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1993 Life-and-Death Studies 20021993 2001 Martin Heidegger being-towards-death 1993 1. 2. 3. 5
1 2 3 4. 1. R Kurlyschek Gibson et al. 1982 2.Morgan 1983 3.Leviton 1983 4. 1996 1998 6
1998 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Knott1979 1. 2. 3. 1999 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7
2000 1. 2. 3. 4.1 2 2001 Leviton1977 Gibson (1982) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (2002) 8
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2001 11 23 4 1 2001 200119981988Eddy Alles1983 Hardt1975Leviton1969 1. 1 12
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1 2 3 Eddy, St. Pierre, AllesShute1980 1. 1234 5 2. 1234 5678 9101112 131415 3. 1234 567 4. 1234 1998 1. 2 14
3. 4. 2002a 2001e 2002b 1. 2. 3. 4. 1998 15
2002 2 2 1. 1 2 3 4 2. 1 2 3 3. 1 2 3 4 Gibson19822001 16
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.euthanasia 10. 2000 1.2.3.4.5. 6.7.8.9.10. Leviton 2001 2-1 17
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1994 1. 20
(Charles Darwin, 1809-1882) 1993 2. (G.. S. Hall) (C. Darwin) species 1. 0-4 2.5-7 3. 8-12 4. 13-24 3. (A. Gesell) rhythmic sequences 1993 (self-care) 2-3 10 16 21
2-3 10 16 10 1. 2. 9 11 1. 10 2. 12 1. 2. 13 1. 2. 3. 4. 14 1. 2. 3. 4. 15 1. 2. 3. Gessel, Ilg, Ames(1956), pp.364-367; Newman Newman(1986), p. 43 歩 1989 1994 (storm and stress) (turbulence and conflict) (critical period)(new born)1997atwater, 1992 1993 1997 Tanner,1990 22
1997 1993 1991 1.Freud (Freud, 1856-1939) (mind) 1 (levels of awareness)(conscious level)(preconscious level)(unconscious level)a. b. 23
c. 2 a.id pleasure principle life instinctdeath instinct need impulse 1991b.ego 1999 reality principle c.superego perfection principle 1991 3 defense mechanisma. b. c. d. e. f. g. 4 (0-1 )(1-3 )(3-6 )(7 )() identification 24
involvement Newman Newman,1986 2.Erikson 2-4 2-4 25
2-4 1997 19861991 1ego identity 2identity formation identity status a.identity achievement b.identity moratorium c.identity diffusion d.identity forceclosure 3identity crisis 26
ego identity crisis 1991Les Parrot Ш,1993 2001 3. (Abraham Maslow,1908-1987)(Carl Rogers,1902-1987) 1(Maslow) a. b. 2c. 27
3 Maslow.1968 2(Rogers) a. b. 闗 c.ideal selfreal self 1989 1.Piaget Piaget information(santrock, 1996) 28
2-5 0-2 2-7 7-11 11 2000 2-5 1. 0-2 2. 3. 1. 2-7 2. 7-11 1. 2. 11 1. 2. 1994Santrock, 1996 11 (behaviorism) 29
(Burrhus Frederick Skinner, 1904-1990) (Albert Bandura, 1925- ) 1. (Santrock. 1996) 2. 19921977 123 41984 Bandura,1977 Bandura,1989(behavior)(person and cognition)(environment) 3 B 30
P(C) E 4 Santrock, 1996 1997 3.Havighurst development taskhavighurst, 1972 1952 1-6 6-13 13-18 18-35 35-60 60 Havighurst, 197219911 23 456 78 1997 1991 31
1. heteronomous stage(heteronomous morality) 5-8 2000 (moral realism) autonomous stage(autonomous morality) 89 (moral relativism)1991 2.Kohlberg moral development concept of justice moral dilemmapersonal interest social good levels stages 2-6 2-6 32
Kohlberg, 196319812002 Kohlberg,19812002 3. 1 2 3 4. 1993 1991 33
2002 2001 34
2002 721 1998 245 321 19961. 2. 3. 1986 1,777 4,002 2001 35
36
2002 4 5 37
20012001 Linnerooth 1991 2001 2000 38
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1.2.3. 4.5.6.7. 8.9.10.1993 12 34 5 7 Viktor EFrankl 1993 1.creative value 40
2.experiential value 3.attitudinal value life is a task 1993 30 30 41
1995 16 ; 1996 2001 2003 1. 2.1 2 3 3. 42
2001 2002 19931995 19962001 2003 2002 2001 90.6% 2001 2002 43
WongRecker Gesser1994 44
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流 7 說 3-1 N=36 T1 X T2 T3 N=37 T4 T5 T6 51
3-1 X T1 T2 T3 2 T4 T5 T6 52
2 2 53
54
55
56
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