004 5 1 6 3 Carl Sagan Contact[1] 1 [] 004 1
Laplace Karl Schwarzschild J Robert Oppenheimer Roger Penrose Roy Kerr Stephen Hawking 1915 universal gravitation 004
M R 3 f E = hf E = mc E m = = c hf c m hf GMm R f h f 3 f f ' 004 3
GMm + hf = 0 + hf R m hf c h f GM = 1 f (1) c R GM c R < 1 f < f gravitational redshift 4 R GM c R << 1 R GM c R R = GM c f = 0 4 R GM R S = () c [3,4,5] R S Schwarzschild radius 004 4
004 5 supernova 3 [6] singularity 5 c GM event horizon M 6 (1) R time dilation 5
004 6 7 6 7
70 3 3 X X X X 90 X V404 8 X (STScI/NASA) [7] XR-1 004 7
[7] 1996 9 gravitational microlens effect supermassive black hole active galaxy 10 004 8
M87 [7] 11 M87 (STScI/NASA) 11-1 M87 M m v r GMm r = mv r M v r = (3) G r = 60 1 15 9.46 10 m -1 v = 550 km s 39 (3) M =.6 10 kg 13 30 1 004 9
NGC461 [7] 1 13 NGC461 ( ) ( )(STScI/NASA) [7] medium-size black hole 14 M15 M31 G1 (NASA, The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI) and M. Rich (UCLA)) 004 10
00 X Chandra X-ray Observatory [8] NGC640 NGC640 X 3000 X 15 X NGC 640 X (NASA/STScI/CXC) LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory) [9] 00 004 11
011 LISA (Laser Interferometry Space Antenna) [10,11] LISA 16 17 LISA LISA (NASA) (NASA) [11] W 10 5 LISA 003 X X [8] X X 137 18 X (NASA) 004 1
X X X -XConstellation- X [1] X X 19 -X (NASA) NASA 1 Beyond Einstein [11] 0 -X LISA 004 13
[,5] [11] ( 0 ) X ( 0-50 ) [] 004 14
[1] Contact, Carl Sagan, Pocket Books, Reissue edition (1997) [] Black Holes and Time Warps Einstein's Outrageous Legacy, Kip S. Thorne, Norton, New York (1994) [3] [4,5] ( GM c R) f f = 1 GM c R << 1 (1) R GM c f = 0 m v (escape velocity) GMm + 1 mv 0 R = R v c v = GM c [4] Astrophysics I Stars, Richard L. Bowers and Terry Deeming, Jones and Bartlett (1984) [5] Black Holes, White Dwarfs and Neutron Stars The Physics of Compact Objects, Stuart L. Shapiro and Saul A. Teukolsky, Wiley Interscience (1983) [6] (Schwarzschild black hole) (Kerr black hole) [5] [7] http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/ [8] X http://chandra.msfc.nasa.gov/ [9] LIGO http://www.ligo.caltech.edu/ [10] LISA http://lisa.jpl.nasa.gov/ [11] Beyond Einstein http://universe.gsfc.nasa.gov/ [1] -X X http://constellation.gsfc.nasa.gov/public/index.html 004 15