35 6 Vol. 35, No.6 2011 11 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Nov., 2 0 1 1 DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1035.2011.00988 1, 2 陈家林 韩 1 冬 1 朱晓鸣 1 杨云霞 1, 3 解绶启 (1.,, 430072; 2., 100049; 3. E-, 200025) : 3.53 g 12, 8%(FO) (CNO) (CO) (LO) (SO) (RO) 1 1 -(FCNO) 1 1 -(FCO) 1 1 -(FLO) 1 1 1 1 - --(MIX), 30, (24±1),,,,, 1 1 (P>0.05) 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 22:6n-3, 18:2n-6 18:3n-3, : ; ; ; 中图分类号 : S965.117 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : 1000-3207(2011)06-0988-10 EPA DHA (HUFA),,,,,, [1],, [2, 3], [4],, [5, 6] Thomassen, et al. [7] Salmo salar Ictalurus punctatus [8, 9] Stickney, et al. [10] Tilapia aurea,,, 18 (PUFA) HUFA [5],,, [11], PUFA [12],, 收稿日期 : 2010-04-09; 修订日期 : 2011-03-18 基金项目 : 973 (2009CB118702); (CARS-46-19); () (201003020) 作者简介 : (1981 ),, ; ; E-mail: bjchenjl@163.com 通讯作者 :, E-mail: sqxie@ihb.ac.cn
6 : 989, 1 1.1 (38.5%)(8%),,, ( 1) 5% 64%, HUFA, 0.1%, (FO) (CNO) (CO) (LO) (SO) (RO) 1 1 (FCNO) 1 1 (FCO) 1 1 (FLO) (MIX) ( 2) 表 1 实验基础饲料配方及化学组成 (%) Tab. 1 Formulation and chemical composition of the experimental diets (% dry matter) Ingredient Content (%) White fish meal 1 5.00 Soybean meal 64.00 Corn starch 14.69 Carboxymethyl cellulose 2.00 Oil 8.00 Mineral premix 2 5.00 Vitamin premix 3 0.40 Choline chloride 0.11 E Vitamin E 0.20 Chromic oxide 0.50 Attractant 4 0.10 Chemical composition (% dry matter) Moisture 3.00±0.21 Crude protein 38.09±0.08 Crude lipid 8.99±0.14 Ash 9.14±0.03 : 1 :, ; 2 Mineral premix (mg/kg diets): NaCl, 0.80; MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 12; NaH 2 PO 4 2H 2 O, 20; KH 2 PO 4, 25.6; Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 H 2 O, 16; FeSO 4 5H 2 O, 2; (CH 2 CHCOO) 2 Ca 5H 2 O, 2.8; ZnSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.028; MnSO 4 4H 2 O, 0.013; CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 0.0025; CoCl 2 6H 2 O, 0.0008; KIO 3, 0.0024; cellulose, 0.36; 3 Vitamin premix (mg/kg diets): V A, 1.83; V D, 0.5; V E, 10; V K, 10;, 100;, 20; V B6, 20; V B1, 20; D-, 50;, 1.0;, 5; V B12, 2; V C, 100;, 100; 4 Attractant: 0.26 g +0.63 g +0.1 g DMPT/kg, 0.2% E, 2 mm, 20 1.2 30 ( 50 cm, 98 L),,, 3 L/min (24±1), 0.5 mg/l, 5 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l, ph 6.8 12L/12D, 08: 00 20: 00,, 2,, 1d, ( 3.53 g),, 30,, 3,, 12,, 9: 00 15: 00, 1h, 70, (4 ), 1d, 24h,, 5, 5 g, 1h, 70,, 1.3, 24h, 6,, 1.5 ml 3h, 12000 r/min 10min, 8,,,
990 35 Tab. 2 表 2 实验饲料脂肪酸组成 (g/100g ) Fatty acid composition of experimental diets (g/100g diet) Diet Fatty acid FO CNO CO LO SO RO FCNO FCO FLO MIX 8:0 0.45 0.22 0.11 10:0 0.38 0.19 0.10 12:0 0.06 3.26 0.01 0.01 0.07 1.69 0.05 0.03 0.91 14:0 0.47 1.45 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.69 1.00 0.27 0.27 0.55 16:0 1.89 1.13 1.42 0.81 1.14 0.67 1.36 1.57 1.17 1.24 16:1n-9 0.50 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.29 0.27 0.27 0.17 18:0 0.49 0.34 0.28 0.39 0.39 0.24 0.37 0.53 0.38 0.35 18:1n-9 1.69 0.91 2.68 1.83 2.14 3.32 1.05 2.10 1.50 1.65 18:2n-6 2.96 1.21 6.41 2.85 5.45 2.42 1.87 4.30 2.62 3.26 18:3n-6 0.02 0.96 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.24 0.14 18:3n-3 0.37 0.15 0.23 3.04 0.60 0.61 0.25 0.35 1.65 0.98 20:0 0.05 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.03 20:1n-9 0.11 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.52 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 20:4n-6 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02 20:5n-3 1.45 0.08 0.12 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.87 0.75 0.80 0.48 22:1n-9 0.02 0.06 1.60 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 22:6n-3 0.69 0.10 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.06 0.44 0.39 0.40 0.27 SFA 1 2.97 6.69 1.80 1.27 1.60 1.72 4.70 2.47 1.87 3.19 MUFA 2 2.35 0.96 2.78 1.90 2.28 5.49 1.45 2.47 1.86 1.88 PUFA 3 5.55 1.54 6.89 7.04 6.31 3.23 3.47 5.85 5.75 5.15 HUFA 4 2.20 0.19 0.24 0.19 0.17 0.12 1.35 1.18 1.25 0.77 n-3 5 2.51 0.33 0.47 3.23 0.78 0.73 1.55 1.49 2.86 1.73 n-6 6 3.04 1.21 6.41 3.81 5.54 2.50 1.91 4.36 2.90 3.42 n-3/n-6 0.83 0.28 0.07 0.85 0.14 0.29 0.81 0.34 0.99 0.51 : 1 SFA, (saturated fatty acids): 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0; 2 MUFA, (monounsaturated fatty acids): 16:1n-9, 18:1n-9, 20:1n-9; 3 PUFA, (polyunsaturated fatty acids): 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:3n-6, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; 4 HUFA, (highly unsaturated fatty acids): 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; 5 n-3: 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; 6 n-6: 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, 20:4n-6 (SOD);,, 70 1.4 (abbott-aeroset, America) SOD Ôyanagi [13], 550 nm ; Bradford [14], U/mg prot AOAC [15] : 105, ; (2300 Kjeltec Analyzer Unit, FOSS TECATOR, Sweden); (Soxtec system HT6, Tecator, Haganas, Sweden); 550 GB/T 17376-1998(eqv ISO 5509:1978) GB/T 17377-1998(eqv ISO 5508:1990), (SHIMADZU SPL-14C)(SHIMADZU GC-14C)(60 m 0.25 mm) (130 : 1min; 130 170 : 6.5 /min; 170 215: 2.75 /min; 215 : 12min; 215 230 : 40 /min;
6 : 991 230 : 3min), ( 43 ml/min), (flame ionization detector) 270, 280, C11:0 1.5 Statistical 6.0 (One-way ANOVA), Duncan s P<0.05, 2 2.1 3, 1 1 (P<0.05),,,, (P<0.05), 1 1, 1 1 1:1,, (P<0.05) (P>0.05) 2.2 SOD 4, SOD 1 1 1 1 (P<0.05), (P>0.05) (P<0.05) (HDL) (LDL) (P>0.05) 2.3 5, (P>0.05) 2.4 6, (P>0.05) (P<0.05), (P>0.05) 2.5 7 12 16:0 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 22:6n-3 Diet Tab. 3 IBW 1 (g) 表 3 不同脂肪源饲料对异育银鲫生长和饲料利用的影响 (±)* Effect of dietary lipid sources on growth performance and feed utilization of gibel carp (Mean±SE)* FBW 2 (g) FR 3 (% BW/d) WG 4 (%) FE 5 (%) HSI 6 (%) VSI 7 (%) FO 3.53±0.00 8.47±0.06 b 3.12±0.03 a 148.35±2.00 ab 33.10±0.40 bc 4.57±0.35 16.68±1.16 CNO 3.54±0.01 9.30±0.11 cd 3.76±0.04 c 172.22±3.38 def 29.74±0.59 a 4.98±0.27 17.38±0.43 CO 3.53±0.00 8.37±0.04 ab 3.22±0.03 a 145.52±1.18 ab 31.69±0.18 abc 5.01±0.34 17.74±0.04 LO 3.52±0.01 7.98±0.25 a 3.02±0.03 a 134.94±7.14 a 32.33±0.83 abc 4.89±0.58 17.84±0.46 SO 3.53±0.00 9.49±0.07 de 3.72±0.07 bc 178.41±1.90 ef 30.63±0.73 ab 5.31±0.28 17.42±0.36 RO 3.54±0.01 9.00±0.25 c 3.13±0.11 a 163.29±7.49 cd 34.80±1.97 c 5.26±0.28 17.69±0.40 FCNO 3.54±0.00 9.78±0.17 e 3.53±0.13 b 186.25±4.96 f 33.12±1.66 bc 4.87±0.28 17.31±0.15 FCO 3.53±0.01 9.10±0.20 cd 3.24±0.02 a 167.46±6.34 de 34.01±0.48 c 4.91±0.39 17.84±0.48 FLO 3.53±0.00 8.53±0.09 b 3.04±0.07 a 150.23±2.86 bc 34.17±0.54 c 4.69±0.19 17.58±0.27 MIX 3.53±0.00 8.49±0.09 b 3.23±0.05 a 149.28±2.35 abc 32.08±0.24 abc 4.55±0.03 17.39±0.30 *(P<0.05); 1 IBW: ; 2 FBW: ; 3 (% / )=100 /[ ( + )/2]; 4 (%)=100 ()/; 5 (%)=100 / ; 6 (%)=100 /; 7 (%)=100 / Note: *Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05); 1 IBW: initial body weight (g); 2 FBW: final body weight (g); 3 Feeding rate (% body weight/d) = 100 total feed intake/ [days (initial body weight + final body weight)/2]; 4 Weight gain (%)=100 (final body weight initial body weight)/ initial body weight; 5 Feed efficiency (%) =100 wet weight gain/dry feed intake; 6 Hepato-somatic index (%) =100 liver wet weight/body weight; VSI: 7 Viscera-somatic index (%) =100 viscera wet weight/body weight
992 35 Diet 表 4 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫肝脏 SOD 及血清生化指标 (±)* Tab. 4 Hepatic SOD and plasma biochemistry in gibel carp fed diets with different lipid sources (Mean±SE)* Liver Plasma SOD (U/mg prot) TG (mmol/l) TC (mmol/l) HDL (mmol/l) LDL (mmol/l) FO 324.82±48.73 abc 2.00±0.14 a 6.32±0.41 1.21±0.03 0.19±0.04 CNO 241.06±12.79 a 2.63±0.30 a 7.08±0.57 1.21±0.01 0.35±0.09 CO 333.12±45.83 abc 2.32±0.20 a 5.57±0.09 1.16±0.00 0.16±0.02 LO 276.74±13.04 ab 2.25±0.41 a 5.70±0.41 1.17±0.01 0.27±0.07 SO 287.62±23.59 ab 4.32±0.68 b 6.66±0.17 1.17±0.01 0.32±0.06 RO 391.42±49.35 bc 3.94±0.86 b 5.91±0.62 1.14±0.02 0.25±0.07 FCNO 343.39±53.53 abc 2.14±0.28 a 5.55±0.45 1.14±0.02 0.27±0.07 FCO 411.33±32.78 bc 1.91±0.34 a 4.84±0.99 1.16±0.02 0.12±0.05 FLO 439.60±39.85 c 2.33±0.09 a 5.66±0.04 1.17±0.01 0.31±0.04 MIX 436.96±63.86 c 1.97±0.29 a 6.08±0.92 1.17±0.05 0.21±0.07 *(P<0.05); Note: *Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05); the bellow is same Diet 表 5 不同脂肪源对异育银鲫各组织水分和脂肪含量的影响 (±)* Tab. 5 Effect of dietary lipid sources on moisture and lipid content in different tissues of gibel carp (Mean±SE)* Carcass Viscera Ventral muscle Dorsal muscle Moisture (%) (%) Lipid Moisture (%) (%) Lipid Moisture (%) (%) Lipid Moisture (%) (%) Lipid FO 73.36±0.61 5.94±0.29 71.07±2.08 10.34±1.83 75.35±0.89 4.58±0.15 79.06±0.94 1.12±0.15 CNO 72.10±0.47 6.40±0.35 68.22±1.24 11.28±1.46 74.00±0.42 5.91±0.84 78.05±0.20 1.11±0.20 CO 72.67±0.13 6.01±0.08 68.88±0.94 11.60±1.10 74.95±0.21 3.77±0.39 78.23±0.17 1.14±0.16 LO 72.74±0.18 5.65±0.61 67.73±2.30 11.67±1.48 74.61±0.27 4.84±0.67 78.30±0.55 1.16±0.15 SO 72.54±0.62 6.16±0.19 69.41±0.76 11.77±1.23 75.19±0.30 5.45±2.09 79.15±0.75 1.45±0.31 RO 72.59±0.26 6.35±0.22 68.19±1.68 11.72±0.83 74.74±0.38 5.26±0.33 78.38±0.49 1.29±0.08 FCNO 72.59±0.21 6.39±0.09 68.83±1.79 11.64±0.31 74.78±0.37 4.41±0.97 77.97±0.46 1.06±0.14 FCO 72.65±0.15 6.25±0.32 65.92±0.99 15.16±1.64 74.53±0.59 5.56±2.16 78.13±0.31 1.29±0.09 FLO 73.31±0.47 5.75±0.27 70.84±1.93 11.29±2.65 73.80±0.59 4.22±1.29 78.64±0.32 1.29±0.17 MIX 72.98±0.52 5.85±0.33 71.25±2.10 10.45±1.90 75.02±0.94 5.86±1.13 78.78±0.56 1.09±0.13 表 6 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫鱼体生化组成 (% 湿重 )(±) Tab. 6 Body composition of gibel carp fed diets with different lipid sources (% in wet weight) (Mean±SE) Diet Dry matter Crude protein Crude lipid Ash Initial 23.28±0.39 13.44±0.22 2.91±0.19 4.69±0.01 Final FO 25.74±0.11 14.76±0.16 bc 6.21±0.16 2.99±0.09 CNO 26.33±0.18 14.96±0.20 c 5.92±0.09 3.37±0.05 CO 26.25±0.27 14.57±0.10 abc 6.51±0.20 3.24±0.07 LO 26.12±0.50 14.23±0.05 ab 6.41±0.27 3.27±0.11 SO 26.21±0.36 14.76±0.15 bc 6.75±0.17 3.08±0.17 RO 25.09±0.71 14.10±0.38 a 6.16±0.20 3.01±0.05 FCNO 26.24±0.23 14.70±0.08 bc 6.41±0.35 3.05±0.05 FCO 25.69±0.35 14.57±0.13 abc 6.04±0.22 3.18±0.24 FLO 26.16±0.17 14.81±0.05 c 6.45±0.21 3.00±0.03 MIX 25.69±0.43 14.96±0.16 c 5.77±0.51 3.20±0.09
6 : 993 HUFA ( 22:6n-3), 1:1 12:0 14:0 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3 18:3n-3, 1:1 MUFA( 18:1n-9) 1, 16:0 20:4n-6, 16:0 18:1n-9 HUFA( 20:4n-6 22:6n-3), PUFA( 18:2n-6 18:3n-3) 3,, 24,,,, 64%,,,, HUFA [6, 7, 16],,, Acipenser transmontanus 8 [17], 18:2n-6 [12], 18:2n-6, Fatty acid Tab. 7 表 7 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫肌肉脂肪酸组成 (% ) Fatty acid composition of muscle lipid in gibel carp fed diets with different lipid sources (% in total fatty acids) Diet Initial FO CNO CO LO SO RO FCNO FCO FLO MIX 12:0 0.26 0.24 6.54 7 0.28 0.10 0.31 4.41 0.26 0.16 2.50 14:0 1.36 2.17 6.01 0.78 1.12 0.76 1.07 4.76 1.69 1.83 3.17 16:0 24.65 20.59 22.18 19.62 17.61 19.69 18.49 21.67 20.38 19.75 20.16 16:1n-9 1.94 4.38 3.98 2.03 2.16 2.04 2.58 4.21 3.30 3.38 2.73 18:0 8.87 5.98 6.42 5.90 6.54 6.36 4.52 6.14 5.73 6.22 6.37 18:1n-9 23.69 20.26 25.60 26.70 24.01 26.48 35.64 22.93 24.50 22.76 23.23 18:2n-6 17.33 17.34 11.41 29.25 19.51 27.97 15.40 13.81 24.76 19.24 20.25 18:3n-3 2.17 2.47 0.92 0.88 9.33 2.10 1.94 1.25 1.23 6.28 3.10 18:3n-6 0.28 1.52 0.27 0.29 1.06 0.57 20:0 0.30 0.39 0.15 0.13 0.19 0.14 0.24 0.18 0.20 0.19 20:1n-9 1.91 1.78 1.86 1.90 1.69 1.75 5.20 1.73 1.86 1.65 1.64 20:3n-3 0.50 0.36 0.23 20:4n-6 1.57 1.61 3.74 4.81 1.44 4.24 3.21 1.96 2.43 1.33 2.39 20:5n-3 3.05 5.25 1.24 0.87 2.34 0.82 1.15 3.50 2.73 3.57 2.12 22:1n-9 1.99 22:6n-3 12.91 15.09 9.48 7.11 11.75 7.28 7.96 13.28 10.95 12.20 11.35 SFA 1 35.44 29.38 41.53 26.43 25.74 27.05 24.63 37.15 28.24 28.16 32.39 MUFA 2 27.54 26.42 31.68 30.63 27.86 30.27 45.41 29.04 29.66 27.79 27.60 PUFA 3 24.12 26.95 17.31 35.81 34.64 35.40 21.99 20.52 31.15 31.84 28.66 HUFA 4 17.53 21.95 14.46 12.79 15.53 12.34 12.32 18.74 16.11 17.10 15.86 n-3 5 18.13 22.82 11.64 8.86 23.92 10.20 11.05 18.03 14.91 22.41 16.80 n-6 6 18.90 19.23 15.15 34.06 22.47 32.48 18.90 15.77 27.19 21.63 23.21 n-3/n-6 0.96 1.19 0.77 0.26 1.06 0.31 0.58 1.14 0.55 1.04 0.72 : 1 SFA, (saturated fatty acids): 6: 0, 8: 0, 10: 0, 12: 0, 14: 0, 16: 0, 18: 0, 20: 0; 2 MUFA, (monounsaturated fatty acids): 16: 1n-9, 18: 1n-9, 20: 1n-9; 3 PUFA, (polyunsaturated fatty acids): 18: 2n-6, 18: 3n-3, 18: 3n-6, 20: 4n-6, 20: 5n-3, 22: 6n-3; 4 HUFA, (highly unsaturated fatty acids): 20: 4n-6, 20: 5n-3, 22: 6n-3; 5 n-3: 18: 3n-3, 20: 5n-3, 22: 6n-3; 6 n-6: 18: 2n-6, 20: 3n-6, 20: 4n-6; 7 : not detected
994 35 Fig. 1 1 (% ) Relationship between fish muscle fatty acid concentrations and dietary concentrations (% in total fatty acids),, [16, 18] Cyprinus carpio L. [19] Heterobranchus longifilis [20] Sciaenops ocellatus [21], ( 12:0),, [22],,, 1.2% 18:2n-6,, 18:2n-6 18:3n-3 18:1n-9, β [23], [24, 25] HUFA [26], HUFA, HUFA, [27,28], 18:3n-3 [8] 18:2n-6, 18:2n-6 [12], 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:3n-3 n-6/n-3 [9, 29] 1 1,
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6 : 997 [36] Olsen R E, Henderson R J. Muscle fatty acid composition and oxidative stress indices of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in relation to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and temperature [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1997, 3: 227 238 [37] Bell M V, Dick J R, Porter A E A. Biosynthesis and tissue deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Lipids, 2001, 36: 1153 1159 [38] Skallia A, Robin J H. Requirement of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles: growth and fatty acid composition [J]. Aquaculture, 2004, 240: 399 415 [39] Ng W K, Koh C B, Din Z B. Palm oil-laden spent bleaching clay as a substitute for marine fish oil in the diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2006, 12: 459 468 DIETARY LIPID SOURCES FOR GIBEL CARP CARASSIUS AURATUS GIBELIO: GROWTH PERFORMANCE, TISSUE COMPOSITION AND MUSCLE FATTY ACID PROFILES CHEN Jia-Lin 1, 2, HAN Dong 1, ZHU Xiao-Ming 1, YANG Yun-Xia 1 and XIE Shou-Qi 1, 3 (1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; 2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. Aquaculture Divisions, E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai 200025, China) Abstract: A 12-week growth trial was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) to evaluate their ability by utilize different dietary lipids. Ten diets were supplemented with 8% of either fish oil (FO), coconut oil (CNO), corn oil (CO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), 1 1 fish oil-coconut oil (FCNO), 1 1 fish oil-corn oil (FCO), 1 1 fish oil-linseed oil (FLO) or 1 1 1 1 fish-coconut-corn-linseed oil mixture (MIX). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 3.53 g, 30 ini.) in a recirculation system at (24±1).Weight gain were the highest in SO and CNO group, followed RO and the lowest in FO, CO and LO group, when used as a single lipid source. Compared to total replacement of fish oil, coconut oil, corn oil or linseed oil substitute 50% fish oil led to a higher weight gain, respectively. Neither the plasma biochemistry nor the lipid and moisture contents in different tissues of gibel carp showed significant difference between groups (P>0.05). Fatty acid composition of muscle in fish generally reflected the composition of the diet. Fish fed CO and SO had higher 20:4n-6, while relative higher 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was detected in fish fed LO. These results suggested that gibel carp had ability to desaturate and elongate 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 to highly unsaturated fatty acid. In conclusion, soybean oil, coconut oil and rapeseed oil were good alternative lipid sources for gibel carp. Key words: Gibel carp; Lipid sources; Growth; Muscle fatty acid composition