26 3 V o l. 26 N o. 3 2003 6 Jou rnal of N an jing In stitu te of M eteo ro logy Jun. 2003 : 100022022 (2003) 0320296212 1, 1 2, (1., 210044; 2., 750002) : N CEPgN CA R 500 hpa 850 hpa,,,,, ( ), 500 hpa 850 hpa ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ),,, : ; ; ; : P461. 6 : A, :,, [ 1, ], [ 2 ], [ 324 ],, [ 5, ] [ 6, ] E l N ino,,,,,,,, : 2002208211; : 2002210229 : (40065002) ; (A 1017) : (19732),,,,. 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 : 297 [ 7 ],,, ;,, ( ), 1 : 18 ( ) 1960 2000 41 a, ( 20: 00 ) (,, 1 km ), 1968 2000 (41 N, = 3 1 ) ( 0 1. 0, 0, 0. 1 10 %, ) N CEPgN CA R 1960 2000 500 hpa 850 hpa : lepage t t, t = x - (n 1-1) s 2 1 + (n2-1) s 2 2 n 1 + n2-2 y x y n1 n 2, x y, s 2 1 s 2 2 2 1 n1 + 1 n2 18 1960 2000 (3 5 ),, 1, 41 a [ 8,, ], 1984, 1984 41 a, 1984, 18 41 a 73, 1984 95, 1984 38, 2. 5 5 a, lepage, 10 a 2 1984, lepage 1984, 8. 69, 95 % 5. 99,,, 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
298 26 1 1960 2000 ( ) ( ) F ig. 1 Interannual variations of sp ring and yearly standardized sandsto rm frequency in N ingxia from 1960 2000 together w ith their trends (T h ick real and dashed lines deno te sp ring and yearly trends of sandsto rm frequence derived from b inon ial fitting) 2 lepage ( 99 % 95 % ) F ig. 2 L epage test statistics of sp ring sandsto rm frequency in N ingxia (R eal and dashed lines are critical values arriving at the confidence level of 99 % and 95 % respectively), 0. 90, 57. 9 %, 4 9 10 ( ) 3, W alsh [ 9 ] [ 10, ] [ 11 ], 6, A : (20 100 E, 41 82 N ) ; B : (45 W 0 20 E, 41 84 N ) ; C : (45 80 W, 41 80 N ) ; D : (160 E 180 150 W, 41 65 N ) ; E : (180 W 0 180 E, 41 84 N ) ; F :, A B (45 W 0 100 E, 41 84 N ) E F 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 : 299 1968 2000 33 a 5, 30 33 a, 18 1968 2000 33 a, 1 33 a, 6 6 1 :,,, 95 % 0. 349, A B E, 99 % 0. 448,, 0. 673 2,, ( ), 1 T able 1 Co rrelation coefficients betw een sp ring sandsto rm frequency in N ingxia and sea2ice area index in different regions in A rctic A B C D E F 0. 352 2 0. 503 0 0. 314 9 0. 419 8 0. 526 9 0. 465 2 0. 543 2 0. 579 7 0. 251 3 0. 240 5 0. 535 3 0. 587 4 0. 349 5 0. 450 3 0. 225 9 0. 151 4 0. 463 5 0. 442 2 0. 489 2 0. 552 0 0. 283 2 0. 325 2 0. 466 4 0. 540 4 0. 562 9 0. 673 2 0. 256 8 0. 166 1 0. 623 3 0. 641 5 0. 469 6 0. 583 7 0. 173 3 0. 319 2 0. 502 9 0. 548 8, 1960 2000,,,,, ( E F ),, A B E,,?,,,,, 1, ( 2 95 % ),,,,, 0. 471,, [ 12 ],,,, 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
300 26 2 T able 2 Co rrelation coefficients betw een interannual variability of sp ring sandsto rm frequency in N ingxia and that of A rctic sea2ice area index A B C D E F - 0. 255 1-0. 371 3 0. 237 7-0. 160 8-0. 182 5-0. 360 0 0. 278 2 0. 471 0 0. 274 4-0. 247 2 0. 366 5 0. 383 6 4,,,, 4. 1 1984, 1960 1984 1985 2000, 500 hpa 850 hpa 500 hpa ( ),,,, 850 hpa 500 hpa,,, t t ( 3a b), 500 hpa 95 %, 850 hpa 500 hpa,,, 500 hpa ( ),,,,, 850 hpa ( ),,,, 8, 500 hpa 850 hpa ( 3c d) t ( 3e2h), 95 %, 500 hpa,, 850 hpa, 850 hpa t,, 95 %,, 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 : 301 3 (1960 1984 ) (1985 2000 ) ( 95 % t ) a. 500 hpa ; b. 850 hpa ; c. 500 hpa ; d. 850 hpa e. 500 hpa ; ḟ 850 hpa ; g. 500 hpa ; h. 850 hpa F ig. 3 H eigh t and w ind differences betw een period w ith mo re (1960 1984) and less (1985 2000) sp ring sandsto rm in N ingxia (A reas exceeding t2test confidence level of 95 % are shaded) a. 500 hpa heigh t; b. 850 hpa heigh t; c. 500 hpa ho rizontal w ind; d. 850 hpa ho rizontal w ind; e. 500 hpa zonal w ind; ḟ 850 hpa zonal w ind; g. 500 hpa m eridional w ind; h. 850 hpa m eridional w ind ( ),, 500 hpa 850 hpa ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ), [ 13 ], 850 hpa [ 13 ] 4. 2 1960 2000 41 a, 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
302 26 1984, 1984,,, 1960 1984 25 a (1984, ),, 0. 5, 8 1963 1966 1969 1971 1975 1976 1982 1983, 7 : 1964 1965 1967 1968 1970 1978 1980 4. 1 500 hpa 850 hpa t, ( 4a b) ( 3a b) 3 4, 15, 95 %, 850 hpa 500 hpa 500 hpa 850 hpa ( ),,, ( 4c d) t ( ),, 95 %, 4 ( 95 % t ) a. 500 hpa ; b. 850 hpa ; c. 500 hpa ; d. 850 hpa F ig. 4 H eigh t and w ind differences betw een years w ith mo re and less sp ring sandsto rm in N ingxia (A reas exceeding t2test confidence level of 95 % are shaded) a. 500 hpa heigh t; b. 850 hpa heigh t; c. 500 hpa ho rizontal w ind; d. 850 hpa ho rizontal w ind,,, 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 : 303,,,, 5,,, 5,,,,, 0. 673 2 1984 1992, 1985 1991 70 80 (1978 1987 ) 90 (1991 1999 ),, 32 a 22 a, 78. 1 %, 32 a 25 a, 4 a 0. 471, 6,, 80 90 5 (1969 2000 ) (1968 1999 ) F ig. 5 Interannual variations and trends of frequency of sp ring sandsto rm in N ingxia during 1969 2000 and sea2ice area index in p receding autum n in Greenland Sea (1968 1999) together w ith their tendencies [ 14 ] [ 15 ] 500 hpa, 500 hpa [ 14 ] Ro ssby,,, W alsh [ 16 ] SL P, [ 17 ],,,,,, 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
304 26 6 (1970 2000 ) (1969 1999 ) F ig. 6 Interannual variations of frequency of sp ring sandsto rm in N ingxia during 1970 2000 and sea2ice area index in p receding autum n in Greenland Sea (1969 1999) after elim inating the trends, 500 hpa 850 hpa 7, 500 hpa 95 %,, 99 % 850 hpa 500 hpa, 850 hpa,, 7a b 3a b 4a b,, 3a b,,, 7 500 hpa (a) 850 hpa (b) ( 95 % t ) F ig. 7 Co rrelation of Greenland sea2ice area index in autum n w ith N H 500 hpa (a) 850 hpa (b) heigh t fields in the fo llow ing sp ring (T he shaded show s the areas exceeding t2test confidence level of 95 % ), (, ), 500 hpa 850 hpa 95 % 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 : 305 A (70 110 E, 55 70 N ) B (90 110 E, 40 65 N ),, 33 a I a I b, I a I b, I a I b - 0. 476-0. 555 2-0. 392-0. 339 7,, ( ), 500 hpa 850 hpa ( ), ( ), 6 ( ), [ 2 ], 20,,,,, 50 70 1 560 km 2, 1. 01 %, 70 80 2 100 km 2, 1. 47 %, 90 2 460 km 2,,,,,? :,,,,, ( ),,,,,, 7 (1), (2), (3),, ( ), 500 hpa 850 hpa ( ), ( ), ( ), 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
306 26 ( ), ( ), (4),, : [ 1 ],,,. [C ].. :, 1997: 1210. [ 2 ]. [M ]. :, 1999: 6592660. [ 3 ],,,. [J ]., 1996, 5 (2) : 86294. [ 4 ],,. [J ]., 1998, 9 (3) : 3522358. [ 5 ],,. [J ]., 2001, 24 (1) : 1192126. [ 6 ],,. [J ]., 1992, 14 (6) : 322 46. [ 7 ],,,. [J ]., 1998, 18 (3) : 2392243. [ 8 ],,. [J ]., 2000, 20 (1) : 55258. [ 9 ] W alsh J E. T he ro le of sea ice in clim ate variability[j ]. A tmo sphere2o cean, 1998, 23 (3) : 5512577. [ 10 ],,. [J ]., 2000, 5 (3) : 2492258. [ 11 ]. [M ]. :, 1992: 19227. [ 12 ]. [M ]. :, 1997: 12330. [ 13 ],,,. [J ]., 2001, 56 (4) : 4772485. [ 14 ]. 500 hpa [J ]., 1991, 15 (1) : 53260. [ 15 ],,,. g [J ]., 1996, 54 (2) : 2412 246. [ 16 ] W alsh J E, Johnson C M. Interannual atmo spheric variability and associated fluctuations in A rctic sea ice extent[j ]. J Geophy Res, 1979, 84 (c11) : 6 91526 928. [ 17 ],,. [J ]., 2001, 24 (4) : 4832 490. 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
3 : 307 Telecorrelation of Arctic Sea- Ice with Spr ing Sandstorm in N ingx ia YAN G J ian2ling 1, H E J in2hai 1, ZHAO Guang2p ing 2 (1. D epartm ent of A tmo spheric Sciences, N IM, N anjing 210044, Ch ina; 2. Key L ab fo r P reventing and A lleviating M eteo ro logical D isaster, N ingxia Institute of M eteo ro logy, Yinchuan 750002, Ch ina) Abstract: Based on sandsto rm reco rds in N ingx ia, A rctic sea2ice concen tration data and 500, 850 hpa heigh t and w ind fields from N CEPgN CA R reanalysis dataset, the variation s of sandsto rm are investigated. It is found that there are sign ifican t in terannual and in terdecadal co rrelation s betw een the sp ring sandsto rm frequency and the sea2ice area indices of Kara, Baren ts and Green land seas, w h ich locate on the no rth of Eu rasion con tinen ṫ By u sing com po site and co rrelation analysis, it is concluded that the circu lation backgrounds betw een m o re and less sp ring sand sto rm a re eviden t ly d ifferen t, and the anom a lies of au tum n Green land sea2ice can affect the occu rrence of sandsto rm in the fo llow ing sp ring in N ingx ia th rough im pacting the atm o spheric circu lation background. W hen au tum n Green land sea2ice area increases (decreases), 500 and 850 hpa heigh t fields from M ongo lia to Siberian w ill becom e low er ( h igher ) and the w ind field s in fo llow ing sp ring w ill exh ib it cyclon ic (an ticyclon ic) anom alies, and w est w inds from N ingx ia to X ingjiang w ill be sign ifican tly stronger (w eaker), w h ich suggest the activities of co ld air are active ( inactive). A s a resu lt, the occu rrence of sp ring sandsto rm in N ingx ia are m o re ( less). It is po ssib le to link the decreasing trend of sandsto rm in N ingx ia (N o rth Ch ina) and the global w arm ing th rough sea2ice, and it is concluded that the decreasing trend of sandsto rm in Ch ina cou ld be cau sed by the global w arm ing. Key words: A rctic sea2ice; N ingx ia; sandsto rm ; teleco rrelation 1995-2004 Tsinghua Tongfang Optical Disc Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.