1 1
295 1 2 3 4 5 1
2 2.4 2.8 3 80 828 374 45.2% 963 81 820 249 30.4% 703 82 616 202 32.8% 630 83 1,462 566 38.7% 1,476 84 1,220 460 37.7% 1,147 85 1,254 494 39.4% 1,356 86 1,500 538 35.9% 1,410 87 1,232 421 34.2% 1,246 88 1,149 400 34.8% 1,097 89 1,016 405 39.9% 1,183 90 1,395 585 41.9% 1,737 91 1,239 605 48.8% 1,278 * 90 ** 2 2002/6/4 2 3 82 616 83 1,462 2.4 82 202 83 566 2.8 2
4 1,395 585 1,737 59 1 1,239 1,278 51% 42% 77% 23% 8% 41% 51% 73% 26% 143 19% 66% 15% 495 5 31 20 Transparency International TI 102 CPI Corruption Perceptions Index 0 10 5.02 5.5 4 2093 2002/7/18 5 2001/10/31 2 2001/10/31 3 3
- 2002 1 23 1 2 3 4 4
2002 2002 1994 1993 1983 Robinson 1998 Noonan 1984 Johnston 1997 27 Corruption Johnston Johnston 1997 Azfar Azfar and Lee and Swamy 2001 Klitgaard 1988 1984 1998 5
1966 1979 1985 1988 2001 6 1-2 3 Klitgaard 1988 2002 1998 1 2 3 4 5 6 1998 12 3 4 6 12 3 6
Klitgaard 1988 Noonan 1984 Azfar and Lee and Swamy 2001 Sutherland 1988 1989 Sutherland Hirschi Reckless 7
Hirschi Gottfredson 1990 1993 Hirschi Gottfredson Durkheim Merton 1988 1994 1984 Agnew Agnew 1992 1995a 8
1989 Braithwaite 1989 1997 1998 1983 1993 1998 9
295 1 1 164 148 90.2 147 21 14.2 4 2.7 20 13.5 4 2.7 15 10.1 4 2.7 15 10.1 3 2.0 13 8.8 3 2.0 10 6.8 3 2.0 10
8 5.4 3 2.0 7 4.7 2 1.4 6 4.1 1 0.7 6 4.1 148 100% * 57 38.8% 20 13.6% 10 6.8% 10 6.8% 21 14.3% 9 6.1% 10 6.8% 147 100% 11
1 0 Grasmick Bursik 1990 i 1-4 ii 12
1-4 iii 1-6 Hirschi Gottfredson 148 8 216 18 7 60 48 36.4 7 2003 1992 13
61 95 47 35.6 96 37 28.0 21.2 15.915.2 X 2 51.79 P<.01 1. 5 8 15 28 21.2 2. 2 0 0 2 1.5 3. 0 0 2 2 1.5 4. 2 8 10 20 15.2 5. 3 3 2 8 6.1 6. 8 10 3 21 15.9 7. 2 2 0 4 3.0 8. 2 2 2 6 4.5 9. 5 5 0 10 7.6 10. 3 5 0 8 6.1 14
11. 10 0 2 12 9.1 12. 6 4 1 11 8.3 48 47 37 132 100 145 59 40.7 39 26.9 27 18.6 40.7 (N=145) 1. 3 2 1 6 4.1 2. 4 3 4 11 7.6 3. 5 9 6 20 13.8 4. 23 21 15 59 40.7 15
(N=145) 5. 9 9 9 27 18.6 6. 11 18 10 39 26.9 7. 3 1 2 6 4.1 8. 8 6 2 16 11.0 9. 3 7 1 11 7.6 10. 0 0 1 1 0.7 11. 5 8 3 16 11.0 12. 3 5 2 10 6.9 13. 1 3 3 7 4.8 14. 2 4 1 7 4.8 (1) X 2 =66.5 P.000 (2) 41 50 40 51 37 X 2 =69.4 P.000 (3) X 2 =45.9 P.000 (4) X 2 =51.5 P.000 (5) 3 51 16
18 X 2 =40.3 P.000 (6) X 2 =22.6 P.000 (7) 45 40 35 30 27 24 6 42 25 33 X 2 =17.46 P.000 (8) 16 35 5 6 10 X 2 =16.6 P.001 N=147 N=148 N=295 (1) 67 47 135 91 202 70 (2) 75 53 13 9 88 30 X 2 =66.5* (1) 30 33 23 5 3 38 13 (2) 31-40 66 45 29 20 95 32 (3) 41-50 36 25 60 40 96 33 (4) 51 11 7 54 37 65 22 X 2 =69.4* (1) 63 43 17 12 80 27 (2) 80 55 108 73 188 64 (3) 3 2 23 15 26 9 X 2 =45.9* 17
N=147 N=148 N=295 (1) 4 3 19 13 23 8 (2) 22 15 67 45 89 30 (3) 121 82 62 42 183 62 X 2 =51.5* (1) 50 34 19 13 69 24 (2) 1-2 71 48 53 36 124 42 (3) 3 26 18 75 51 101 34 X 2= 40.3* (1) 18 12 18 12 36 12 (2) 112 76 79 53 191 65 (3) 17 12 51 35 68 23 X 2 =22.6* * P<.01 N=147 N=148 N=295 (1) 0 0 7 6 7 3 (2) 61 42 35 30 96 37 (3) 36 25 45 40 81 31 (4) 48 33 27 24 75 29 X 2 =17.46* (1) 5 60 41 29 21 89 31 (2) 6-10 37 25 32 23 69 24 (3) 11-15 23 16 28 21 51 18 (4) 16 27 18 47 35 74 26 18
X 2 =16.6* * P<.01 (1) 30 13 X 2 =2.10 P.348 (2) 36 10 40 X 2 =55.63 P.000 (3) 28 6 X 2 =45.13 P.000 N=295 N=147 N=148 (1) 39 28 51 36 90 32 (2) 59 42 56 39 115 41 (3) 42 30 36 13 78 28 X 2 =2.10 (1) 53 36 14 10 68 23 (2) 83 57 74 50 157 54 19
N=147 N=148 N=295 (3) 10 7 58 40 68 23 X 2 =55.63* (1) 40 28 8 6 48 17 (2) 43 30 21 15 64 22 (3) 10 42 113 79 173 61 X 2 =45.13* * P<.01 1 2 28 25% 28 11 39.9 10 3 18% 12% 20.6 50.4 N=147 N=148 N=295 1. 0 0 28 25 28 11 20
2. 7 5 21 18 28 11 3. 19 13 13 11 32 12 4. 18 13 14 12 32 12 5. 100 69 31 27 131 51 6. 0 0 7 6 7 3 X 2 =77.52* * P<.01 369 92 23 21
Azfar, O. and Y. Lee, and A. Swamy 2001 The Causes and Consequences of Corruption. America: The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science.p43-56. Grasmick Bursik 1990 Conscience, significant other, and rational choice: Extending the deterrence model. Law and Society Review 24:835-861. Johnston, M. 1997 What Can Be Done about Entrenched Corruption?, Paper presented to the Ninth Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics, The World Bank. Washington, DC, 30 Aaril-1 May. Klitgaard, R. 1988 Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press. Robinson,M. 1998 Corruption and Development: A Introduction. Corruption and Development p.1-14. Noonan, J. T. 1984 Bribes. New York: Macmillan. 1966 <> 10 2 1 1998 1988 < > 14 331-348 1993 1979a < > 25 11 10-16 1979b < > 11 1-49 22
1998 2002 1994 1985 2001 2002 83-90 2001-1992 2002 1983 2000 1983 < > 133 135-140 1988 1993 1995 2003 94 17-33 1994 1996 1999 / 23
1989 2001 2001 1974 1995 1998 24