穨論文2001.PDF

(19791996)

Scan ( ) 2001.5.29

1979

... 1... 1... 4... 8...11... 13... 13... 19... 24... 33... 39... 40... 40... 46... 50... 52... 52... 59... 62... 64... 65... 66... 75... 78... 79... 82... 83... 83... 89... 98... 99

...1...5...12...25 ( )...49 ( )...85 ( )...98 ( )...136 ( )...140

-1 ( )... 8-2 ( )... 9-3 ( )... 10-4 ( )... 10-1 68-76... 29-2... 32-3... 32-4... 34-1... 41-2... 43-1... 67-2... 75-3... 79

1 ( )...16 2 1970 2 ( )...22 3 1970 2 ( )...22 4 (1977.8.8)...25 5 1977 8...26 6 (1982.2)...30 7 (1996.1)...38 8 (1983.7)...42 9 (1984.2)...43 10...47 11 (1979.2)...60 12 (1983.6)...71 13 (1985.6)...84 14...93 15 (2000.9.20)...94 16...96

1... 63

(Fons Trompenaars) (Charles Hampden-Turner) (Riding the Waves of Culture) ( 1999 5 30) -1-

-2-

( ) -3-

community spirit regional studies (Skinner Box) 1 74 89 5-4-

() 1 1989.6 2 1990.6 3 1991.6 4 1992.6 5 1993.6 6 1995.5 ( ) 1. 1990.6 2. 1991.1 3. 1992.6-5-

( ) 1. 1993.6 1 1990.9 2 1993.6 3 1993.6 4 1993.6 1. ( ) 1985.8.19~8.20 2. ( ) ( 75 ) 1986.7.23~7.25 3. 1990.2.12~2.17 4. 1991.2.4~2.9 5. 1992.2.10~2.15 6. 1993.2.8~2.13 7. 1994.2.1~2.6 8. 1995.2.6~2.11 9. 1996.1.29~2.3-6-

() 1990 9-7-

( ) 1979 1996 (1978~1981) (1982~1989) (1990~1997) -1-1 ( ) 1-1 1-2 1-3 -8-

1-3-1 1-4 1-5 -2-2 ( ) 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6 2-7 2-8 2-9 2-10 -3-9-

-3 ( ) 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 3-9 -4 ( ) 4-1 -10-

-11-

-12-

-13-1979 1963 () (Helen.R.Sattley) ( ) (Helen.R.Sattley) ( ) (193~194)

() (Monro Leaf) 1965 1945-1989 (Monro Leaf) ( ) (196) 1963 1972 5 28 ( ) (3 ( ) 1974 12 29 (3 ) -14-

-15- ( ) (1989 10 2-28 ) ( ) (72-73) (83-84) 1 ( )

1 ( ) ( 2-4) () 0 1986 ( 182) (53) (90) (91) -16-

-17- (93) 0 () 1981 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (77) 1982 7 25 ~

() 1997-18-

-19- (1981) 1979-1996 (10) 1961

-20- (85) 1964 (1970~1978) 1969 9 1970

( ) 1-2 1971 (83) 107 1970 2-21-

( 2 3) 2 1970 2 ( ) 3 1970 2 ( ) 1970 2 1978 1979-22-

1970~1978-23-

1979 1989 ( ) 1990 1996 ( ) ( ) 1979 2 1977 ( 4) (1981 5 50) -24-

4 (1977.8.8) 1980 1981 1982-25-

1-2 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. 7. 2-4( 5) 5 1977 8 1977 ( ) -26-

1978 8 1-2 1970 1977 1978 1979 2 ( 87-27-

( ) -28-

( -1) 1-2 1979 1987 ( ~ ) -1 68-76 68 141,160,234 69 144,164,976 ( ) 70 338,325,532 71 200,141,715 72 1,110,447,250 73 1,139,828,060 74 1,361,664,091 75 1,480,005,757 76 1,350,534,436 ( 6) 28-29-

( 1-1) 6 (1982.2) () -30-

( 1-2) -31-

( 2-4) () -2 1980.5 1981.6 1982.6 1983.6 1985.6-3 2/141516 75 1986.2 2/171819 79 1988.2 2/456 115-32-

1990 2 12 1990~1995 1996 ( ~ ) ( ) () -33-

-34- ( 1-2) ( 14 4 14~15) ( 1-1) () ( -4) -4 ( )

77 49,803,722,415 1,687,330,509 13 78 61,209,159,253 1,766,955,218 79 69,954,823,938 2,107,447,085 14 80 89,508,966,303 2,850,441,728 15 81 100,186,381,273 3,242,923,934 16 82 116,925,244,620 3,632,502,196 17 83 126,993,642,711 3,571,534,966 18 84 137,708,526,806 4,508,986,000 19 85 157,669,870,000 4,682,046,000 20 1997.8 478 () ( 4-1) -35-

( 4-1) (0 ) ( ~) () 1996 1996 () 1. 1990 2 12 2. -36-

( 1-1) () 21 ( 1-1) ( 4-1) 1990 1997-37-

( 4-1) 1996 () ( 4-1) ( 7) 7 (1996.1) -38-

1979 1996-39-

() (-1) ~ ( 1-2) ( 1-2) -40-

198419851986 ( ~ ) -1 ( ) 1 2 100 2 2 100 3 2 100 4 2 100 5 3 80 6 2 200 ( ) 7 3 80 8 2 110 9 2 100 10 3 100 11 3 80 12 2 260 13 6( 5 ) ( ) 80 () ( 1-2) () -41-

( 1-2) () ( 8 9) 8 (1983.7) -42-

9 (1984.2) ~ ~ () ( -2) -2 ( ) 1 2 3 4 5 6-43-

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 () ( 1-2) -44-

!( 1-5) -45-

() ( ) () ( 1-1) () -46-

( 3-5) 10 () ( 3-5) () -47-

-48- ( 1-2) () ()

( 1-1) -49-

( 4-1) -50-

( 3-1) -51-

( 1-2) 1977 8-52-

-53- ( 1-2) (67) 1971 5 3 5 29 ( ) ( )

1970 ( ) -54-

1 2 1977 ( 1-3-1) 1 21~22 2000.2.1 2 51 2000.2.1-55-

( 4-1) ( 1-3-1) ( ) 1996-56-

( ) ( 1-4) ( 1-4) ( 1-5) 1981 1982 2-57-

( 1-5) 1989 1985 12 2-58-

-59-

( 3-1) ( 1-2)( 11) 11 (1979.2) -60-

( 1-1) ( 1-2) ( ) ( 1-2) -61-

-62- ( 3-5) ( 1-2) 1

1 () ( ) -63-

-64-

1 1 1980 10 10-65-

2 3 4 2 55 41 3 5 47 4 58 96-66-

-67- (-1) -1

-68-1970 ( - 1 ) () () (15)

-69-

0 ( 0 ) () -70-

( - 2 ) ( 12) 12 (1983.6) () -71-

() -72-

() -73-

-74-

-75- ( -2) -2 ( - 3 ) ()

-76- ( 59) () () () E.Bwhite

( 10) ()96-77-

( - 4 ) () () -78-

-79- -3-3 84

( - 5 ) DTT () ( - 6 ) () - 7 6-80-

- 8 ( ()82) -81-

() () -82-

( ) ( 13) -83-

13 (1985.6) () -84-

( ) 57 () 1. -85-

( 3-2) ( 3-2) ( 3-2) 2. ( 3-1) -86-

( 3-1) 3. ( ) (10) 79 80 ( 3-3) -87-

(128) -88-

( 3-1) ( 1-1) -89-

( 1-2) () ( 1-2) -90-

( 1-1) () ( 3-2) ( ) -91-

() (2000 ) -92-

( 1-1)( 14) (2001.5) 1 2001 5 14 () -93-

( 1-2)( 15) 15 (2000.9.20) () ( 3-5) -94-

-95- ( 1-1) ( ) ( ) 1. ( 3-5) 2. () 1. 1999 2000

() 1 88.11.12 2 88.11.28 3 89.1.25 4 89.3.4 5 89.4.15 6 89.4.22 7 89.5.20 2. 3. ( ) 16-96-

() 1999 ( ) () () ( 1-2) -97-

( 2-9) -98-

-99- (66 ) ( 136141183 ) 1975.7 1980.10.10 () 1984.12.25 () 1985.11.25 ( ) 1985.8.19~8.20 ( ) ( 75 ) 1986.7.23~7.25 () 1987.4.4 () 1987.4.4

1990.2.12~2.17 1991.2.4~2.9 1992.2.10~2.15 1993.2.8~2.13 1994.2.1~2.6 1995.2.6~2.11 1996.1.29~2.3 1996.4-100-

1985.12-101-

Robert Bocock The Voice of the Past.Oral History Paul Thompson Oxford University Press(China)Ltd 1999 9 1972.5.28 3 ( ) 44 1973.1.28 3 ( ) ( ) -102-

142 1974.12.29 3 ( ) 150 1975.2.25 3 ( ) 157 1975.4.13 3 ( ) 167 1975.6.23 3 ( ) 204 1976.3.14 3 ( ) 205 1976.3.21 3 ( ) 250 1977.1.30 3 ( ) 288 1977.10.30 3 ( ) 304 1978.2.19 3 ( ) 346 1978.12.10 3 ( ) 3691979.5.273( ) 389 1979.10.14 3 ( ) 398 1979.12.16 3 ( ) 421 1980.6.1 3 ( ) 1981.9.15 1981.9.15 1981.9.15 1981.10.17-103-

49~52 1981.5.15 500 1981.12.13 3 ( ) 1982.2.6( ) 1982.2.6( ) 523 1982.5.23 3 ( ) 5321982.7.253( ) 538 1982.9.5 3 ( ) ( ) 1982.4.4 ~1983.4.4 568 1983.4.10 3 ( ) 1983.6.12( ) 1983.6.12( ) 1983.6.12( ) 5811983.7.103( ) 1983.7.26( ) -104-

( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 3 ( ) 1985.6.15( ) 1985.6.15( ) 1985.6.16( ) 1985.6.16( ) 1985.6.16( ) 1985.6.16( ) 3 ( ) 1985.8.19 2 ( ) 1985.8.19 2 ( ) 3 ( ) 1986.2.18 4 ( ) 1986.2.18 4 ( ) -105-

3 ( ) 3 ( ) ( ) (Tawin Literature) 108 157~166 1987.11~12 1988.2.2 4 ( ) () 1989.7.20( ) 8 ( ) 1990.2.20 12 ( ) 1990.10.22( ) ( ) 1991.8.25 1991.11.13 6 ( ) 79. 80. ( ) 14 4 14~16 1998.7 81. 16 3 4~6 2000.5 82. 2000.9.20 18 ( ) 83. 2000.9.20 18 ( ) 84. 2001.2.26 18 ( ) -106-

-1-

-2-

-3-

-4-

-5-21 24 24

-6-26 26 28

31 ( ) ( ) ( ) 42-7-

43 43 81 86-8-

44 44-9-

46 54-10-

-11-57 58 http://ntsvr1.ylhcc.gov.tw/writer/writer.asp( )

1 20 1 2 16 1 3 17 1 4 14.16 2 5 14.15.16.17 4 6 16.17 2 7 16 1 8 11 1 9 15 1 10 16 1 11 19 1 12 9 1 13 16.18 2 14 15 1 15 15 1 16 20 1 17 14 1 18 16.17 2 19 19 1 20 15 1 21 11 1 22 15 1 23 18 1 24 16 1 25 9.2 2 26 18 1 27 16.19 2 28 15 1 29 15.16 2 30 20 1 31 17 1 32 16 1 33 9.15 2 34 18 1-12-

35 9 1 36 16 1 37 15 1 38 9.16.17.18.19 5 39 16 40 9 1 41 19.2 2 42 17 1 43 11 1 44 9 1 45 11 1 46 16 1 47 18 1 48 20 1 49 16.17.19.20 4 50 16 1 51 15.16 2 52 14.15 2 53 11.19 2 54 16 1 55 11 1 56 20 1 57 11 1 58 18 1 59 11 1 60 16.2 2 61 14.15.16.17.19.20 6 62 16.18 2 63 9 1 64 16.17 2 65 11 1 66 15.18 2 67 15 1 68 16 1 69 11 1 70 9.11.14 3 71 15 1 72 18 1 73 15.19 2 74 11 1 75 20 1-13-

76 20 1 77 15.16 2 78 14.17.18 3 79 14.16 2 80 17 1 81 16 1 82 15 1 83 20 1 84 9 1 85 15 1 86 14 1 87 19 1 88 9 1 89 20 1 90 9.11.15 3 91 20 1 92 15.16 2 93 20 1 94 15 1 95 9 1 96 16.19 2 97 16 1 98 16 1 99 15.16 2 100 20 1 101 19 1 102 15.17 2 103 15 1 104 9 1 105 16 1 106 11 1 107 9 1 108 15 1 109 20 1 110 19 1 111 9 1 112 16 1 113 16 1 114 9 1 115 16 1 116 16 1-14-

117 16 1 118 9 1 119 16 1 120 11 1 121 14 1 122 14 1 123 15 1 124 9 1 125 16 1 126 17 1 127 15 1 128 17 1 129 18 1 130 9 1 131 15.16 2 132 9.17 2 133 11 1 134 16 1 135 15 1 136 16 1 137 14.15.18 3 138 16 1 139 15.16.20 3 140 14 1 141 16.19 2 142 15 1 143 16 1 144 16 1 145 20 1 146 9.16 2 147 19 1 148 9 1 149 19 1 150 9.11.14 3 151 19.20 2 152 15.19 2 153 15 1 154 15 1 155 17 1 156 9.14 2 157 15.16.17 3-15-

158 16 159 17 160 20 1 161 15 1 162 14.15.16 3 163 15 1 164 18 1 165 18 1 166 18 1 167 19 1 168 14.17.18 3 169 9 1 170 15 1 171 16 1 172 11 1 173 15 1 174 16 1 175 20 1 176 9 1 177 17 1 178 16.17.18 3 179 11.14 2 180 15 1 181 15.17 2 182 18 1 183 17 1 184 19 1 185 15.16.20 3 186 19 1 187 18 1 188 9 1 189 16 1 190 9 1 191 19 1 192 15.16 2 193 15 1 194 9 1 195 9 1 196 9.11 2 197 16 1 198 11 1-16-

199 11 1 200 9 1 201 18 1 202 20 1 203 15.16 2 204 18 1 205 19 1 206 20 1 207 20 1 208 16 1 209 16 1 210 17 1 211 19 1 212 16.17.19 3 213 14 1 214 11 1 215 15 1 216 16 1 217 16 1 218 11 1 219 9 1 220 9.14 2 221 18 1 222 14 1 223 14 1 224 15.16 2 225 19 1 226 19 1 227 16 1 228 20 1 229 15 1 230 16 1 231 9.16 2 232 16 1 233 15 1 234 15 1 235 16.17 2 236 20 1 237 9.11 2 238 16 1 239 20 1-17-

240 16 1 241 15 1 242 14.15 2 243 17.18 2 244 19 1 245 15 1 246 16 1 247 20 1 248 20 1 249 15 1 250 16 1 251 16 1 252 11 1 253 17 1 254 11 1 255 9 1 256 9.15 2 257 9 1 258 19 1 259 16 1 260 20 1 261 20 1 262 20 1 263 17 1 264 11 1 265 19 1 266 9.14.16 3 267 16 1 268 11 1 269 20 1 270 19 1 271 18 1 272 16 1 273 19 1 274 16 1 275 9 1 276 11 1 277 11 1 278 18 1 279 20 1 280 19 1-18-

281 16 1 282 19 1 283 19 1 284 14.16 2 285 18 1 286 18 1 287 20 1 288 18 1 289 20.17 2 290 16 1 291 11 1 292 11 1 293 16 1 294 11 1 295 14 1 296 14.15 2 297 20 1 298 15.16 2 299 15.16.20 3 300 14 1 301 9.11 2 302 17 1 303 20 1 304 19 1 305 11.18 2 306 16.17.19.20 4 307 16 1 308 16 1 309 20 1 310 15.16.17 3 311 19 1 312 11 1 313 20 1 314 15.16 2 315 11 1 316 19 1 317 19 1 318 20 1 319 9.11.14 3 320 18 1 321 11 1-19-

322 16 1 323 9 1 324 20 1 325 16 1 326 16 1 327 16 1 328 20 1 329 20 1 330 20 1 331 20 1 332 16 1 333 16 1 334 14 1 335 9 1 336 11 1 337 19 1 338 11 1 339 14 1 340 19 1 341 15 1 342 16 1 343 16 1 344 9 1 345 17 1 346 9 1 347 16 1 348 15.16 2 349 19 1 350 19 1 351 15.16 2 352 15.16 2 353 9 1 354 20 1 355 15.16 2 356 9 1 357 20 1 358 16 1 359 15 1 360 19 1 361 17 1 362 18 1-20-

363 11 1 364 15 1 365 20 1 366 16 1 367 9.11.14.15.16.17.18.19 8 368 9 1 369 9 1 370 16.18.19 3 371 9 1 372 9 1 373 11 1 374 16 1 375 9 1 376 16 1 377 19 1 378 16 1 379 14.15.19 3 380 19 1 381 16.17.19 3 382 15.19 2 383 15 1 384 16 1 385 19 1 386 18 1 387 18.19 2 388 15 1 389 16 1 390 9 1 391 20 1 392 16 1 393 9.19 2 394 15 1 395 11 1 396 15 1 397 14.15 2 398 9 1 399 11 1 400 16 1 401 19 1 402 9 1 403 19 1-21-

404 9.14 2 405 9 1 406 15 1 407 19 1 408 17 1 409 9 1 410 9 1 411 9 1 412 9 1 413 9 1 414 18 1 415 11.14 2 416 15 1 417 16 1 418 19 1 419 14 1 420 16 1 421 20 1 422 20 1 423 9 1 424 9 1 425 18 1 426 11 1 427 16 1 428 9 1 429 16 1 430 16 1 431 20 1 432 9 1 433 19 1 434 14 1 435 9.11 2 436 15.16 2 437 16.17 2 438 11 1 439 16 1 440 15 1 441 15.16 2 442 9 1 443 11 1 444 9 1-22-

445 9 1 446 20 1 447 11.14 2 448 11 1 449 9 1 450 16 1 451 20 1 452 9 1 453 20 1 454 16 1 455 14 1 456 15.16 2 457 16 1 458 9 1 459 20 1 460 11 1 461 16 1 462 20 1 463 19 1 464 16 1 465 16 1 466 11 1 467 16 1 468 16 1 469 19 1 470 15.18 2 471 15.16.17 3 472 9 1 473 15 1 474 9 1 475 19 1 476 15 1 477 14.15.17.20 4 478 14 1 479 20 1 480 17 1 481 11 1 482 9 1 483 20 1 484 9 1 485 9 1-23-

486 20 1 487 15.16 2 488 16 1 489 16 1 490 11 1 491 16.17.19 3 492 9.14.15 3 493 16 1 494 9 1 495 9.11 2 496 16.17.19 3 497 9 1 498 20 1 499 15 1 500 20 1 501 9 1 502 19 1 503 15 1 504 16 1 505 16 1 506 15 1 507 18 1 508 16.17.18 3 509 9 1-24-

-25- - 1 ( ) 1980.10.10 20 () 1984.12.25 15

-26- () () () () 1987.4.4 17 1990.06 15 1991.06 32

-27-1993.06 100

-28-

-29- ( )

-30- - 2 ( ) 1980.10.10 39 1980.05

-31-1982.4.4 30 () 1984.12.25 35

-32-10 59

-33- () () () ()

-34- () 1987.4.4 71

-35-103

-36-

-37- ( )

-38-1992.06 ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ - 3 ( ) 1980.10.10 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () 1985.11.25 ( ) 12

-39- ( ) 10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10 () 1987.4.4 10

-40-1990.06 9 1991.06 9 1993.6 8 1995.5 19

-41-6 - 4 4 ( ) 1980.10.10 23 1980.05

-42- () ( ) () ( ) () ( ) ( ( ) () ( ) () ( ) () 1985.11.25 7 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10 ( ) ( ) 1989.6 ( ) 10

-43- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 10

-44- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1990.6 6 1991.6 10 1993.6 7 1995.5 5

- 5 ()1987.4.4 8-6 ()1987.4.4 10 1992.6 21-45-

-46-8 - 7 ( ) 1980.10.10 5-8 ( ) 1980.10.10 18 1980.05

-47-11 () 1987.4.4 8

1990.6 11-48-

( ) (1-1) 90 3 24 9:00~12:00 1. 79 85 2. -49-

3. 19901996-50-

4. -51-

5. -52-

-53-21 6.

7. 8. -54-

9. -55-

10. -56-

11. -57-

12. -58-

-59-

-60-

(1-2) : 90 4 6 2:00~6:30 1. -61-

11-62-

2. -63-

3. 19791989-64-

-65-

-66-

-67-

-68-

4. -69-

5. -70-

-71-

6. -72-

7. ( ) 8. -73-

-74-

9. -75-

10. -76-

11. / 1999-77-

(1-3-1) : 90 4 26 2:30~4:00 1. 2. 3. 19961997-78-

4. 5. 6. -79-

(1-4) 1. ( ) ( ) ( ) 68 84 2 1 2. 3. 19791996 4. -80-

-81-5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. -82-

(1-5) 1. 2. 3. 19791996 4.!!! 5. -83-

6.! 7. 8. ( ) ( ) ( ) 9. ( ) ) ( ) 10. 11. ( ) -84-

( ) (2-1) 1. 2. 3. 4. 1979.2 5. 6. 7. ( ) -85-

-86- (2-2) 1. 2.! ( )! 3. 1981.2 1982.2 1984.2 1984.8

4.! 5. 6.! 7.! -87-

(2-3) 1. 1974 12 (1962-1974) (1970-1973) 1975 15 1990 1991 10 (1995-2000 ) 2001 1 2. 2001 3. 1985.2 1987.5 1990.2 ( ) 4. ( ) 5. -88-

6. 2001 1996 ( 40 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) -89-

(2-4) 1. 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. 7. 2. 55 4 4-90-

-91-46 ( )

3. 4. 1979.2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 5. -92-

-93-6. 7. ( ) 8.

-94- (2-9) ( )- 1978 ( ) 717273 P ( ) ( ) ( - ) ( ) 4. 1985.2 1988.2 1996.1

-95- ( ) 6. ( ) (2001 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

(2-10) 4. 1980.1 1985.8 1993.2 1980 1985 1993-96-

-97-

( ) (3-1) 90 4 7 7:00~9:00 1. 2. 3. -98-

4. 5. E-mail E-mail -99-

6. 7. 8. 9. -100-

10. ( ) 990-101-

(3-2) : 90 4 13 2:00~4:00 1. 2. -102-

3. 1991 1993 1998 1998.4 4. 5. 6. -103-

7. 8. 9. 10. ( ) -104-

(3-3) 1. ~ 79 80 8182 (81 ) 8384 85~ 2. 79 3. 4. -105-

5. 79 80 6. 7. 8. 9.! 10. -106-

11. ( ) -107-

(3-4) 90 4 18 9:00~12:00 1. -108-

-109-

2. () -110-

3. -111-

4. 5. (1994.2) 6. -112-

7. ( ) -113-

8. 9. -114-

-115-

10. -116-

-117- (3-5) 90 5 5 5:00~6:30 1. : : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2. 3. -118-

-119-

4.! -120-

-121-

5. -122-

-123-

6. -124-

7. 8.! -125-

9. V.S. -126-

-127-

-128- (3-6) 79~86 ( ) < > < > ( )!

( ) ex -129-

(3-7) -130-

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(3-8) ( ) 15-132-

( ) () -133-

-134- (3-9) 90 5 6 9:30~10:30

-135-

-136- ( ) 4-1 90 4 27 12:00~13:30 1.

ideal -137-

-138-

36 2. ( ) 3. -139-

( ) 4. ( ) -140-