-354-7.1 (Pythium spp.) (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlechtend: Fr.) Pollacci] [Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Rostovzev] (Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. lactucum) (Acremonium lactucae nov. sp.) [Albugo bliti (Bivona-Bernardi) kuntze] (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora) (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii) 1) (1) (Rhizoctonia blight of vegetables) ( 7-1 7-2) 1 Rhizoctonia solani Thanatephorus cucumeris 2 3 90 4 a. ( ) b.
-355- c. d. 23.2% 1000 (2) (Damping-off of vegetables) ( 7-3 7-4)?1 (Pythium) Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium debaryanum, Pythium utimum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium spinosum, Pythium graminicola, Pythium splendens.?2 (Pre-emergence damping-off) (Post-emergence damping-off)?3?4 a. 80 (0.025 mm ) ( ) (80 ) 2 b. 1000 c. d. 35% 66.5% (3) (Fusarium wilt of lettuce) ( 7-5 7-6)?1 Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. lactucum?2?3
-356-12~32 20~24 24 28?4 a. b. S-H 100-150 c. (4) (Acremonium brown spot of lettuce) ( 7-7)?1 Acremonium lactucae nov. sp.?2?3 24 28 28?4 a. b. 50% 75% 25% 23.7% 50% (5) (Amaranth white rust) ( 7-8 7-9 7-10)?1 Albugo bliti?2 ( )?3,?4 1000 (100 100 100 1000 ) (6) (Powdery mildew of cucurbit) ( 7-11 7-12 7-13 7-14)?1 Sphaerotheca fuliginea?2
-357-?3 ( ) 3 25?4 a. 600 7-10 5-6 b. ( ) 400 c. 1400 d. 200 e. ( ) 800 f. 29% 13.4% 5% (7) (Downy mildew of cucurbit) ( 7-15 7-16)?1 Pseudoperonospora cubensis?2?3 15~20 10 15 100% 97.53% 30% 14?4 a. 5-5 5-6 b. 200 c. 1000 (100 100 100 1000 ) 7-18) d. 39.5% 37% 82% (8) (Bacterial soft rot of colored calla lily) ( 7-17?1 Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Erwinia chrysanthemi
-358-?2?3 Erwinia 28-30?4 a. b. c. d. 68.8% 12.5% 16.5% (9) (Fusarium wilt of lily) ( 7-19)?1 Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lilii?2?3?4 a. b. c. d.
-359-1. 1990 157-169( ) 2. 1988S-H 30223-234 3. 1986 2283-92 4. 1998 2 160 5. 2001 153 6. 1993 221-229 2) pea seedlingpisum sativum L. Dun peas Dundale pea 12cm Pythium. aphanidermatum P. ultimum 7-20 90 species P. aphanidermatum P. ultimum 7-1 24 16 1624 P. ultimum 20 P. aphanidermatum 20 24 26 7-1
-360- Fletcher 1984 Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. Rhizoctonia solani Pythium spp. P. aphanidermatum P. ultimum 4,000 propagules/g debris 7-1 7 6cm 2000 ppm 24 7-2 7-1 Pythium aphanidermatum (P.a.) and P. ultimum (P.u.)
-361-7-1 (Pythium. aphanidermatum P. ultimum) Material (propagules/ml or g substrate) -1-2 Pa Pu Pa Pu 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.5 0.0 1297.0 3366.0 463.0 12667.0 4605.0 70.0 913.0 3225.0 Pa =P. aphanidermatum, and Pu =P. ultimum. 7-2 2,000ppm 24 P.a.= Pythium aphanidermatum (Pa); P.u.=P. ultimum.
-362-1. 1990 416-425 476 2. 1993 61 3. 1991 66 4. 1985 191 5. Fletcher, J. T. 1984. Diseases of Greenhouse Plants. Longman House, England. 351 pp. 6. Huang, J. H., and Lin, Y. S. 1998. Root rot of vegetable pea seedlings in soilless cultural system caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. ultimum. Plant Prot. Bull. 40:397-408. 7. Lin, Y. S., Huang, J. H., and Guon, Y. H. 2002. Control of Pythium root rot of vegetable pea seedlings in soilless cultural system. Plant Pathol.. Bull. 11: 221-228. 3) (1) soilless culture nutriculture hydroponic culture M 1988 peat moss vermiculite perlite roch wool polyurethane foem Verkonck, 1983 inert material Dickinbson and Dooley, 1967; Gullino and Garibaldi, 1994 soilborne disease (2) Fusarium spp. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
-363- Rhizoctonia solani Athelia rolfsii Phytophthora spp. Pythium spp.. Ralstonia solanacearum Erwinia spp.. Fletcher, 1984; Jarvis, 1992 Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. zoospore Pythium spp. Huang and Lin, 1998 1993 1994 Zinner1988 Bravenboer, 1974 Pythium spp. 1994Bravenboer, 1974Jenkins and Averre, 1983Zinner, 1988 Pythium spp. Phytophthora spp. Rhizoctonia solani, Thielaviopsis basicola, Fusarium spp. Fletcher, 1984; Jarvis, 1992. 7-2 7-2 African violetphytophthora parasitica Begonia Xanthomonas campestris pv. begoniae Carnation Fusarium avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. roseum., F. Cress oxysporum f. sp. dianthi Pythium spp. Cucumber F. oxysporum f. sp. cucumernum, P. aphanidermatum, P. ( ) coloratum, P. intermedium, P. irregulare.
-364- ( 7-2) Lettuce P. aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, P. debaryanum, P. myriotylum. Pea seedlings P. aphanidermatum, P. ultimum, Ph. syringae Spinach Tomato P. aphanidermatum, P. dissotocum Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Erwinia spp., Ralstonia solanacearum, Colletotrichum coccodes, Dydimella lycopersici, F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, Ph. erythroseptica, Ph. nicotianae, P. aphanidermatum, P. myriotylum, P. silvaticum Gullina and Garibaldi, 1994 (3) 1 1994Rowe et al., 1977 1993Fletcher, 1984; Jarvis, 1992; Lin et al., 2002 2 1993Fletcher, 1984; Jarvis, 1992; Lin et al., 2002 3 Pickett-Popoff and Panter, 1994 Runia, 1995 4 Jorgensen, 1978 Samson et al.,1942 Fletcher, 1984; Jarvis, 1992 5
-365- Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium spp. F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Couteaudier et al., 1985; Favrin et al, 1988; Kim et al, 1975 P. aphanidermatum, P. irregulare, P. coloratum Crown rot Favrin, et al., 1988 6 Fungus gnats shore fly Pythium spp. Fusarium spp. Gillespie and Menzies, 1993Goldberg and Stanghellini, 1990 Jarvis et al., 1993 (4) 1 Jarvis, 1992 Jarvis, 1992 2 Jarvis, 1992 3 Lin et al., 2002 2000ppm 24 4
-366- benomyl metalaxyl PythiumPhytophthora Staub, 1991 5 (5) 1 a. 9510 95 30 Runia, 1995 Gullina and Garibaldi, 1994 b. 754mV 10g/m 3 99.9% Runia, 1993c iron chelate Jarvis, 1992 c. P. aphanidermatumstanghellini et al., 1984 Ph. cinnamomismith and Ousley, 1984 250mJ/cm 2 Runia, 1993c Daughtrey and Schippers, 1980 d.90 3-7m/day Phytophthora ultrafiltration Runia, 1995 e. F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici 0.7ppm Runia, 1993c; Gullina and Garibaldi, 1994 f. etridiazole 20ppm 20ppmcopper oxinate 5ppm Price and Dickson 1980 0.5ppm Metalaxyl MZ 1994 2 a. F. oxysporum P. ultimum Cherif and Belanger, 1992; Gullina and Garibaldi, 1994 b.
-367- a) 60 30 5330 Jarvis, 1992 60 80 30 20 1998 60 30 1997 b) 100krad 250krad Rattink, 1982 c) methyl bromide chloropicrin biological near-vacuum 23 714 Jarvis, 1992 c. Paulitz, 1997 Postma, 2000 Gliocladium virens P. ultimum R. solani Lumsden & Locke, 1989 1993 fluorescent PseudomonadsBacillus subtilisstreptomyces sp.trichoderma spp. nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum 7-3
-368-1. 1998 40251-264 2. 1988. pp8-20 102p 3. 1993 Pythium spp. 3551-61 4. 1993 61 5. 1994 3641-52 6. 1991 66 7. 1997 39403 8. 1993 35 157-162 9. Bravenboer, L. 1974. Pest and disease control in glasshouses in Northwest Europe. Outlook Agric. 8:95-99. 10. Cherif, M., and R. R. Belanger. 1992. Use of potassium silicate amendments in recirculating nutrient solutions to suppress Pythium ultimum on long English cucumbers. Plant Disease 76:1008-1011. 11. Couteaudier, Y., C. Alabouvette, and M. L. Soulas. 1985. Necrose du collet et pourriture desracines de tomate. Rev. Hortic. 254: 39-42. 12. Daughtrey, M. J. and P. A. Schippers, 1980. Root death and associated problems. Acta Horticulturae, 98:283-291. 13. Dickinbson, C. H., and M. J. Dooley. 1967. The microbiology of cut-away peat.. Descriptive ecology. Plant Soil 24:172-196. 14. Favrin, R. J., J. E. Rahe, and B Mauza. 1988. Pythium spp. Associated with crown rot of cucumbers in British Columbia greenhouses. Plant Disease 82:683-687. 15. Fletcher, J. T. 1984. Diseases of Greenhouse Plants. Longman House,England. 351 pp. 16. Gillespie, D. R., and Menzies. 1993. Fungus gnats vector Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis- lycopersici. Ann. Appl. Biol. 123:539-544.
-369-17. Goldberg, N. P., and M. E. Stanghellini. 1990. Ingestion-eges tion and aerial transmission of Pythium aphanidermatum by shore flies (Ephydrinae: Scatella stangnalis ). Phytopathology 80:1244-1246. 18. Gullina, M. L., and A. Garibaldi, 1994. Influence of soilless cultivation on soilborne diseases. Acta Horticulturae 361:341-354. 19. Huang, J. H., and Y. S. Lin. 1998. Root rot of vegetable pea seedlings in soilless cultural system caused by Pythium aphanidermatum and P. ultimum. Plant Prot. Bull. 40:397-408. 20. Jarvis, W. R. 1992. Managing diseases in greenhouse crops. APS press, St Paul, MN, USA, 288pp. 21. Jorgensen, J. 1978. Seedborne disease [Application of seed testing in plant disease controll. Seed Science & Technology 6:913-914. 22. Jenkins, S. F., Jr., and C. W. Averre. 1983. Root diseases of vegetables in hydroponic culture systems in North Carolina greenhouse. Plant Dis. 67:968-970. 23. Kim, S. H., Forer, L. B. Forer and J. L. Longenecker. 1975. Recovery of plant pathogens from commercial peat-products. (Abstr.) Proc. Am. Phytopathol. Soc. 2:124. 24. Lin, Y. S., J. H. Huang and Y. H. Guon. 2002. Control of Pythium root rot of vegetable pea seedlings in soilless cultural system. Plant Pathol.. Bull. 11: 221-228. 25. Lumsden, R. D., and J. C. Locke. 1989. Biological control of damping-off caused by Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani with Gliocladium virens in soilless mix. Phytopathology 79:361-366. 26. Pickett-Popoff, L. and K. L. Panter. 1994. Survey of Pythium and Phytophthora spp. In irrigation water used by Colorado commercial greenhouses to determine source of pathogen introduction. Phytopahtology 84:1113. (Abstr.) 27. Postma, J., willemsen-de Klein, M. J. E. I. M.Willemsen-dekleinn, and J. D. Elsas. 2000. Effect of the indigenous microflora on the development of root and crown rot caused by Pythium aphanidermatum in cucumber grown on rockwool. Phytopathology 90:125-133. 28. Price, D., and Dickinson, A. 1980. Fungicides and the nutrient film technique. Acta Hortic. 98:244-282. 29. Paulitz, T. C. 1997. Biological control of root patogens in soilless and hydroponic systems. HortScience 32:193-196. 30. Rattink, H. 1982. Disinfection of potting soil by means of gamma-radiation. Meded. Fac. Landbouwwet. Rijksuniv. Gent 47:869-873. 31. Rowe, R. C., Farley, J. D. Forler and D. L. Coplin. 1977. Airborne spore dispersal and recolonization of steamed soil by Fusarium oxysporum in tomato greenhouses. Phytopahtology 67:1513-1518. 32. Runia, W. T. 1994a. Disinfection of recirculation water from closed cultivation systems with ozone. Acta Horticulturae 361:361-369. 33. Runia, W. T. 1994b. Elimination of root-infecting pathogens in recirculation water
-370- from closed cultivation systems by ultra-violet radiation.. Acta Horticulturae 361:388-396. 34. Runia, W. T. 1993c. Water disinfestation, sand filtration, iodine, hydrogen-peroxide activators. Annual Report GCRS 1992, 87-89p. 35. Runia, W. T. 1995. A review of possibilities for disinfection of recirculation water from soilless cultures. Acta Horticulturae 382: 221-229. 36. Samson, R. W., T. J. Nugent, and L. C. Shenberger. 1942. The importance of seed transmission of early blight and Fusarium wilt of tomato. Phytopathology 32:16. 37. Smith, P. M., M. A. Ousley. 1984. Epidemiology and control of Phytophthora root rot diseases of woody ornamentals. Annual Report Glasshouse Crops Research Institute, 102-105. 38. Stanghellini, M. E., L. J. Stowell, and M. L. Bates. 1984. Control of root rot of spinach caused by Pythium aphanidermatum in a recirculating hydroponic system by ultraviolet irradiation. Plant Dis. 68:1075-1076. 39. Staub, T. 1991. Fungicide resistance:practical experience with antiresistance strategies and the role of integrated use. Annu. Rev. phytopathol. 29:424-442. 40. Zinner, T. M. 1988. Assessment of plant disease in hydroponic culture. Plant Dis. 72:96-99 4) Mericlone (1) 30 7-4
-371-12 Cymbidium mosaic viruscymmv Odontoglossum ringspot virusorsv 53 35 Dendrobium Dendrobium mosaic v irusdemv Cymbidium Cymbidium mild mosaic virus Calanthe Dactylorhiza Clover yellow vein virus Dendrobium Calanthe Cucumber mosaic viruscmv 7-4 Bean common mosaic (BCMV) Dendrobium virus Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) Calanthe, Masd evallia, Spiranthes, Diuris, Pterostylis Calanthe mild mosaic (CalMMV) Calanthe, Phalaenopsis virus Calanthe mosaic virus (CalMV) Calanthe Carnation mottle virus (CarMV) Cymbidium, Miltonia, Odontioda, Odontoglossum, Odontonia Ceratobium mosaic virus (CerMV) Acriopsis, Appendicula, Beadlea, Bulbophyllum, Cattleya,Coelogyne, Dendrobium, Dendorochilus, Diplocaulobium Eria, Eriopexis, Eulophia, Flickingeria, Grammatophyl lum, Grastidium, Inobulbon, Oeceoclades, Paphiopedilum, Pedilonum, Phragmipedium Clover yellow vein virus (ClYVV) Calanthe, Dactylorhiza Colmanara mosaic virus (ColMV) Colmanara Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) Aerides, Calanthe, Dendrobium, Miltonia, Phaius, Phalaenopsis Cymbidium chlorotic (CymCMV) Cymbidium( ) mosaic virus Cymbidium mild mosaic (CymMMV) Cymbidium virus Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) Aeridovanda, Aerides, Angraecum, Aporum, Arachnis, Arundina, Aranthera, Ascocenda, Bifrenaria, Brassavola, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Cattleya *, Coelogyne, Cymbidium ( ), Dendrobium, Den. phalaenopsis, Dendrochilum, Doritaenopsis, Epidendrum, Eulophiella, Grammatophyllum, Grastidium, Inobulbon, Laelia, Liparis, Lycaste, Miltonia, Monanthos, Odontioda, Oeceoclades, Oncidium, Paphiopedilum, Pedilonum, Peristeria, Phaius, Phalaenopsis,Phragmipedium, Potinara, Renantanda, Renanthera, Renantherella, Rhynchostylis, Sarcanthopsis, Schomburgkia, Schombolaelia, Spathoglot tis, Stenoglottis, Trichosma, Vanda, Vandopsis, Vanilla, Zygopetalum ( )
-372- ( 7-4) Cymbidium ringspot virus (CyniRSY) Cymbidium Dendrobium mosaic virus (DeMV) Dendrobium Dendrobium vein necrosis (DVNV) Den. Phalaenopsis Habenaria mosaic virus (HabMV) Habenaria Impatiens necrotic spot (INSV) Phalaenopsis virus Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) Achomburgkia, Aerides, Arachnis, Bifrenaria, Brassavola, Brassidium, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Cattleya *. Coelogyne, Cymbidium[ ( )], DendrobiUm. Den. Phalaenopsis, Diplocaulobium, Epidendrum, Grammatophyllum, Grastidium, Kefersteinea, Laelia, Lycaste, Maxillaria, Miltonia, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Phalaenopsis, Pleurothallis, Potinara, Rhynchophreatia, Vanda, Vanilla, Zygopetalum Orchid fleck virus (OFV) Acineta, Angulorea, Angraecum, Baptistonia, Bulbophyllum, Calanthe, Cattleya *, Cochleanthes, Cymbidium ( ), Dendrobium, Diplocaulobium, Dockrillia, Flickingeria, Hamelwellsara, Hormidium, Liparis, Lycaste, Masdevallia, Maxillaria, Miltonia, Odontoglossum, Oncidium, Pescatorea, Phalaenopsis, Polstachya, Stanhopea, Stenia, Zygopetalum Spiranthes mosaic virus (SpiMV) Spiranthes Tobacco mosaic virus-o (TMV) Cattleya, Cymbidium, Phalaenopsis Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) Orchis Tomato ringspot virus (ToRSV) Cymbidium Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) Phalaenopsis, Oncidium Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) Cymbidium, Calanthe, Orchis Vanilla mosaic virus (VanMV) Vanilla Watermelon mosaic virus-2 (WMV-2) Habenaria, Vanilla Cattleya Cattleya, Brassocattleya, Brassolaeliocattleya, Laeliocattleya, Sophrocattleya. Sophrolaeliocattleya 7-5 ORSV 100 90 10 1 10 CymRSV 7-4 CymMV OFV Calanthe Cymbidium Dendrobium Oncidium 45-50 1 2 OFV Calanthe 7-21
-373-7-5 ORSV TRV 2 =193nm =65nm CMV 4 RNA 3 7-5 Potyvirus TRV ORSV CymMV BYMV CalMMV HaMV WMV-2 (nm) 193 24 300x18 475x13 750x13 764x13 750x13 750x13 65 24 (B) (B) (L) (L) (L) (L) () 75-80 90-95 65-70 55-60 50-55 60-65 50-55 10-4 -10-5 10-6 -10-7 < 10-5 -10-6 10-4 -10-5 10-3 -10-4 10-5 -10-6 10-4 -10-5 6 10 < 1-2 8-16 4-8 16-1 4-8 N A A A A CMV CymMMV CarMV CymRSV ToRSV OFV TSWV (nm) 30(S) 28(S) 28(S) 30(S) 28(S) 105~120 85(S)x45(C) () 65-70 85-90 85-90 85-90 50-60 45-50 40-45 10-4 -10-5 10-5 -10-6 10-7 -10-8 10-5 -10-6 10-2 -10-3 10-4 -10-5 10-2 -10-3 16-1 1-2 3-4 10 1-2 1-2 2-5 A N D T 1/1,000,000,000mB=L= S=C= 10 20 Potyvirus BCMVClYVVTuMVSpiMV A=N=D=T= = = (2)
-374-7-22 7-23 7-24 7-25 7-26 7-27 7-28 7-29 7-30 7-24 7-25 7-31 7-29 7-32 7-28 7-26 7-30 7-33 7-34 CymMV Cymbidium Cattleya Phalaenopsis 7-26~ 7-29 7-35 Cattleya Lycaste 7-26 7-35 Doritaenopsis Aranthera 7-30 7-36 ORSV Cattleya 7-37 7-34 Cymbidium 7-24 7-38 CymMVORSV CMV Dendrobium 7-22 7-23 OFV Cymbidium 7-26 Calanthe 7-39 C. amaranticolarman C. quinoa 7-40 7-41 (3)
-375- influenza virus 1 2~4 1 2, BYMVBCMVCMVCalMMVClYVVCymMMV DeMVHaMVSpiMVTuMVWMV-2,OFVTSWV Brevipalpus californicus Tswv TRV CymMVORSV Cymbidium Cattleya 10~30 10~30 3 1 4
-376- (4) 1 2 a. 1 b. ORSV CymMV 1 1 c. 1~3 3 Rentemin KK 3~5 2~3 2~3 d. CymMV ORSV e. 3 30
-377-4 1 5 ORSV ORSV 240 196 7.2 ( 7-42) ( 1996) ( 1951 2000) 1) (2,23) ( 19921977
-378-1977 1994) (2) (1) ( 1953) :?1?2?3?4?5 (2) (3) ( 1975) (4) (physicalcontrol)?1 32?2 a. (9)
-379- b.?3 a. ( 2002) b. ( 1980) ( 7-43) ( 1992 1989 1992) ( ) ( 7-44) c. ( 1987) 1050 d. e. (light trap) (light compass) 80 ( 1982) (5)
-380-?1 methly engenol?2 ( 1993) ( 1980) (6) 0.30.6 2 6 14 1 (7) (pheromone) (sex pheromone) ( 7-45) ( 1986 19881988 1989 1992 1993) Heliothis zea Ostrinia nubialis (Helicoberpa armigera) (Ostrinia furnacalis) ( 7-6)
-381-7-6 2) ( 1965Chang, et al. 1982) () ( 1985a,b) () () ( 19771985 1992) (1) ( 7-46) ( ) ( )( 7-47) 1888 (Icerya purchasi) (Rodalia cardinalis) 1905 1950 (Tricograma) ( 1977 1978) (2)
-382-?1 (Bacillus thuringiensis) ( 19771987) 34 ph?2 ( 1996), ( 1994) ( 1995) (Tang and Hou1998Tang and Hou1999Tang et al.2001) ( 1998) ( 7-48) ( 1992) ( 19881991 2002), ( 1989)?3
-383- ( Steinernematidae) (Heterohabditidae) Steinernema abbasi 100 (Liao, et al. 2001) 48,, : ( 1990 1991 19931999 2000 2001)( 7-49 7-50) ( 19942001) ( 19981999)?4 (NPV) () (ph1012) 28, ( 7-51),, ( 1996 1997 Tuan et al.1989ab) 3) (1) Plutella xylostella?1?2?3 5-10 2 ( 7-52) 34 1.3 20-25 8
-384-?4 1 4-6 10-14 1 10 10.3 4000 3.8 1000 1 1000 2.5 750 44.2 10000 10 1000 4.5 1000 4.95 1000 50 1000 25 750 2 2000 43 1000 50 1000 (2) Hellula rogatalis?1?2?3 ( 7-53) 3 20-26 (3) Spodoptera exigua?1?2?3 ( 7-54) 2.3
-385-2.8 (4) Tetranychus kanzawoi Kishida Tetranychus urticae Koch?1?2?3 1.1 3-8 1-2 2-3 2-3 ( 7-55 7-56) 18 15?4 (5) Pieris rapae crucivora duvol?1?2?3 Pieris canidia sodida Butler 2 ( ) ( 7-57) 2 1 2 3-6 9-11 10 234?4 5 2000 (6) Hellula undalis Fabricius?1
-386-?2?3 ( 7-58) 820 5-20 1-2 15 4-9 7-9 9-11?4 3-4 (7) Spodoptera litura Fabricius?1?2?3 ( 7-59) 3-6 ( 1996)?4 (8) Trichoplusia ni Hubner?1?2?3 2-3 2.5-3
-387-3 ( 7-60) 2 25 14-16 5-6 8 2 (9)Myzus persicae Sulzer?1?2?3 6.4-8.0 22.6 10 2 (10) Lipaphis erysimi?1?2?3 ( 7-61) 7-8,?4,, 2-3 (11) Phyllotreta striolata?1?2?3 3-4
-388-1( 7-62) 6-7 64 (1990 19911996 1996)?4 3-4 (12) Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring?1?2 500?3 2 0.81.3 500 36 9 11 2628 5 15 12 1927 200300 ( 7-63) (1997)?4 a.. 5 050 b. c. 9.6 1500 2
-389-1000 2.8 1000 25 1000 50 1000 20 S.P.4000 3000 7 d. 4.5 1000 4000 (13) Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach)?1?2?3 ( 7-64) 2022 3 6 1012 4 11?4 a. b. 10-50cm c. 75 5000 8.9 800 2 1000 24 500 43 1000 2.8 1000 (14) Thrips palmi Karny?1?2?3 25 ( 7-65)
-390-?4 1020 20 4000 9.6 1500 (15) Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom)?1?2?3 ( 7-66)?4 a. b. c. d. : 50 1200 40.8 1500 2.8 1000 10 1000 50 1000 ( 1991 55 1997 136 )) (16) Dichromothrips corbitti Priesner?1?2
-391-?3 1990?4 a. b. c. d. e. ( 1997) (17) Diaspis biosduvali Signoret?1?2?3?4 a. b. c. d. e.
-392- f. ( 1997) (18) Rhizoglyphus robini (Claparede)?1?2?3 1015 50100 ( 7-67)?4 25% 500 5% 2,000 15% 1,500 10% 4,000 1% 1,500 18.3% 3,000 42% 3,000 2.8% 1,500 7 1 2 24% 1,000 30 20 24% 1,000 23 26 ( 1999) (19) Hypogastrura armata Nicolect?1?2?3
-393-1530 ( 7-68) 4,000 /250 12 5 6 24 3 5?4 0.5% 1030 /6% 3040 /50% 30 /2% 40 / 3 1 5 ( 1999) 2 3 1. 1996 (Phyllotreta striolata Fab.) 2516-23 2. 1992 (Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)) 41(1)61-69 3. 1997 4. 1987 P.27~36 5. 1982 I
-394-2(l)23-33 6. 1975 23469-480 7. 1990 17229-231 8. 1989 3110~20 9. 1953? 4(3)30-35 10. 1994 (Steinernema carpocapsae) (Spodoptera litura) 54pp. 11. 1992 p.15~29 12. 1977 p.268~288 13. 1971 ( ) 464pp. 14. 1987 p.44 15. 1985 2171~78 16. 1989 p.59~69 17. 1997 (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring)17 1766-79 18. 1997 17209-225 19. 2001 28151-156 20. 1977 21. 1996 1919-24 22. 1986 II. 1963-68 23. 1988 I. 811-22 24. 1996 1621-24 25. 1996 30pp. 26. 1998 55pp. 27. 1977 p.85~ 108 28. 1995 39 16pp. 29. 1999 289-16
-395-30. 1974 172l~28 31. 1992 28(3)74~81 32. 1990 (I) 2737-48 33. 1991 (Phyllotreta striolata (Fab.)) (II) 33354-363 34. 1994 36167-176 35. 1980 65pp. 36. 1987 2953-60 37. 1988 38(14)32-33 38. 2002 44329-340 39. 2000 27333-337 40. 1976 24(9-10) 400-402 41. 1951 2(4)61-67 42. 1990 43. 2000 4267-72 44. 1994 101-3 45. 1999 (Steinernema abbasi) (Spodoptera litura) 58pp. 46. 1996 715pp. 47. 1978 261pp. 48. 1991 7166-168 49. 1992 (Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)) 367-16 50. 1993 p.187~200 51. 1992 34216-226 52. 1977 p. 25~32 53. 2002 (Beauveria bassiana) (Cylas formicarius) 67pp.
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-399- EC EC (1:5)1 ms/cm EC 6 ms/cm EC (1:5) 1 ms/cm 2001 2002c19951995 1985 (1) 1 1985 20011995 2 7-69 3 7-70 2002b 2002c 4 1999 1999 ( 7-71 7-72) (2) 1 2 (water potential)
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-403- A B a b 7-4 (A B ab A B ) (1) 1 2 10% 2M 23 10% 2M (30 C14) 23
-404- ( 100) 10% 2M 100 ppm150 ppm20 ppm 100% 7-5 22 (7-6) 2002adf 7-5 ( 1998)
-405-7-6 ( 1998-1999) (2) (0-15 ) (EC 15) 7-74 EC 2 ms/cm( 15 0.3 ms/cm) EC 4 ms/cm( 15 0.6 ms/cm) EC (7-7 7-8) ( ) EC 0.4 ms/cm( 100 ppm) EC 0.40.3 ms/cm 3/4 EC 0.30.2 ms/cm 1/2 EC 0.20.1 ms/cm 1/4 EC 0.1 ms/cm ( 7-8) ( 3.0%)
-406- Wang2002 2002adf 7-7 EC 7-8 EC ( 1998-1999)
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