] 2003 2006 3700 1, " 力 ",2003 年 1 22-30 http://china.nikkeibp.co.jp/china/news/biz/200301/biz200301220140.htm 2 Thomas.S Kuhn 念見 Kuhn Thomas(1962).The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Chicago: University of Chicago Press 3. 北數 2004 年 10 15 4 http://www.moeaidb.gov.tw/idy/law/other/final.doc 5 http://www.cepd.gov.tw/2008/2008rev-20030106.pdf 1-1

領 93 數 -- 數 (Core Competence) (Major Competitors and SW analysis) Foster Business Library Electronic Data Bank Hoover s on line Mergent on line 2004 7 < > (Dilemma and The Innovations Solution) 6 ( Seeing What's Next Using The Theories of Innovation to Predict Industry Change ) 7 6 Clayton M. Christensen The Innovator s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms To Fails (Boston: Harvard Business School Press 1997). 7 Clayton M. Christensen;Scott D. Anthony;Erik A Roth; Seeing What's Next: Using The Theories of Innovation to Predict Industry Change (Boston:Harvard Business School Publishing 2004) 1-2

領 93 數 -- 數 ipod and itunes "" "" "" ipod itunes Getty Image 1-3

領 93 數 -- 數 "" Maxis """" 8 1 9 107 2001 1 334 2000 12.3% 8 http //www.digitalcontent.org.tw/dc_p5.html/ 9 http //www.moeaidb.gov.tw/idy/law/other/final.doc 1-4

領 93 數 -- 數 PC PDA (PC) (CD/DVD/ ) (,,,, ) (,,,,, ) 1 2002 TV VR Pixel Roncarelli Report 2002 2003 10.9 2004 10.5 350 2007 470 2002 2001 0.4 44 8 3.7% 26.8 28.4 2D 3D Pixar Dreamworks Fox Walt Disney Sony Pictures Cartoon Network Mainframe Entertainment Alias Wavefront 1-5

領 93 數 -- 數 Toei Animation Bandai Visual Co Daewon C&A Koko Enterprise Millimages France Animation Pixel Roncarelli Report 2001 72 4 / 38 9 TV 1 1 2000-2004 2004 Shrek2 2 870.3 1 2003 Finding Nemo 864.6 2 2002 Ice Age 382.7 8 2001 Monsters Inc. 525.4 3 Shrek 478.5 4 2000 Dinosaur 354.3 5 Box Office Mojo MIC 2004 9 3D CG (3D Computer Generated CG animated film ) 3D CG 2 3D CG 2 3D CG 1 Shrek2 DreamWorks 2004/05 2 870.3 2 Finding Nemo Pixar 2003/05 864.6 3 Monsters IncPixar 2001/11 525.4 4 Toy Story2 Pixar 1999/11 2 485.0 5 Shrek DreamWorks 2001/05 478.5 6 Ice Age Blue Sky Studios 2002/03 382.7 7 A Bug's Life Pixar 1998/11 363.4 1-6

領 93 數 -- 數 8 Toy Story Pixar 1995/11 362.0 9 Dinosaur Disney 2000/05 354.3 10 Antz DreamWorks 1998/10 171.8 11 12 13 Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius DNA Productions 2001/12 Final Fantasy The Spirits Within Sony 2001/07 Jonah A VeggieTales Movie Big Idea/Artisan 2002/10 103.0 85.1 25.6 5071.6 DreamWorks Animation SKG IncBox Office Mojo MIC 2004 9 3D CG 3D CG Pixar DreamWorks 51 3 29 9DreamWorks 3D CG Pixar Pixar 2004 Shrek2 2 3D CG Pixar Steve Jobs 1986 Marionette Ringmaster RenderMan 3D CG Pixar Toy Story 1995/11A Bug s Life 1998/11 Toy Story2 1999/11 2Monsters Inc2001/11 Finding Nemo 2003/05The Incredibles (2004/11 ) Disney 1995 2005 DreamWorks 1994 (Jeffrey Katzenbe rg) (David Geffen)(Steven Spielberg) (Paul Allen ) (Howard Schultz) (Roger Enrico) 2004 7 DreamWorks DreamWorks Animation Inc(IPO) 2004 10 Shark Tale 1-7

領 93 數 -- 數 10 2D 3D 2D 3D 3D 3D 3D Disney 2D 3D 2002 Flash Commercial Film CF 1-8

領 93 數 -- 數 2 / TV/ 料來 MIC 2002 年 2 MIC 2002 3D 1-9

領 93 數 -- 數 / CD CD 10~12 CD MP3 CD CD CD MP3 MP3 AAC WMA MP3 AAC WMA Apple CD 1999 9 Napster P2P Napster 4 000 50 Napster - P2P RIAA 1999 12 Napster Napster 2001 7 1-10

領 93 數 -- 數 P2P Apple itunes Apple Apple itunes 2003 4 Apple itunes Napster P2P Apple itunes P2P Apple itunes itunes 2004 3 itunes 5 000 ipod Apple Napster 2 0 BuyMusic RealNetwork Wal-Mart Apple itunes 2000 RIAA 2000 7 2001 2002 10~11 CD 2004 CD 2 8 CD CD 1~3 Forrester 2004 2003 8 300 2004 3 1 273 2008 45 7 123 2003 2008 5 3 2003 1 2008 33 Forrester 2003 2008 123 1-11

領 93 數 -- 數 IFPI 2003 44 11% P2P 80 2004 Apple itunes P2P P2P P2P P2P 1 3ISP 3 Kuro 2001 P2P 99 / ezpeer 2001 P2P 100 / QBand 2004 3 35 / imusic () 2004 3 30~35 / 1 188 / /200 HiMusic Hinet 2004 25 / KK Box 2004 Streaming CAI CBT On-line Learning Distributed Learning 1-12

領 93 數 -- 數 (Pre K-12 K-12 Post secondary) Gartner 2006 672 23 230 2001~2006 CAGR 100% 2010 250B 50B 20% ( 25B 20B 5B ) IBM Cisco Sun Micro Peoplesoft SAP 2001 3 200 2002 6 100 100 Smart Force Content Creation Publication Tool LMS LCMS 11 SUFi SABA TATA Smart Force SOFTBANK Click2Learn SkillSoft IT e-learning Docent Click2Learn LMS 600 6000 LMS Singapore Education International SEI 11 50 University of Phoenix Online 2004 1-13

領 93 數 -- 數 2002 30 2001 69% 2006 2 1000 16% e-learning 20% 64% e-learning 1390 Justtalk Gostudy POSPO 1. IBM e-learning 10 100 UpCity LearnBank 2. e 20 e-learning 3. XML 1-14

領 93 數 -- 數 -Getty Image Getty Image Getty Image J Paul Getty Mark Getty Jonathan Klein 1995 Getty Image Bill Gatz 1989 Corbis (Archiued Photographs) 90 Target Marketing 2003 Getty Image 7000 (Internet) 90 Getty Image Corbis Getty Image 20 Corbis Getty Image Getty Image (Archived Photographs Bank) (Inventories) (Just-in-time) (Quick Responses) Getty Image Getty Image (M&A) 50 Getty Image 1-15

領 93 數 -- 數 (Outsourcing) 2500 (Free Lancers) (Licensing)(Gettyimage com) 4R 1. 1stR(Quick Reponses QR) 2. 2ndR(Results Acceleration) 3. 3rdR (Resources Effectivess) (Value Chain) Getty Image (Supplier) (Outsourcing) 2500 4. 4thR (Rights of Intellectual Properties) (Licensing) Getty Image 2001~2003 ( USD Millon ) 2003 2002 2001 Inventories 0.49 1.61 3.40 407.50 212.98 212.98 Intangibles 619.63 621.61 636.45 1224.08 1025.05 993.08 Balance Sheet 2001~2003 2003 2002 2001 1-16

領 93 數 -- 數 0.12 0.76 1.60 0.04 0.16 0.34 50.62 60.64 64.09 1. Getty Image 2. Getty Image Getty Image Freelancers Freelancers Licensing GYI GYI Archived Archived Images Images Through internet online Advertisers Clients(Local Clients(Local &International) &International) Broadcasters Design Agencies Production Companies 3 Getty Image Publishers Getty Image 10 Computers Communications 1-17

領 93 數 -- 數 Consumers Electrics 3C Cameras & Photographs 3C 4C 3D - -Pixar Pixar ~1986 1970 Pixar Pixar Dr. Edwin E. Catmull 1974 New York Institute of Technology 3D George Lucas 1979 Catmull Catmull Lucasfilm Catmull 10 Pixar John Lasseter Tron 11 Leasseter Lasseter Catmull Lucasfilm 10 http://www-personal.umich.edu/~afuah/cases/case14.html 11 Tron,1982 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0084827/ 1-18

領 93 數 -- 數 1986~1995 George Lucas 1984 CEO Steve Jobs Steve Jobs 1985 Lucasfilm Pixar Steve Jobs Pixar Pixar RanderMan Marionette RingMaster Pixar Steve Jobs Pixar Luxo Jr., 1986 Tin Toy, 1988 (1995~2004) 1991 Lasseter (The Little Mermaid, 1989 Beauty and the Beast, 1991) Pixar Future Film Agreement Pixar Pixar 10 15% 12 Pixar Toy Story 12 料來 Pixar Disney Pixar2003 年 http://corporate.pixar.com/annual.cfm 1-19

領 93 數 -- 數 (Tom Hanks) (Tim Allen) Pixar 1995 11 Johon Lasseter Pixar Pixar 1996 2005 Pixar Pixar 1995 2004 (Bug s Life) 2 Toy Story2 Monsters Inc Pixar 4 4 Pixar 2004 11 4 Pixar (Box Office History for Pixar Movies) Released Movie Name 1st Weekend US Gross Worldwide Gross Budget 11/22/1995 Toy Story $29,140,617 $191,796,233 $362,000,000 $30,000,000 11/20/1998 A Bug's Life $33,258,052 $162,798,565 $362,000,000 $45,000,000 11/19/1999 Toy Story 2 $57,388,839 $245,823,397 $485,800,000 $90,000,000 11/2/2001 Monsters, Inc. $62,577,067 $255,870,172 $523,100,000 $115,000,000 5/30/2003 Finding Nemo $70,251,710 $339,714,367 $844,400,000 $94,000,000 11/5/2004 The Incredibles $70,467,623 - - $92,000,000 11/4/2005 Cars - - - - Totals $1,196,002,734 $2,577,300,000 $374,000,000 1-20

領 93 數 -- 數 Averages $239,200,547 $515,460,000 $74,800,000 The Numbers www.the-numbers.com Pixar http //www.pixar.com/ 2004~ 2005 Pixar Pixar Pixar Pixar Pixar 1 2 Sherk1 2 Ice Age Pixar Pixar Pixar 13 Pixar 1994 Pixar 1. Steve Jobs Pixar Steve Jobs Steve Jobs Pixar Pixar 2004 Steve Jobs Pixar 13 Pixar Pixar2003 年 http://corporate.pixar.com/annual.cfm 1-21

領 93 數 -- 數 Steve Jobs i Mac i Tunes Pixar i Tunes Steve Jobs () Steve Jobs Steve Jobs Pixar 2. Edwin E. Catmull Pixar Pixar Dr. Catmull Pixar Pixar John Lasseter 3. John Lasseter John Lasseter Pixar 1 2 Pixar Lasseter 1996 Pixar 1989 Pixar RanderMan RanderMan 3D 2 Marionette RingMaster Pixar 44 Pixar Pixar Pixar 1-22

領 93 數 -- 數 Pixar 10%~15% Pixar Pixar Pixar Pixar Pixar 2005 Pixar Pixar Pixar Pixar 2005 Pixar Pixar Pixar Pixar Toy Story Pixar Pixar Software Software Business model-pixar Pixar Computer Computer Animation Animation Animation film Animation film Partnership Partnership Till 2005 Advertising Disney Disney Distribution VHS DVD TV Authorized Products Publishing 4 Pixar 1-23

領 93 數 -- 數 Pixar Pixar 2008 14 Pixar Pixar Steve Jobs Pixar Steve Jobs Pixar Pixar 14 2003 年數數 2003 http://www.digitalcontent.org.tw/dc_p5.html 1-24

領 93 數 -- 數 - Maxis SimCity Maxis SimCity ~1987 1985 1987 PC Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 PC 1990 5 22 Windows 3.0 Windows DOS Windows Windows Maxis 1990 Maxis (SimAnt) (SimCity) Windows 3.0 (Will Wright) Windows Maxis 1980 (Will Wright) 1984 video game 1987 Maxis 8 Raid on Bungeling Bay 1985 8 Commodore 64 SimCity (Jeff Braun) Maxis Idea Guy Maxis SimCity Broderbund PC MAC 1-25

領 93 數 -- 數 (Electronic Arts Inc.) 1987~1997 -- (Newsweek) 1990 (SimEarth) 1991 (SimAnt) (SimFarm) 1993 Sam Poole Maxis 2000 (SimCity2000) 4 30 1995 Maxis 200 Maxis Maxis 1996 -- 3000 Maxis 1997 3000 Maxis --(Electronic Arts Inc ) 1.25 EA (1997~2004) Maxis Luc Barthelet 1-26

領 93 數 -- 數 EA EA 3000 Ed Koch 3000 1998 E3 1999 2 2000 (The Sims) 2001 3 PC GAME 3700 PS2 2002 Online 2004 2 (The Sims 2) 2004 (E3) EA22 EA 10 1987 Maxis 1989 SimCity 5 Maxis--Sims 1990 SimEarth The Living Planet 1991 SimAnt The Electronic Ant Colony 1992 SimLife Maxis 1993 SimFarm 2000 1994 SimHealth 1995 SimIsle SimTower SimMars 2000Windws Maxis 1996 SimTown SimTunes SimGolf SimPark SimCopter 1997 Streets of SimCityMaxis EA 1998 SimSafari 1999 3000 2000 The SimsThe Sims Livin' 1-27

領 93 數 -- 數 Large 2001 SimCoasterThe Sims House PartyThe Sims Hot Date 2002 SID MEIER SimGolf The Sims VacationThe Sims OnlineThe Sims Unleashed 2003 The Sims Superstar The Sims Makin' Magic 4SimCity 4 2004 2The Sims2 1. (Will Wright) Maxis 1984 Raid on Bungeling Bay Bungeling GameSpy 2003 30 Maxis 2. (Jeff Braun) Maxis Maxis 1-28

領 93 數 -- 數 Maxis EA 3. Sam Poole Maxis Maxis Broderbund 2000 Maxis 3D ( ) Maxis -- (Sid Meier Civilization ) 1-29

領 93 數 -- 數 Maxis Broderbund 1989 2 3 Broderbund Maxis Broderbund Broderbund Maxis 1992 Maxis Sam Poole 1993 Maxis SimCity 1997 EA Maxis EA EA 2004 3700 EA Maxis 1-30

領 93 數 -- 數 ( 2~3 ) () ( NCsoft 2 3 ) 1-31

領 93 數 -- 數 1 5~2 (UOPX) 1994 14 " 1994 10,000 2002 12 564,103 2003 10 -(John G Sperling) 1960 (San Jose State University in California) 1970 (Learning team) "" "" -"!"!!1979 1-32

領 93 數 -- 數 15 1989 2002 133,000 11,000 250 25 116 40 (collaboration learning) (Streaming Model) 16 1. 2. (Learning Team) outlook express (Newsgroup ) 3. (UOP) (mycampus.phoenix.edu) 4. (Before Workshop) 15 Breneman, David W, The University of Phoenix: Post Child of For -Profit Higher Education, NCSPE Org, New York 2002 16 University of Phoenix Fact Sheet http //www phoenix edu/ 1-33

領 93 數 -- 數 5. (Workshop one) 6. 7. 8. (Learning Team) 9. (Online Learning System) 10. Outlook Express Outlook Express Newsgroup (Instructor ) 11. (Online Learning System) 12. News group Outlook Express Newsgroup 13. Newsgroup 14. (Course Material ) Newsgroup 15. (Main Class-room ) 16. 1-34

領 93 數 -- 數 17. 18. (Learning each other) 19. 20. 21. (Individual Assignments) 22. (Entity Selection Paper) 23. (collaboration learning) 24. (Weekly Summary) 25. 26. 27. Outlook Express Outlook Express Outlook Express Access(OEA) 28. OEA Outlook Express Access Newsgroup 29. 1-35

領 93 數 -- 數 30.! 2001 69% 59% 17 (Par-time Faculty) 11 000 200 5-6 1000-1600 (Mc-Education) workshop (common syllabi) 18 (Physical Facilities) 17 University of Phoenix Fact Sheet http //www phoenix edu/factsheet pdf 18 Breneman, David W The University of Phoenix Post Child of For -Profit Higher Education, CSPE ORG New York 2002 1-36

領 93 數 -- 數 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - ipod and itunes ipod /itunes ipod /itunes ipod /itunes 19 -CD CD CD 1976 19 樂 (Carrying Media) (LP) DAT(Digital Audio Tap) CD 了 (media) 量不 ipod ( 數樂 Carry on Digital Music Device) 不了量數量來什 1-37

領 93 數 -- 數 20! 1996 IBM IBM! 1999 Napster peer to peer(p2p) Napster ICQ 50 Napster Napster "" RIAA 1999 12 Napster 2000 7 "Napster "Napster itune ipod itunes ipod 2001 (Mobil Device) AAC(Advance Audio Code) (Digital Right Management DRM) Fair Play 2001 10 ipod ipod 5 GB 10 GB 2004 11 ipod Photo 60 GB itunes ipod ipod 1. 20 錄便來來 1-38

領 93 數 -- 數 2. 3. CD CD " " CD CD " (Only Paranoid Can Survival!) " Napster ; ipod itune itunes ( ipod ipod ipod ) itunes 2004 4 28 ipod 2004 7 9 ipod 200!2004 ipod Window 5-1iPod 2004 10 50 2004 8 mini ipod Tiffny HP ipod itunes BMW ipod ipod/itunes ipod /itunes RCA ipod 2001 " " ipod 5 10 GB ipod ipod "Don't 1-39

領 93 數 -- 數 Steal Music" Zippo ipod Steve Job ipod itune CD itunes ipod ipod MP3 CD CD CD ipod 1000 CD 1000 CD "" "" 1 CD itune 1000 CD 10 000 166 1000 CD itunes ipod ipod ipod 20G 40GB itune IPod itunes AAC(Advance Audio Code) Window Media Audio(WMA)iPod/iTunes ipod Sony Dell itunes Steve Job Beta vs VHS ipod ipod ipod window itunes itunes itunes 2004 7 11 itunes NPD itunes itunes ipod 1-40

領 93 數 -- 數 ipod itunes ipod CD PC itunes ipod ipod PC (Download) itunes AAC ipod itunes ipod ipod ( 5) AAC CD ( 6) Apple s Ipod &itunes sales keep climbing Apple recent two years revenue Unit Million Sales GP(Gross profit) PBT SOURCE Wall Street Journal Apple III, MIC 2004 Sales for itunes &ipod From Year 2003, Since apple have ipod and itune as new stream, the revenue is better far beyond expect Apple s Ipod &itunes sales keep climbing, in 2004 3 Q, the sales climb to 860000 units sales 25 5 itunes and ipod MIC 2004 1-41

領 93 數 -- 數 US music market estimated Online music store new stream CAGR:5.3% Unit : million CD Sales Down Load Subscriptions Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year 2004 US Online Music increased to 273%, as follow up IPOD sales high, It may increase more that expect Source Forrester IIIMIC 24 6 MIC 2004 Ipod Business Model Source:CLAYTON M.CHRISTENSEN;SEEING WHAT S NEXT ipod 23 7 ipod /itunes 1-42

領 93 數 -- 數 ipod itunes ipod/itunes 1. CDMD MP3 ipod 1500 CD ipod ipod 2. CD CD " " itunes " " 3. ipod ipod 4. WMA itunes AAC itunes ipod "" ipod/itunes ipod/itunes 1. CD ipod CD 1-43

領 93 數 -- 數 Download CD CD CD CD MD 2. Napster MP3 ipod "Don't Steal Music" " " 3. CD MD DVD 4. mini ipod 5. USB (Friendly Design) ipod mini ipod ipod ipod 1-44

領 93 數 -- 數 ipod itunes ipod itunes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ipod!ipod (The Disruptive Theory) 2004-21 (New Market Disruption) 21 Clayton M. Christensen; Scott D. Anthony; Erik A. Roth; Seeing What's Next: Using The Theories of Innovation to Predict Industry Change (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2004) 1-45

領 93 數 -- 數 (Nonconsumers or Nonconxuming Contexts ) (Low-end Disruption) Wal-mart (Sustaining innovation bring better products into established market 8)Palm (PDA) PDA-Newton ipod and itunes ipod RCA Rio MP3 ipod 1. MP3 Advance Audio Code( AC ) CD 2. ipod 80 GB Rio MP3 3. Hi Hi ipod Rio MP3 performance The Disruptive Theory New Market disruption Noncomsumers or Nonconsuming contexts performance Sustaining innovation bring better products into established markets low-end disruption target overshot customers with lower-cost business model Complete against nonconsumption Discount Retailing Steel minimills telephone personal computers photocopy TIME TIME Customer demand trajectory Company improvement trajectory Source:CLAYTON M.CHRISTENSEN;SEEING WHAT S NEXT 9 8 1-46

領 93 數 -- 數 Window Linux (The Value Chain Evolution Theory) IBM Dell ( 9) Signals of Changes Undershot Customers Signs Signs that that companies are are introducing Up-market Sustaining innovations Nonconsumers Signs Signs that that companies companies Are Are introducing introducing New-market New-market Disruptive Disruptive innovations innovations 1.Signals of Change Are there signs that Someone is capitalized on Opportunities for change? Overshot Customers Sign Sign that that companies companies are are Introducing Introducing low-end low-end Disruptions Disruptions,displacements,displacements or or moving moving closer closer to to consumers consumers Nonmarket Contexts Signs Signs that that nonmarket nonmarket Players Players are are taking taking action action To To increase increase or or decrease decrease Barriers Barriers to to innovation innovation 2.Competitive Battles 3.Strategic Choices Source:CLAYTON M.CHRISTENSEN;SEEING WHAT S NEXT 30 9 1-47

領 93 數 -- 數 ipod /itunes ipod /itunes MP3 (New Market Disruption) MP3 MP3 MP3 MP3 MP3 Nonconsumers or Nonconsuming Contexts ( 8 ) Ipod /itunes (MP3 ) ipod 8 2001 2002 (Outsourcing) () (Original Supplier)(End User) 1-48

領 93 數 -- 數 GettyImage Internet (Director) Pixar Pixar Pixar Maxis SimCity Maxis ipod /itune 1-49

領 93 數 -- 數 Getty Image ipod ( 10) 1. 2. 3. 4. 1-50

領 93 數 -- 數 5. (Creative) (Innovation) (Entrepreneue) Mechanization Property Right Digital Content Originality Enterprization Industralization 10 1-51

領 93 數 -- 數 1. (1) 2003 12 (2) 2004 2 (3) 2003 11 (4) TOP 1 2002 11 (5) Horton William, Using E-Learning, New York: ASTD, 2002. (6) Horton William, Design Web-Base Training, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2002. (7) Rosenberg, Marc J, E-learning: Strategies for Delivering Knowledge in the Digital Age. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002. (8) Schank. Roger C, Designing World -Class E-Learning: How IBM, GE, HBRS & Columbia University are Succeeding at e-learning New York, McGraw-Hill, 2002. (9) Sperling, John G, Against All Odds, Phoenix, AZ, Apollo Press, 1989. (10) Horton William and Horton Katherine, E-Learning Tools and Technologies, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2003. 2. (1) 2003 10 (2) 92 (3) 91 1-52