87 Is Sex Work really Work? -- Marx s Theory of Commodity and the Social Constructionism of Sex Work YinBin Ning Keywords: Sex Work, Marx, Carole Pateman, Commodity, Social Constructionism of Sexuality, Knowledge/Power, Prostitution in Marriage 1998 4 24 27 2002 1 2 2002 5 11 Received: January 2, 2002; in revised form: May 11, 2002. email sex@ncu.edu.tw
88 Abstract: Is Sex Work really Work? A somewhat rhetorical inquiry may be reformulated as: What is the distinct and essential nature of sex work that distinguishes it from other kinds of so-called real work? These questions are shown to be totally misguided in the present paper through first attempting, in an analytical philosophy approach, to establish some criteria to capture the distinct essence of sex work, and then demonstrating counterexamples that reveal the socially constructed nature of sex work. The thesis of social constructionism of sexuality or homosexuality is shown to be valid when extended to sex work. The identity and identifying characteristics of sex work are shown to be constructed within a constellation of knowledge/power. Such a line of argument is strengthened by Marx s theory of commodity, which is interpreted as a wider version of social constructionism of commodity/service work in the present paper.
89
90 counter-examples 1 2 1. Pateman 1 1 1998/3/9
Carole Pateman Pateman 2 Pateman 203 3 Pateman problematize 4 Pateman 91 2 Pateman 3 Pateman 4
92 2. Pateman Pateman 3. Richards 1255-1262,
93 4. 5 5. prostitution 5
94 6 social constructionism of sexuality 288-294 6 Cf. McIntosh, The Homosexual Role
95 6. 7 SM 7. 7
96 8. Oh! Calcutta 8 Oh! Calcutta 8
97 9 10 2002 9 1998 4 1998 5 10 pub pub 10 The Associated Press, 2000/2/15 2002 2 21
98 9. 11 SM 11 1999
99 5 10. ad hoc 11.
100 12 12. Oh! Calcutta 13. 12
101 14. body work therapy Wilhem Reich cf. Robinson 161
surrogate partner or partner surrogate sex surrogate or sexual surrogate Masters, Johnson and Kolodny 499 153-160 Masters and Johnson 1970 replacement partner 142-143 102
103 13 Kenneth Stubbs 45-73 112-113 94,148,175,227-236 15. 13 205 206
104 50
14 Cf. Alexander 192-193. 15 105 14 2002/01/25 15 1995 1995 3 27 1995 4 7 86-88
106 2002 09 04 16. 16 2001 16 Huston 12 620 Huston620 Annabel Chong
107 17 1998 1998/4/18 18 2002
17 18. 18 108 17 2002 1 17 18 18 Cf. Julie Inness, Privacy, Intimacy, and Isolation (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992)
109 19. intercourse verkehr the proximity and mingling of bodies
110 19 19 2001 8 25 1228 2001 9 4
111 pub 20 contained pub 1. 20
112 2. 87 87-88
113 3. 4. reification
114 5. labor power Pateman vs. Marx property property Pateman political fiction 151 Pateman 21 prostituting Pateman 22 21 Pateman Pateman Fraser McIntosh Feminist Debates on Prostitution 22 Pateman
115 23 6. 23
116 7. Simmel ipso facto Georg Simmel ontological status 376-77 24 24 Simmel Simmel sexual honor
117 8. 424
118 9. cf. Satz
119 RU486 trivial trivial phobia 1.
pub (happy hooker) 120
121 25 NGO 25 Shrage 159-160 Karlen 248 NGO
122 2. 26 27 26 SM 27
123 counter-discourse 3.
124 28 28 294-302
125 total institutions Goffman 203, 14 ward system 29 mortified self 30 29 Goffman 206 Goffman 148 30 Goffman 46-47, 6 instrumental formal organization 175
126 panoptic surveillance civil death mortified self cf. Goffman, 16 21, 148 31 Goffman 315 underlife Goffman 305 32 31 Goffman secondary adjustments Goffman, 189. 32
127 4. pub 33 33 spice girls Girl Power 1997 10 11
128 pub 5. 34 34 47
129 99-102 6. 35 Margo St. James COYOTE 35
130 7. Debra Satz Satz Satz Satz Satz Sats
131 (74-79) Satz 36 Satz given 8. Satz 85 36 Satz " " (78) nature given
132 Satz (phobia) 37 9. Satz (hardcore) 37 1997
133 10. Satz Satz 38 vs. 11. 38
134 39 40 159-160 39 40 146-166
135 41 41 2000 8 31
136
137 2001 281-325 2001 255-279 30 1996 6 1-34 1996 1997 11-30 1999 12 1998 1995 23 1972 heterosexuality 1995 Irving Wallace The Celestial Bed 1995 Pleasure: The Truth about
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139 Prostitution." University of Pennsylvania Law Review 127 (May 1979): 1195-1287. Robinson, Paul. The Modernization of Sex. Ithaca, New York: Cornell, 1976, 1989. Satz, Debra. "Markets in Women's Sexual Labor." Ethics 106 (October 1995): 63-85. Shrage, Laurie. Moral Dilemmas of Feminism. New York: Routledge, 1994. Simmel, Georg. The Philosophy of Money. Second enlarged Edition. Edited by David Frisby. Translated by Tom Bottomore and David Frisby. London: Routledge, 1990. Stubbs, Kenneth Ray, ed. Women of the Light: The New Sexual Healers. Larkspur, California: Secret Garden, 1997. Canada Trial Considers Internet Sex. The Associated Press, 2002 2 15 2000 8 31 20 2002 09 04 10 2002 1 25 14 2002 1 17 3 2002 1 18 9 1995 4 19 5 2002 2 21 8 2001 3 2 50 2001 04 18 http://www.sina.com.cn 5 2002 10 30 2001 10 4 2001 9 24