短语 : 和传统语法中的短语定义并不相同, 实际运用中频率很高, 同位语和介词短语, 曾经是心中永远的痛之一, 可以理解为插入语, 也可以是修饰成分 1. 名词短语 : 在写作中, 多用名词短语而非单个名词做主语或宾语 例如,The well-dressed young man named shawn. 2. 同位语短语 : 跟在一个名词或者代词后面补充说明的成分 分为限定性和不限定性, 这里的限定的定义也适合所谓的定语从句 非限定性同位语用 2 个逗号将其和句子隔开, 例如,shawn,a well-known teacher,was unemployed.shawn 为人名, 认识我的人一看就知道, 已经非常具体了, 因此后面的同位语并不是起到限定和区别的作用, 除非天下有千千万万个

shawn...... 限定性同位语不用逗号隔开, 例如,A well-known teacher shawn was unemployed. 出名的老师多了去了, 加上一个 shawn 就限定这一个老师不是其他的著名的老师 检验一个同位语是不是限定性可以将其去掉, 看对前面的名词是否有影响 3. 动词短语系动词表语 : 一个名词短语, 回指主语 shawn becomes a well-known teacher. 谓语形容词 : 一个描述性形容词, 回指主语 shawn is handsome. 行为动词零补语 : 一个不及物动词 shawn smiled. 直接宾语 : 一个名词短语做宾语 shawn loves the students. 双重宾语 : 一个间接宾语和一个直接宾语 shawn brings the students a present. 辨别间接和直接宾语 : 间接宾语往往可以在前面加上 for 或者 to 例如,shawn brings a present for the students. 宾语和宾补 : 两个名词短语, 都指同一个人或事 例如,shawn considered edison the man.(edison=the man) 双重宾语与动词有关, 是动词的内容 ; 宾补结构只涉及两个名词短语宾语和形容词宾补 : 形容词要回指宾语 例如,shawn believed edison capable. 4. 介词短语 1) 用作形容词的介词短语 :The students in the neworiental school admired shawn. 名词短语一般是这样的顺序, 形容词 + 名词 + 介词短语, 例如,The brilliant students from shawn's class are always happy. 作为形容词的介词短语作为主语的一个问题就是主谓一致 :A group of shawn's students are good at Chinese as well. 这是经常性错误, 这里的 be 动词应该用 is 2) 用作副词的介词短语修饰动词 : 如果介词短语能够像副词一样, 转移到句首, 句子依旧正确, 那么该介词短语就是修饰动词的介词短语 例如 :The students shake shawn's hand after class. 也作 :After class, the students shake shawn's hand. 因此,after class 是修饰动词 shake, 说明什么时候 shake 修饰表语形容词 :Shawn is unhappy with the current situation. 很明显, 不能是修饰名词, 也不可能修饰动词, 因为介词短语的位置不能转移 修饰副词 :The prince and princess lived happily in the castle. in the castle 修饰副词 happily 非谓语动词

1 动名词短语 1. 动名词短语永远是单数 2. 阅读中遇见动名词短语可以用 it 代替, 提高阅读的效率 3. 写作中运用动名词短语可以变换句型, 使句子简短 4. 如何区别表语和现在进行时 : 现在进行时是可以变成其他时态的, 而充当表语的动名词短语却不行, 动名词短语可以用 it 代替并且句子依旧成立 His main activity is watching daytime TV. His main activity watched daytime TV. He is watching daytime TV. He watched daytime TV. 2 分词短语 1. 现在分词表主动, 过去分词表被动, 一个 boring 的老师让学生烦, 一个被学生烦恼的老师 2. 名词不要单独放, 有三个选择可以修饰 : 形容词, 形容性从句, 分词短语 不要滥用从句, 分词短语使句子简洁 3. 用分词短语修饰名词然后做主语时, 谓语单复数由名词决定, 不要因为修饰成分而忘记了 The reporters covering the news/the man wearing the silly shirt The houses located on the beach 4. 用一用经常在阅读中出现的非限定性分词短语, 显出长短句结合以及变化 Shawn,muttering under his breath,returned to work. Shawn,upset by Yu,vowed revenge. 5. 阅读中的指示题经常会遇到, 影响阅读效率之一的问题 : 非限定性分词短语可以从他修饰的名词移开, 悬垂分词 Muttering under his breath, Shawn returned to work.

Upset by Yu, Shawn vowed revenge. 当分词短语实际上没有修饰主语时, 产生悬垂分词 Wrapped in beatiful paper,shawn gave Yu his Christmas surprise. 3 不定式短语 ⑴ 1. 不定式做主语永远是单数, 用不定式做主语可以达到变换句型, 强调目的的作用 ⑵ 用作形容词的不定式短语 The need to sleep was nearly overwhelming. We marked the items to be put on sale. Here is a list of drags for women to aviod during the pregnancy. 用作形容词的不定式短语可用代词替换来检验 ⑶ 用作副词的不定式短语 I stayed up all night to finish my book. They sold the bonds to invest in stock market. We finally moved into a hotel for the kids to get some sleep. 1. 用作副词的不定式短语一般用来回答 why 的问题, 可在 to 前面加上 in order 来检验 2. 和副词一样, 用作副词的不定式短语也可以移到句首, 后面用逗号隔开, 因此也要注意悬垂的问题 ⑷ 用于修饰表语形容词的不定式短语 We are ready to go. I am anxious to start packing for our trip. They are ready for us to come in for dinner now. 与用作副词修饰动词的不定式短语的区别, 可以用移位的方法 快速提高托福写作水平的几个捷径 : 1 主语的丰富化 : 不定式 名词性从句 名词 + 形容词性从句 名词 + 介词短语 名词 + 插入语 动名词短语 分词短语

2 以副词性从句开头: 时间 :Before the movie even started, I had finished my popcorn. When the movie starts, the theater gets really quiet. 地点 :Where the accident had occurred, we found broken glass. Everywhere she went, the lamb followed mary. 原因 :Because she has to lock up tonight, Sue needs the key. Since it was getting pretty one-sided, we left the game early. 条件 :If I were you, I wouldn t do that. Unless you want to go yourself, Fred will go to the meeting. 让步 :Although he didn t want to, Fred went to the meeting. Even though none of us were very hungry, we went to dinner. 3 形容性从句修饰名词: 要注意关系代词在从句中充当成分 I met with the real estate agent who sold us our house. She married a man whom she had met at work. I contacted the person whose car I bumped into. I finally read the book that you told me about. I took the test which is regarded as the most difficult one. 4 名词性从句: 作为名词用代词 it 检验 What he does for a living is a big mystery. I know that you are right. We were aware of what we needed to do. That is what we wanted. 5 复合复杂句: 简单句 :Shawn is unhappy with NOS. 复合句 :Shawn is unhappy with NOS, and he wants a raise. 复杂句 :Shawn wants a raise because he has to work during the vacation. 复合复杂句 : Shawn is unhappy with NOS, and he wants a raise because he has to work during the vacation.