2012 9 50 57-110 512 921 zoo42@gate.sinica.edu.tw NSC98WIA0100291 512 921 2010 2011/03/15 2012/2/21
58 512 921
Taiwanese Journal of Sociology, September 2012, 50: 57-110 The Politics of Reconstruction: A Comparative Study of Earthquake Relief Efforts in China and Taiwan Thung-hong LIN Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica Abstract The author argues that regime type determines resource distribution tied to post-disaster reconstruction. In a democratic regime, when societal resource mobilization capacity is strong and administrative principal-agent problems are few, it is possible to adequately manage the deterioration of social inequality after a disaster. In contrast, in an authoritarian regime marked by limited freedoms of speech and association, politicians and administrators tend toward corruption, social inequalities worsen, and social protests suffer. I use two earthquakes (1999 in Taiwan and 2008 in Sichuan province) to investigate hypotheses regarding reconstruction politics. According to my findings, the Chinese communist regime suppressed civil association and mass media freedoms, resulting in greater inequalities in land/housing redistribution and increased collective action on the part of Chinese citizens. Keywords: disaster, earthquake, social inequality, democracy, authoritarianism
60 1999 9 21 1 47 921 7.6 7.3 2,415 30 11,306 11 2006 2008 5 12 2 28 7.9 7.8 69,227 17,923 37 400 2009 1,500 8,451 512 1976 2008 921 2004 2002 2008 2009 2009 2009 921 512
512 921 61 1 vulnerability Cutter 1996 2010 Fischer 1998 Stalling 2002 1 Disaster Management Cycles Haas, Kates and Bowden 1977
62 structural functionalism Quarantelli 1998; Hewitt 1998 Fritz 1961 status quo ante Stalling 2002: 286 Dynes and Tierney 1994 D i s a s t e r mythology Fischer 1998 Quarantelli 1960 2010 Quarantelli 1960 Dombrosky 1998 2010
512 921 63 Quarantelli 1960 Drabek 1986 2010 Fischer 1998 Rossi, Wright and Weber-Burdin 1982 Tierney 2007 Oliver-Smith 1996 governmentality Hewitt 1998: 90; Jones and Murphy 2009 state failure
64 Quarantelli 1998 political institutionalism incomplete asymmetry extremely bounded rationality 2 North 1990 March and Simon 1958 3 Jones and Murphy 2009 2 3 311
512 921 65 Klinenberg 2002; Iversen and Armstrong 2008 Olson 1965 4 Rawls 1971 5 2001: 75-77 Rose-Ackerman 1978 2009: 5 Hood 2007 4 2002 5 Scott 1976 moral economy
66 2004
512 921 67 Drabek 1986 Mileti 1999; Rodriguez, Quarantelli and Dynes 2007
68 Drabek 1986: 87-89 512 921 1 512 921 30-50 100 表 1 921 地震與 512 地震的災情簡介 比較項目 中國 512 地震 臺灣 921 地震 7.8-8.1 7.3-7.6 14 km² 2-3 km² 69,227 17,921 2010 37 2,415 30 11,306 1,500 32 400 11 6,898 9,145 125 293 4 2008 3,600 1999 62 200 5,854 1.8 2001 2006 2008 2009 2009
512 921 69 921 2010 4 7 2009 6 2011 11 1 512
70 6 2008 300 130 2009 2009 2009b 2009 NGO NGO 6 Hood 2007
512 921 71 2009 NGO 512 512 2009 A1 C1 C3 D1 D5 466 23% 2009: 30 2009: 60 C13 2008 2010 153 2009: 213
72 2,200 2009: 268 6 4 NGO 2009: 69 2009: 218 NGO 2009: 214 5 29 6 3 2009: 65 2009: 68 2009b
512 921 73 2009 1994 2009a 1.1 1.6 2008 9 2008 30% 3,000 4 2009 2,203 2008 499 2009 897 2010 807 2011 600 18 772 270 202 105 80 2009
74 2009 2,000 180 2009a, 2009b 6 11 2008 1% B S C9
512 921 75 C9 C12 D1 2010 5 Fragmented Authoritarianism Lieberthal and Oksenberg 1988 2009, 2010a, 2010b 4,000 29,704 9,561 107 685 107 7 14 11 12 4 8 42 5 5 2010b 2011 5 7 7 2011 5
76 2009 2000 2004 2008 5 31 NGO 2009: 75-78 2011/05/25
512 921 77 512 16 2009 2009 2008 652.5 379 58% 96.5 15% 138 21% 38.6 5.9% 30.4% 88.6% 476 391 85 50% 2009: 89-90
78 16 11.4% NGO 52% 69% 11% 10% 2009: 98 NGO 1% NGO A1 C8 D2 D3 D5 B1 T8 T9 400 60 200
512 921 79 10 C2 B3 B4 B5 8 2010 8 15 95% 2010 C4 D6 8 2010 8 13 14 379 6
80 2010 2009 2 2 2009 2010 6 5 2010 Ho 2005 15,000 20,000
512 921 81 2010 6 C3 2009 D1 D4 C7 C8 C9 T7 2008 2010 3
82 2010/05/11-13 2010 C5 D7 2010 C2 C6
512 921 83 12 137 182 2008/05/29 5 21 1989 1996 5 25 2008/05/29 7 6 3 8 7 15
84 2008 7 18 40 20 23 2008 9 2009 2008 12 1 58 24 2008/12/24 2009 1 30 2010/05/11 1,700 500 400 2009 7 3 5 2009/07/13 D1 6 10 2009 11 3 2009/11/23
512 921 85 2009 2 5 12 2010 2 5 2010 2009 3 8 2009/03/08 921 921 512 921
86 6 4 2000 921 6 10 2006 10 2002 1999 10 7 116 1999 10 921 2000 6 921 2000 2 6 2001: 46-48 921 921 921 1999 10 13
512 921 87 16 5 2008 7 1 2002 2006 2001a, 2001b 2006 921 1999 11 2000 2 921 921 2000 6 1 2006 512 4 3,622 1999 2000 1,061 2001 1,062 1,500
88 2001 2000 6 200 2001: 5-10 2001 2008 2000 921
512 921 89 1942 1999 2006 921 921 305 380 134 149 921 58 12 111 2001: 57-63 921 122 921 17 921 149 12 128 30 15 2002 111 17 2009 112% 2002: 34-41 921 2009 921 2009 64.9% 50 17.3% 7.2% 10.6%
90 921 17.3% 921 2009 118 74 63% 1,003 2006: 66 293 122 42% 150 230 2000 6 61.7% 11% 20% 2001: 57-63 380 230 921 150 18% 15-20% 9 9 Klein 2007 921 921
512 921 91 2001 18% 2006: 432-434 921 2004 20-38% 35-45% 2002 58-77% 2004: 68-70 921 921 921 2004
92 T2 10 2006 921 921 11 T1 T2 2007 921 10 1991 1998 539,211 545,874 1999 544,038 2010 526,491 2011 11 2011 3 14 9
512 921 93 2007 T1 T3 T4 T5 921 T2 512 921 921 2010 2000 9 2002
94 1999 9 23 10 2000 2001 12 78 42 45 8 2001 2 20 T2 2001 4 2004 10 2006 5 2010 921 34 2010 3 11 284
512 921 95 2 7 2010/03/12 A16 T6 512 921 921 921
96 512 921 2010 2010: 94 2 921 512
512 921 97 2009 2011 表 2 臺灣與四川地震的國家與社會關係對重建資源分配之影響 比較項目 中國 512 地震 臺灣 921 地震 30% 58.6% 88% 12% NGO 1% NGO 15-20%
98 88
512 921 99 附表 1 本文內引用受訪紀錄之編號 單位屬性與訪問時間地點 受訪者 單位屬性 受訪地點時間 性別 / 續訪時間 E1 NGO 2011/11 E2 2011/11 E3 2011/11 E4 NGO 2010/06 2011/10 E5 NGO 2010/06 D1 NGO 2011/06 2011/10 D2 NGO 2011/06 D3 NGO 2011/06 D4 2011/06 D5 NGO 2011/06 D6 2011/06 D7 NGO 2011/06 C1 NGO 2010/06-10 2011/06 C2 NGO / 2010/06 2011/10 C3 NGO 2010/06 C4 NGO 2010/06 2011/10 C5 NGO 2010/06 2011/10 C6 2010/06 C7 NGO 2010/06 C8 NGO 2010/06 2011/10 C9 2010/06 C10 NGO 2010/06 C11 NGO 2010/06 C12 2010/06 C13 NGO 2009/06 B1 2009/06 2009/10 B2 NGO 2009/10 2011/11 B3 NGO 2009/10 2011/11 B4 NGO 2009/10 2010/11 B5 2009/10 A1 NGO 2009/06 A2 2009/06 2010/06 A3 2009/06 A4 2009/06 A5 2009/06 A6 NGO 2009/06 2010/2011
100 A7 NGO 2009/06 2010/2011 T1 NGO 2010/04 2011 T2 NGO 2010/05 2011 T3 NGO 2010/04 T4 2010/04 T5 2010/04 T6 2010/05 T7 NGO 2009-10 2011 T8 NGO 2010/06 T9 2010/06 T10 NGO 2010/06 T11 NGO 2009/10
512 921 101 2009 7 28 http://www.hbczcz.gov.cn/common/ newshow.asp?id=78 2010 9 2 2008 8 27 http://big5.gov.cn/gate/ big5/www.gov.cn/ldhd/2008-08/27/content_1080841.htm 2010 9 2 2008 2008 53 6 18 http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/zwgk/2008-06/18/ content_1019966.htm 2010 9 2 2009 3 8 http://www.chinareviewnews. com/doc/1009/0/8/2/100908256.html?coluid=93&kindid=3911&docid= 100908256&mdate=0308223022 2010 9 7 2009 1 9 14 http://www.audit. gov.cn/n1057/n1072/n1282/1859944.html 2010 9 2 2010a 2 1 27 http://www.ciia.com.cn/pyciia/ Dnews/manage/news/news_show.asp?id=33828 2010 9 2
102 2010b 3 7 30 http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov. cn/zwgk/2010-07/30/content_1667637.htm 2010 9 2 2009 10 2 21 http://the-sun.on.cc/channels/ news/20090221/20090221013731_0000.html 2010 9 4 2008 2008 2009 NGO 2001 2008 7 17 http://www.wangbingzhang.us/forum/wbz/ messages/9118.html 2010 9 5 2011 http:// sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y02-01.xls 2011 6 2 2006 921 7(2): 135-153 2011 921 2011 5 7
512 921 103 2000 921 2009 7 13 http://life.mingpao.com/cfm/dailynews3b.cfm?file=20090713/ nalca/cab1.txt 2010 9 6 2010 5 11-13 http://www.specials.mingpao.com/cfm/category.cfm?categ oryid=3033&specialsid=155 2010 9 5 2010 5 11 http://www.specials.mingpao.com/cfm/news.cfm?specialsid=155&page=1&news=8548f0b18da01fbf9c44f2bb0d0843b f04c5f2ba880e0d2392e74739b92e37 2010 9 6 2011 5 25 http://specials.mingpao.com/cfm/news.cfm?specialsid=155&n ews=c19b72cec28969ec4c92d3cadc0331e4c91fd4aeca5367e4841a15e8 5a 2011 6 6 2010 7 3 http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/china_world/20100703/00178_001. html 2010 9 4 2010 8 17 http://dailynews.sina.com/bg/chn/chnpolitics/sinacn/ c/2010-08-17/094320914235.html 2010 9 4 2009a 47: 105-155 2009b
104 12: 11-21 2008 12(1): 1-28 2004 921 2009 http://www.512dz.org/zhyzxxfwzx/html/ main/new/ 2009 8 10 2008 5 29 http://www.infzm.com/ content/12681 2010 9 5 2000 921 2009 11 23 http://www.voanews.com/chinese/ news/huang-sentenced-20091123-71538397.html 2010 9 7 2004 317-346 921 921 2009 http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/921pdf/ M01.pdf 2010 5 19 2010 226 229
512 921 105 100 2010 921 2010 2010 12 5 2002 921 921 2009 NGO 2010 2 21 http://www.yzzk.com/cfm/content_ Archive.cfm?Channel=ag&Path=3118067761/08ag3.cfm 2010 9 7 2009 NGO 2004 921 13(2): 63-88 2009 9 2 http://www.masterkong.com.cn/big5/ EnterpriseInformation/NewsCentre/companynews/18573.jsp 2010 9 6 2001 11(1): 67-98 2009
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