( CI P ) /,. :,2006. 1 ISBN 7-81105-248-2............ -.X820.3 CIP (2005) 139963 : :0731-8876770 :410083 :0731-8710482 730 960 1/ 16 27. 5 489 2006 1 1 2006 1 1 ISBN 7-81105 - 248-2/ G 089 38. 00,
,,,,,,,, 15 1 1 2 3, ; 2 4 5 6, ; 3 7 8 9 10, ; 4 11 12 13 14 15,,,,,,,,,,,
2 1 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 2 ( 8) 3 (16) 4 (19) (28) 2 (29) 1 (29) 2 (35) 3 (41) 4 (46) (47) 3 (48) 1 (48) 2 (52) 3 (57) 4 (67) (82) 2 4 (83) 1 (83)
3 2 (88) 3 (99) 4 ( 109) ( 116) 5 ( 117) 1 ( 117) 2 ( 126) 3 ( 132) ( 155) 6 ( 156) 1 ( 156) 2 ( 164) 3 ( 167) 4 ( 170) ( 180) 3 7 ( 181) 1 ( 181) 2 ( 184) 3 ( 193) 4 ( 203) 5 ( 205) ( 208) 8 ( 209) 1 ( 209) 2 ( 214) 3 ( 222) 4 ( 237)
4 5 ( 239) ( 253) 9 ( 255) 1 ( 255) 2 ( 257) 3 ( 258) 4 ( 267) 5 ( 273) 6 ( 277) ( 280) 10 ( 281) 1 ( 281) 2 ( 284) 3 ( 285) 4 ( 293) 5 ( 295) ( 298) 4 11 ( 299) 1 ( 299) 2 ( 305) 3 ( 310) 4 ( 318) 5 ( 324) 6 ( 329) ( 335) 12 ( 336) 1 ( 336)
5 2 ( 340) 3 ( 344) 4 ( 346) 5 ( 355) ( 357) 13 ( 358) 1 ( 358) 2 ( 361) 3 ( 365) 4 ( 370) 5 ( 378) ( 384) 14 ( 385) 1 ( 385) 2 ( 389) 3 ( 394) 4 ( 398) 5 ( 399) ( 399) 15 ( 400) 1 ( 400) 2 ( 406) 3 ( 410) 4 ( 424) ( 428) ( 429)
1 1 1 1 ( ),,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,
2 1, CO2,,, CO2,, SO2,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ph, ( ),,, ( ),, : ( ),,,,,,,, SO2, ;,,
1 3,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4 1,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3S,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ),
1 5. (1 ), ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,
6 1 2.,,,, (1 ),, ;,, (2 ) 1) ( ) ( ), + -,,,, ;, ;,, ;, 2), ( ), ( ) CODC r, 3),,,, 4), :,,, SS,, SS,,,,,,,,
1 7 5),,, BOD5,, 6),,,,, ;,, ; - ; ;,, 7), SO2 TSP, SO2 T SP, 8) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, 9) ;,,,,
8 1,, (,, ), ;, 2 ( EIA),,,, ( L. W. Canter) 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), ( )
1 9?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,
10 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, EIA, ( ) 1.,,,,, 2.,,,, 3.
1 11, ( ISO 14000 ), ( ), ;, ; ( ) 1., 2.,, ;, 3., 4. 20 70, ;, 5. ( LCA),,
12 1 ),, LCA,,, LCA,,,, :,, ; ; ; LCA,, CFCs ( ) ;,, ;,,,,, LCA,,,,,, 20, 90 1-1 1-1, ( ) 20 40,,,,,,,
1 13-1, 20 50,, ( M. H. Green ) ( R. K. H orton ),,,,,,, 20 60,,,, 60,,, 1972,, 1973,,, 1973,,,,
14 1,,, 1979 ( ) : ( ) ( EIA),, 1., 1969 ( NEPA ) : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ); (4 ) 102 :, : ; ; ; ( EIS) EIS, 1970 1 1 NE PA,, 30,, 1973 12 EIA, 1993, 1985 6 85/ 337/ EEC,,
1 15,,, 20 70, 1972 ( 898 ) 1988 32,, 20 70, 2. 1979 9 ( ),, 1983,, 1986 1986 3,, 1998 11, ; 1986 6, ( ),, ; 1987 3, ; 1988 3,, ; 1989 5, ; 1989 9, ;, 1990,,,
16 1 1979 1993, 2700, 3,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,
1 17,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) ( ) (3 ) ( EIS ), (4 ) (5 ),,, ( EIS) :,, :,,,,,,,,,
18 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1 19,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 4, 20, 20,,,,,,
20 1,,,,,,, 20 50,, 60 ( ), ( ),,,, 1969,, 1970 1 1, :,, ( 1970 ) ( 1973 ) (1973 ) ( 1974 ) ( 1974 ) ( 1976 ) (1979 )( 1978 )( 1979 )( 1979 ) (1979 ) ( 1979 ),,,, 1970, 1974 1984 5 12, 1992, 21 17 :,,,
1 21 994 ( F ERO) ( IAIA ), 52, 30, 100, ;, ; ; ;, ( ) 1973,,, 1973,, 1977,,, 1979 11,,, 1978 12 31, [ 1978 ] 79,, 1979 4,,, 1979 9, ( ), :,,,
22 1 ) 1. (1979 1989 ) 1979 ( ),,,,, (1 ) (1989 ) 13 :,,,,,,,, ( 1982 ) 6 :, 9 10,, ( 1984 ) 13 :,,,, 9 :,,,,, (1987 ) 9 :,,
1 23, (1988 ) 12 :, ;, ( 1989 ) 15 :, (2 ),, :, ( 86 ) 003 : ( ) 1986 ( ), 1536 (86) 306 : (88) 117 : (89) 53 : (89) 281 :, ( 89 ) 141 : ( ),, 50,
24 1,,,,,, ( 1980 1985 ) 445, 4 (1986 1990 ) 2592, 84 1979 1989, 2. (1990 1998 ) 1989 12 26 1998 11 29, 13,,,,,, 1993,, 1992, ; 1993, 1995,,,, 1994,,,,,
1 25,,,, 1995 61% 2000 81% 1996,,,,,,,,,,,,, 264, 455, 11000 1998 7100,,, 1993 ( ), 1996, (), 1998 ( ), 1996, 1990 1998, 3. (1999 ) 1998 11 29 253,, 1999 1 20 22,,,
26 1 1 ) 1999 3, 2, ; 1999 4, ( ), ; 1999 4, ( [ 1999 ] 107 ), (2 ),, 1999 3, ( ) ( ) [ 1999] 94, 10 1999 4 6, ( ) ( [ 1999 ] 41 ) ( ) ( [ 1999 ] 59 ), 1999 7, ( ) ( [ 1999 ]168 ), 122, 10, 68 ( [ 1999 ]236 ), 1999 9, 800,,, ( ) (1 ),,,,
1 27 2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 1998,, (4 ),,,,,, ;,,, (5 ), 1986,,,,, 1998, 13 :,,,,
28 1?.? 2. 3. 1-1 4. EIA 5. EIA
2 29 1?, :, :, ;, : ; :,,,,,.,,, ;, 1.,, (,,,,, ),
30 1,,, ( ), 2000 5 31, 431, 364, 67 : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,
2 31 ), ( ), 1971 ( WH O), 1985 (GB5749-85),,,, ;,, GBT88-83 ( ) ( GB, T), H J/ T2. 1-93 ( ) ( HJ, T) : ; ; ;,,, 2-1 1., ( ),,
32 1-1, ;,,,,,,, : ( GB3095-1996 ), ( GB9137-88 ) ; ( GB3838-88 ), ( GB3097-82 ), ( GB11607-89), ( GB12941-91 ), ( GB5084-92), (GB/ T14848-93) ; ( GB3096-93), ( GB9660-88 ), ( GB10070-88 ), ( T J36-79 ), ( GB5749-85)
2 33 2.,,, ( ),,, ( ), ( ), :, 60, ( GBl3223-1996 ), ( GB4915-1996), ( GB3544-92 ), ( GBl4470 1 14470 9-93 ) ( ) (1 ) mg/ L, mg/ m 3, :, ;,, ( GB8978-1966 ) (2 ), ( GB/ T13201-91 ) P SO2, (3 ) 20 70 SO2, 1974 :
34 1, () ;,,, (),,,, (4 ) ( ),, 30,, 1988 3. (1 ),, ( GB/ T13201-91 ), ( GB3839-83 ), (2 ),, ( GB5468-91), ( GB12524-90 ), ( GB7466-87 7494-87 ),, ;, ( HJ/ T2.1 2.3-93 ) 4. (1 ), ESS - 1 ( GSBZ500011-87 ), COD
2 35 GSBZ500001-87) (2 ), ( HJ/ T3-93 ), ( H J/ T4-93 ) 1993, 329, 13, 66, 184, 29, 7, 8, :, : ( ) ( ),, 2,,,,,, ( ) (), ( ), : (1 )ph :
36 1 ph. 0 5. 6, p H < 7,, 7 < ph 8. 3, ; ph < 5. 2, ; p H = 6. 6 9. 0 ; ph 4. 5 9. 0 (2 ) : 27 23. 07 g/ L 1870 mg/ L, 264. 6 g/ L, 16 g/ L ; 0. 05 mg/ L : ; ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,, ; ( ),,,, 1., ( ADI),, ( ADI)(, ),, ( N OAEL ) ( U F ) ( NOAEI)
2 37 : ADI = NOAEL 70( kg/ ) UF ADI [ mg/ ( d) ] ; N OAEI [ mg/ ( kg d) ] ; UF, 2-1 70 kg/, 10 kg/ 20 m 3 / d, 2 L/ d, 2-1 10 1 10 1 5 10 1 10 2-1, ADI,, 100 (= 10 10 = 100 ), 1000, ( USE PA ) ( W H O) :,,, ADI, NO AEL 2.,,
38 1 ( IARC) ( USEP A),, 1987 ( WH O) ( incremental unit risk ), ( UR ), 1 g/ m 3 :, 2-2, P 125 mg/ ( kg d) (0/ 50), 0. 05 ( 5% ),, ;, 2-2 [ mg/ ( kg [ mg/ ( kg [ mg/ ( kg d) ] P d) ] P d) ] P 0 0/ 50 0. 0 250 10/ 50 0. 20 1000 40/ 50 0. 80 125 0/ 50 0. 0 500 25/ 50 0. 50,, 250 mg/ ( kg d), 20 %, 1000 200, 1 mg/ ( kg d),,, ; 2-3, ( one hit ) ( multihit ) ( Weibull), -
2 39 2-2 1mg/ ( kg d ) 2-3 2-3 [ 1 mg/ ( kg d ) ] R( d) = 1 - exp( k 0 + k 1 d) 6. 0 10-5 ( 1/ 17000 ) R( d) = 1 - exp( a + bd m ) 6. 0 10-6 ( 1/ 167000 ) R( d) = 1 - exp( k 0 + k 1 d + k 2 d 2 + + k n d n ) 4. 4 10-7 [ 1/ (2.31 10-6 ) ], k 1 1. 71 0-8 [ 1/ (5. 9 10 7 ) ] R( d) = F( a + blg d) 1. 9 10-10 [ 1/ ( 5. 3 10 9 ) ] : (1 ),, (2 ) k 0, k 1,, a, b ; d [ m g/ ( kg d) ] ;,,, E PA, 2-2 - -,, 10-4 10-5 10-6,, : (1 ) g/ ( kg d) ; (2 ) mg/ [ m 2 ( ) d] ; (3 )mg/ kg ( ) ; (4 ) mg/ m 3, mg/ L mg/ kg
40 1 2-1],, k0 = 0, k1 = 2. 3[ mg/ ( kg d) ] - 1, d = 1mg/ ( kg d) R( d) = 10-5 R( d) = 1 - exp( 2. 3 d), d = ln (1-10 - 5 ) 2.3 70kg, 2L, ( ) cs, kg : V = d, 3. V = 2cs 70 cs = 70 ln (1-10 - 5 ) = 0.00015 ( mg/ L) 2 2.3,, (1 ),, (2 ), 1 h 4 ( 96 h), (3 ), (4 ),,,,
2 41 H2 SO4, H NO3 ), 4. : (1 ),,, (2 ),, ( ) (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, 3 : 1., 2., (1 ), ( WH O )
42 1 972 1974 1979 ( USE PA) ( USDH EW ) 6 ( ) 20, (1973 1976 1978 1985 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), - 3. -, -, (1 ) : ;, ;, ; ;,, (2 ) : ; ; ; -
2 43, 2-3, A, B, ( A + B),,, - 3 ( ) ( H ),,, ;, E,,,,,, m,, -,, -,, -,, ;, 4.,, 5.,,,,,,,
44 1. (1 ) ;, (2 ),,,,,, 2-4, 2-4 (a ), 90 % 99 %,, 99%,,,,,, -, (3 ),,, ( ) ( ), ;,,,
2 45 4 ),,,, (5 ),, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ) (), ( ) ( best practicable control technology best available t ech nology economically a- chievable),,,,,, : 1),, 2), 3),
46 1, :,,,,, : : :, 2-5 2-5,,
2 47.? ( )? 2.?? 3.? 4.?
48 1 : 1,,,,, 3-6 3-7 1. ( A ) 2.,,, ( B ) 3., ( ) ( C )
3 49,,,, ;,,, ( ), : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, :,, ; ;
50 1.,,,,,,,, 4. : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ); (5 ) ;, ;,,,, 3-1
3 51-1
52 1 : 3-2 3-2
3 53,,,, ; :, ; :,,, ;,,,,, : (1 ) ( ) ; (2 ) ( ) ; (3 ) ( ),,,, : ( 1) ( ) ;
54 1 2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) (, ) ; (6 ) (,, ) ; (7 ), ; (8 ) ; (9 ) (),,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2. 3-1
3 55-1,,,,,,,,,, 3. : ;,, ; ; ; ( ) ; ; ; 4. (1 ) (2 ) 3-2 (3 ) ( ) ( ),, ( )
56 1-2,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, ;, 5.,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ); (3 ); (4 ) ; (5 ); (6 ); (7 ) ; (8 )
3 57,,,, 6., : (1 ) ;, ; (2 ),, ( ), (), 3 ( ),, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,
58 1. 1970,, 2.,, ( 3-3 ) 3-3 ( A - C),,
3 59 ) 1., ( 3-4 ),,, 3-4 A B A : : ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C, : (1 ) A,
60 1 ; ; ; ; ; (2 ) B, B A, A, B ; 50 m A, B 50 km A, ( B ) (3 ) C,, C,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,
3 61,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,, (, ),,,,,,, 100, 20, ( ),,,,,,
62 1 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : (1 ) (2 ): ( ), (3 ) (4 ) :,, (5 ), ( ) ( ),,
3 63 ; ; : ;, ; ;, ( :,, ) ; ( ) 1., 6, 18, 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, :,,,,,,,,,, :
64 1 1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ) ( ) (4 ) (5 ) 1993 6, 3-5, : ( 1),, (2 ),,, (3 ) A B C,,, (4 ),, ( 2 ) (5 ), ( 1993 )324 (6 )
3 65-5 EIA,, EIA, EIA,,,, EIA EIA, EIA, EIA, 4, EIA 100, 20,,, ( ) 1. ; 1., 2., ; ; 3. ; 2. 4., ; 5. 1., 1., ; ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6., 6. 1993,
66 1, (7 ), (8 ),,, : () ( ), ( 9),,, (10), :,, ( ),,,,,, (11),,,,,
3 67 12),,,,, (13),, (14),,,, 4 1., : (1 ), ;, ; (2 ),, ( ), ( ), 2. : (1 ),
68 1, (2 ),,,, (3 ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (4 ),,, (5 ),, ( 6),,,,,,, : ( ) ( 1986 )003 ( ), 1. (1 ),,,, : a. ; b.
3 69 c. ; d. ; e.,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,
70 1 ), ( ) ( ),,,,,, (3 ) a. b., ( ) c., d., e. a. b. ( )
3 71 c d. e. ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) :, W S. L. ROSS GB 3833-88 GB 3838-1996, :,,,,,,, ( ),, (
72 1,,,,,,,, ( ),,, L10 L50 L90,,,,, (4 ),,,
3 73,, (5 ) a., ;,, ( ),,,,,,, b., ( ) c. d.,,,,,, a.,,,,,
74 1,,,,, b.,,,, a. b. c., d.,,,,,, ( ),,,,, (6 )
3 75 a, b. c. d. e. a. b. c. d.,, a. b. c. (7 ),,,,, : a., b. c.,,,,,
76 1, (8 ), (, CT ),, (9 ), :, (10),,, 2. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ) ( ) (5 ) ( ) (6 ) ( )
3 77 7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10),,, (11), (12), (13) ( ) (14) ( ) (15) ( ) 3-6 ( ) ( )
78 1-6 1 m 3 ( ), 250 M W ( ) 1 m 3, 250 MW 500 k V ( ) 500 k V 65 t/ h ( ) 30( ) 65 t/ h ( ) ( ) 5 t( ) ( )
3 79 50 km ( ), 20 k m 100 k m ( ), 50 ( ) 100km > 500 t ( ) < 500 t 100 t( ) 50 t ( ) 100 t 2000 m ( ) 5000 m ( ) 1000 ( ) 5000 m 1500 m 3 ( ) 200 ( ) 1500 m 3 100 km ( ) 100 km 20 ( ) 50 t 100 t( ) 20 ( ) 100 t 0. 1 t ( ) 0. 1 t 1 t( ) 1 t 50 t ( ) 20 ( ) 50 t 9 t ( ) 3 9 t > 30 t( )
80 1 20 t( ) ( ) 20 t ( ) > 10 km ( ) 3( ) 10 k m 5 t ( ) > 6 m 2 ( ) > 3 m 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 6 m 2 1 ( ) m 2 > 2000 ( ) > 3000 m 2 ( ) > 5 k m 2 ( ) 1000 ( ) 3000 m 2 < 0. 5 k m 2 ( ) 20 h m 2 ( ) 20 h m 2 > 1000 m 3 ( ) < 1000 m 3 4 k m 2 ( ) 0. 5( ) 4 km 2 50 k m ( ) 50 k m 50 k m ( ) 50 k m
3 81 3 t( ) 3 t 10 t ( ) 10 t 1 t( ) 700 ( ) 700 ( ), > 10 ( ) 1 ( ) 10 > 1 ( ) 0. 2 ( ) 1 > 10 ( ) 1 ( ) 10 3-7 ( ) < 500 m 2 ( ) 150 m 2 ( ) 5000 m 2 ( ) < 100 200 m 2 ( ) ( < 100 m 2 ( ) ) ( ) ( )
82 1 3-7 300 m 2 ( ) 1500 ( ) 10 hm 2 ( ) < 10 m 2 ( ) 50 ( ) 50 ( ) 50 ( ) 50 ( ) ( ) 100m ( ) 50 ( ) 1. 2. 3. EIA??
4 83 4 1,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ) () (), ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ), (
84 2, ( : ; : DDT ; : ; : COD SS ph ), ( : ; : NO x SO x H F Cl2 ; : ), ;, ;,,,,,, ( ) 1. 2. 3. ; ; 4. 5. ; 6.
4 85. ; () ; ; ; 8.,,, 9. ( ) 1. 2. (),, ( ), 3. ( ),, (, ) 4.,,, ( ),,, (1 ),,, ( ), (2 ), (3 )
86 2 4 ),,,,,,,, 1., : 4-1 2.,,,,,,,,,, 3. : ( ) (1 ),,, ( )
4 87-1 ( ) ( 2), Q = K W K, kg/ t; W, t/ h,,,,,,,,
88 2 ),, ( 3), ( ),, Q = CL C ; L 2 1.,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,
4 89,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, ;, (4 ), 2. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 )
90 2,,,,, (3 ),, ; ;, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, : (1 )
4 91 2 ),, (3 ),,,, 2., : G = G + G G ; G ; G, : (1 ) G = G - G - G - G - G G ; G ; G ; G ; G ; G (2 ) A = AD M A D = BD - ( ad + bd + cd + d D) A ; A D ;
92 2 M ; BD ; ad ; bd; cd; dd,, 3.,,,,,, ( 4-2 ) 1. (1 ),, 4-3, 4-4 (2 ) ( ) 4-5
4 93-2 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
94 2-3 1 2 3 4-4 1 2 3 4-5 1 2 3 (3 ) 4-6 4-6 1 2 3
4 95.,,, 3. (1 ), ( ),,,,,,, ( ) 4-7 4-7 1 2 3,,,, (2 ), : ; 4-8
96 2-8 (3 ) : ; ;, 4-8 (4 ),,,,,,,,, (5 ) :
4 97 Qf Qr = Qp + Ql + Qw Qf ; Qr ; Qp ; Ql ; Qw (6 ) ( ),,, (7 ),,,,, 4.,,,, 5. ( 1),,,, (2 ),,,
98 2 3 ),,, 6. (1 ),,, ( 2),, (3 ),,, 7. (1 ),, ( 2),,, ( 3),, ( 4),,,,,, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),
4 99 8),,, (9 ), 8., : ; ; ; ; ; ; 3, 1.,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,
100 2,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 2. ( ), ( ),, (1 ) :,, ; ; ; (2 ) : ; ; ; ( ) : ; ; ; ;, ;
4 101 3 ) : ; ; ; (4 ) :,,,, ;,, ;, ; ;, (5 ) : ; ; ; ( ) ; (6 ) : ; ; ; ; ( ), ( 4-1 ) 4-1
102 2-9,,,,, ( ), (, ),,,,,,,,, 3. ( ) (1 ),,,,, ;,, ;, ;,, ; ;,,
4 103 2 ) ; (3 ),, ( )( ) (4 ) ( ), : ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) : ; ; 4.,, (1 ) ;,, ; ; ;, (2 ), ; ( ) ; ;,
104 2, ( ) ; ( ) ;, ;, ; ;, (3 ), ; ; ;, ; (4 ) ( ) ;, ; ( 4-2) 4-2 5.,, ( ) (1 ),,,,,,,
4 105-10,, ( ),, ( ),, ( ),,, :,,, :,,,,,, (2 ), ;,,, ;, ; : ;
106 2, ; ;,, (3 ), 6. ( 1) ; ; ;, (2 ),,, ;, ; (3 ), 7. () (1 ), :,,,, (2 ),,
4 107 ; ( ),,, ;, ;,,, ; ( ),, ; 8.,, (1 ),,,, ;, ;,, (2 ) ( ),, ;, (3 ),,, (4 ),, ( 5), (6 ) (7 )
108 2. (1 ) ( ), (), ;, ( ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ) ( ) :,,,, ;
4 109 ),,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,, 4-3, 4-4 205. 3 m 3 / h 3 930. 3 m 3 / h, 3 725 m 3 / h, 94. 8% 92. 3 m 3 / h, 4-5
110 2-3 4-4 ( : t/ a)
4 111-5 4,,,, ;,
112 2 1. 1. 1 1. 2 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 1. 2. 3 (, ) 1. 2. 4 1. 3 (, ) 1. 3. 1 ( ) 1. 3. 2 ( ) 1. 4 ( ) 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7, 1. 8 1. 8. 1 1. 8. 2 1. 8. 3 ( ) 1. 9 2. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 ( ) 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 2. 2
4 113. 3 2. 4 3. 4. 5. 6. : 1. 1. 1 ( ) 1. 2 1. 3 ( ) 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 2. 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 2. 14
114 2. 15 2. 16 2. 17 2. 18 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 2. 23 2. 24 2. 25 3. 3. 1 ( ) 3. 2 3. 3 ( ) 3. 4 3. 5 4. ( ) 5., ( ) 6. 7. 8. 9. ( ) ( ) : 1. ( ) 2. ( 200m ) 2. 1 2. 2
4 115. 3 2. 4 2. 5 3. 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 (, ) 4. 4. 1, km/ h 4. 2, m 4. 3, m 4. 4 4. 5, m 4. 6, m 4. 7, % 4. 8, m 4. 9 5. 5. 1, m 3 5. 2, m 3 5. 3, m 2 5. 4, m 3 5. 5, m 3 5. 6 6. 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 7.
116 2. 1 ( ( / ) ) 7. 2 (, ) 8. 8. 1 ( ) 8. 2 (,, ) 9. 10. 11. 1. 2.?? 3.? 4.
5 117 1,, :,,,,, ( ) : 1. (),, ;,,,, ; ; ; ;, ( 5-1),,,,, ( ),, : ( :
118 2-1 ),,,, ( ),, ( ) 2. :
5 119 1 ), :,,, (2 ), : ;, (3 ), (4 ),, :, ;,,, :,,, 3.,,,,, ( ), 5 : (1 ),, :, (2 ),, :
120 2 (3 ),,, :, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, 5 : ; ; ; ;,,,,,, Little Walton Lewis 1971,,,, 1., 5-1, 5-2
5 121-1 1. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( ) ( 6) ( ) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10 ) 2. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 3. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 4. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 5.
122 2 5-1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 6. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 7. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) 8. ( 1) ( 2) 9. ( 1) ( 2) 10. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 11.
5 123-2 : 2. : 3. : ( 5-3 ),,,,, :,, 5-4,
124 2-3 1 2 A. ( ) ( 20 8) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6 - 2 + 3-1 + 1, ( 20 8 ) 10-6, + 2 + 1 3. ( 20 8) 10-6,, N EP A ( 20 8 ) 10-6, N EP A ( 20 8 ) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6, + 5 + 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 5 + 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 2 1,,,,, 1 N EP A ( 20 8 ) 10-6, + 5 0 ( 20 8) 10-6, 0 + 2 0 + 1 ( 20 8 ) 10-6, + 3 + 2 ( 20 8) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6, + 3 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 1 0 + 1 + 1, 1, 2 1, ( 20 8) 10-6 B. + 3 0 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 3-1 1,, 1 1 2 2, 1 1, 2
5 125-4 1 2 3 4 - p H 5 2 3 4 1 5 2 3 4 1 2 5 3 4 1 5 2 3 4 1 4 5 2 3 1 ( ) 4 5 2 3 1 5 4 2 3 1 1 5 4 3 2 5 1 3 4 2 5 1 2 3 4-5 1 3 4 2 5 4 2 3 1 5 4 2 3 1 1 3 4 5 2 1 4 3 2 5 1 5 4 3 2,, ( ),,,
126 2,, 2,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ), 1., :, ; ( : ) ;, ;, (1 ) :,, :,,,,,, :,, ( ), (2 )
5 127,,,, 1964 ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,, (), ;,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, (1 ), ;,, :, : : Y ( t) = a + bt : Y ( t) = a + bf ( t) f ( t) = sin t, ln t, e t : Y ( t) = a + bt + c f ( t)
128 2 Y ( t) = L/ (1 + ae - bt ) : Y ( t) = ( ai sin i t + bi cos i t) : xt = b1 xt - 1 + b2 x t - 2 ( ) xn + 1 = b1 xn + b2 x n - 1 + + bn x n - n + 1 ( ) ( a, b, c b1, b2, b3,, bn ),,, ( ),,,,,,, (2 ), :,,,,, : x1, x2, x3,, xn Y = a + + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 + + bn x n, Y, ; Y, ( ), MOS ( ) a, b1, b2, b3,, bn, (3 ),,,,, (4 ) Y,,, ( )
5 129,, : :, ;,, : :,,, ( ),,,, 3.,, ( ),, : c t + u c x + y c y + w c z = x ( c kx x ) + y ( c ky y ) + z ( c kz z ) + Si i = 1 : c ; x, y, z ; u, v, w ; kx, ky, kz ; t ; Si ( +, - ),,, : (1 ), kx, ky, kz, (2 ), t = 0, n (3 ), z = 0( = 0 ), w = 0( v = 0 ), y
130 2 z y ),, ( ) ;, (4 ) z = 0, = 0, x, y ( ) ; = = = 0, 0 x y z, ( ) (5 ), v = 0 ( v = w = 0 ), ( ), (6 ), ( = = ), x y z,,,,,, : 4.,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 0,,,, ( )( )
5 131 ) ;,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 5.,,, ( ) (1 ) : ( ), 1/ 300 1/ 2500 (2 ) : () (3 ) : (4 ) :,, ( ), ( ),,,
132 2 ),,,, : (1 ) : (2 ) : ( ), 3,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, ( ) C Cs : Pi = C/ Cs ( Pi < 1 ) ( Pi > 1 ), Pi,
5 133,,,, :, : P = n im i = 1 j = 1 Pij Pi j = Ci j/ CSi j, i, ; n ; j, im i, : P = n im W ij Pi j i = 1 j = 1 n im W ij i = 1 j = 1 ( ) W i j,, (2 ),,,, 0 1, 0, 1,,,,,,,,, Leopold 1971, 100 ( ), 88 (
134 2,,,,, 5, 10,, Mi j j i, W ij j i i, i M ij W i j ; j, i M ij W i j,, i j M ij W i j, 5-5 5-5 ( ) 8 (3 ) - 2 (7 ) 3 ( 3 ) 1( 1 ) 9 ( 3) - 8 (7 ) - 3 ( 7) 3 (10 ) 1 ( 3) 3 1 (1 ) 1 ( 3) 4 ( 3 ) 5 ( 3) 6( 1 ) 1 (10 ) 47 1 (1 ) 1 ( 1) 2-3( 7 ) - 5 (7 ) 4 ( 3 ) 7 ( 3) 8( 1 ) 2 (10 ) 5 2 (3 ) - 1 (7 ) 1 ( 1) 8 ( 3) 2( 1 ) 26 8 ( 10 ) 6( 10) 2( 3 ) - 10( 7 ) 1 (10 ) 1 ( 3) 89 6 ( 10 ) 9 ( 10 ) 150 2 ( 10 ) 1 ( 3) 3 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3) 5 ( 3) 2( 1 ) - 1 (3 ) 45 1 (3 ) 4( 1 ) 5 ( 3) 22 1 (3 ) 1 ( 3) 1 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3) 4 ( 3) 1( 1 ) 1 ( 3) 34 1 (3 ) - 9 ( 7) 7 ( 3) - 10( 7 ) - 109 180-47 42 11 97 31-2 70-68 314 1 ; 10 ;, : 314,, ; - 109,,
5 135, 150 89 180 97 70,, - 68-47,,,,, MeMary EIA ( 1968 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,,,,,,,, 1( ) 5( ) 6,,
136 2,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,, -,,,, ( 5-2), : ( ),?,? 5-2 5-2
5 137 :,, :,,,, :,,,, ( ),, ( ),, (,,, ),,,,,,,, 5-3 : A B, 9 : Pi = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,,9 ) Xi j, : M( Xi j ) = ( + - ) Xij ; I( Xi j ) = Xij M( Xij ) I( Xij ) ( : 1 10 ) : P = i M ( Xi j ) I( Xi j ) Xi j, 5-3 : 8,,, ( )
138 2-3 P = 9 i = 1 Pi ( Pi i ), 5-3, 5-6 5-4 9 :
5 139-4 5-6 A 1.0-2.0 4 A 1 1.0-1.5 5 A 1.1 1.0-0.5 10 A 1.1.1 0.3-1.0 3 A 2 1.0-0.25 2 A 2.1 0.4 + 3.0 3 A 2.1.1 0.2-1.2 1 A 3 1.0-1.0 7.5 A 3.1 1.0-0.7 0.5 A 3.2 0.8 + 2.2 1
140 2 5-6 A 3.2.1 0.8 + 1.5 3.5 A 3.3 0.95 + 0.2 1.5 A 3.3.1 0.5-1.1 9 B 1.0-4.0 5 B 1 1.0-4.8 6 B 1.1 0.2-1.5 10 B 2 0.2-2.5 10 B 3 0.9-0.5 7 B 3.1 0.9-0.5 7 B 3.1.1 0.1-0.8 0.7 B 3.1.2 0.2-0.1 0.2 : -, + : ( 1. 0) (1. 0 ) ( 1. 0) (0. 3 ) = 0. 3 ; : ( - 2) (4 ) + ( - 1. 5) (5 ) + ( - 1. 5) (10) + ( - 1 ) ( 3) = - 23. 5 ; : ( 0. 3) ( - 23. 5) = - 7. 05 ;, ; : ( 1. 0) (0. 9 ) ( 0. 9) (0. 2 ) = 0. 162 ; : ( - 4) (5 ) + ( - 3) (6 ) + ( - 0. 5) (7 ) + ( 0. 1) (0. 2 ) = - 41. 52 ; : ( 0. 162) ( - 41. 52 ) = - 6. 72 7, 9, = - 54. 93, :,,,,, - -,, :
5 141., (1 ) 1965 ( L. A. Zadeh ),, A, x, x A, x A,, : A( x) A ( ), 0, 1, A( x) = 1 x A 0 x A (5-1) [ 0, 1],, : U, U A, x U, A ( x) [ 0, 1], x A, A ( x) x A, A : A = { A ( x1 )/ x1, A ( x2 )/ x2,, A ( x n )/ xn } x1, x2,, xn U 5-5 (5-2) : X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {0/ 0, 0. 2/ 1, 0. 6/ 2, 1/ 3, 0. 6/ 4, 0. 1/ 5, 0/ 6} 5-5, 0 6 A, 3 A, 1, 2, 4, 5 A 0, 1,, 2, 3, 4, 1,,,,,,, V, V = (,,,, ),
142 2 V,,,,, V,, 30 %, 70%, (2 ) A = {0/, 0. 3/, 0. 7/, 0/, 0/ } (5-3),, : U A B ( A = B) A ( x) = B ( x) (5-4), U, x, A ( x) = B ( x); U x, A ( x) = B ( x),, A = B ( NOT )U A A, A ( x), A ( x) = 1 - A ( x) (5-5), A = {0/ 0, 0. 1/ 1, 0. 4/ 2, 0. 7/ 3, 0. 9/ 4, 1. 0/ 5}, A = {1/ 0, 0. 9/ 1, 0. 6/ 2, 0. 3/ 3, 0. 1/ 4, 0/ 5}A, A ( OR ) U A B, A B, C = A B, : : C ( x) = A B ( x) = max{ A ( x) B ( x) } (5-6) C ( x) = B ( x) B ( x) (5-7),, A, B, A ( x) B ( x), X = [ x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 ] (5-8) A = [ 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7/ x2, 1/ x3, 0/ x4, 0. 5/ x5 ] (5-9) B = [0. 5/ x1, 0. 3/ x2, 0/ x3, 0. 1/ x4, 0. 7/ x5 ] ( 5-10) A B C = A B, : C = [ 0. 5 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 0. 3/ x2, 1 0/ x3, 0 0. 1/ x4, 0. 5 0. 7/
5 143 x ] = [ 0. 5/ x1, 0. 7/ x2, 1/ x3, 0. 1/ x4, 0. 7/ x5 ] ( 5-11) ( A ND) U A B, A B, C = A B, : : C ( x) = A B ( x) = min{ A ( x), B ( x) } ( 5-12) C ( x) = A ( x) B ( x) ( 5-13), A B C = A B, C = [ 0. 5 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 0. 3/ x2, 1 0/ x3, 0 0. 1/ x4, 0. 5 0. 7/ x5 ] = [ 0. 2/ x1, 0. 3/ x2, 0/ x3, 0/ x4, 0. 5/ x5 ] ( 5-14) C U A B, A B, C ( x) = B ( x) B ( x) ( 5-15) C = [ 0. 5 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 0. 3/ x2, 1 0/ x3, 0 0. 1/ x4, 0. 5 0. 7/ x5 ] = [ 0. 1/ x1, 0. 21/ x2, 0/ x3, 0/ x4, 0. 35/ x5 ] ( 5-16), C U A B, A * B, : C ( x) = A B ( x) = A ( x) + B ( x) - A ( x) B ( x) ( 5-17) C = {0. 5 * 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 * 0. 3/ x2, 1 * 0/ x3, 0 * 0. 1/ x4,0. 5 * 0. 7/ x5 } = {0. 6/ x1,0. 79/ x2, 1/ x3, 0. 1/ x4, 0. 85/ x5 } ( 5-18), (3 )
144 2 X Y X Y, X Y R, R X Y, : R: X Y [0, 1 ] ( 5-19) R ( x, y), R ( x, y),, X Y ; X Y, X Y, X, X = (,,, ), Y, Y = (,,,, ), X Y R : 0.01 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.37 0.0 R = 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 ( 5-20), rij i j, i j, R i i ; j j R,,,,, : a. 1, M1 (, ) A B, C, C = A B, C : : Cij = max k, A B: min [ aik, bkj ] = k [ aik bik ] ( 5-21) A = B = 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 ( 5-22) ( 5-23)
5 145 C A B = =, ( 0.8 0.2 ) ( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 ) ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 B A = = 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6 ( 5-24) ( 5-25) A B B A ( 5-26) b. 2, M2 (, ), C : Cij = k ( aik, bkj ) = ( ai1, b1 j ) ( ai2, b2 j ) ( aik, bkj ) (5-27), a b= ab, () ; a b = ( a + b), ( ) C= A B = = ( 0.8 0.2 )+( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 )+ ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 )+( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.16+0.42 0.32+0.63 0.58 0.95 0.10+0.18 0.20 0.27 = 0.28 0.47 ( 5-28) c. 3, M3 (, ), C :, C= A B = = Cij = max [ aik, bkj ] = k k [ aik, bik ] ( 5-29) ( 0.8 0.2 ) ( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 ) ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.16 0.42 0.32 0.63 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.27 = 0.428 0.63 0.18 0.27 d. 4, M4 (, ), C : Cij = k ( aik, bkj ) = ( ai1 b1 j ) ( ai2, b2 j ) ( aik bkj ) ( 5-30) (5-31)
146 2 C= A B = = ( 0.8 0.2 ) ( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 ) ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3, M4 (, = 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.7 ( 5-32) ),,, M1 M2 (, ) (4 ), : (, ) U = { u1, u2,, un } V = { v1, v2,, vn } V U U V R : U V [ 0, 1 ],, ( U, V, R), U,, U A = { a1/ u1, a2/ u2 ai = 1, ai 0 R A, :,, an/ un }, B = A R ( 5-33), B = { b1/ v1, b2/ v2,, bm/ vm }, V bi 1, B = A R,,,,, (5 ), ;,, [ 5-1]
5 147-7 5-7 / ( mg/ L) DO 7.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 BOD 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 COD 2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 10.0 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 CN - 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 DO : 0 x 5 y1 = ( x - 5)/ 2 5 < x < 7 ( 5-34) 1 x 7 ( x - 3)/ 2 3 < x < 5 y2 = ( 7 - x)/ 2 5 < x < 7 ( 5-35) 0 x 3, x 7 x - 2 2 < x < 3 y3 = ( 5 - x)/ 2 3 < x < 5 ( 5-36) 0 x 2, x 5 x - 1 1 < x < 2 y4 = ( 3 - x) 2 < x < 3 ( 5-37) 0 x 1, x 3 1 x 1 y5 = ( 2 - x) 1 < x < 2 ( 5-38) 0 x 2, 5-7, DO 7. 0 mg/ L, DO 7. 1 mg/ L,, DO 6. 9 ml/ L,, 7. 1 mg/ L 6. 9 mg/ L DO, DO = 7. 1 mg/ L, 100%, DO = 6. 9 mg/ L, 95%,, 5%
148 2 2. 69/ DO, 2. 50/ BOD, 7. 73/ COD, 0. 0076/, 0. 0040/ CN - }, 5 5 : 0 0 0.69 0.31 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 R = 0 0 0.09 0.91 0 0 0.48 0.52 0 0 ( 5-39) 0 0.33 0.67 0 0 A ai ui,,, ;,,,,, : Si = ( Si1 + Si2 + Si3 + Si4 + Si5 )/ 5 ( 5-40) W = ( SD O/ CDO, CBO D/ SBO D, CC O D/ SCO D, C / S, CC N - / SCN - ) = ( WD O, WB O D, WC O D, W, WC N - ) A = ( WD O/ W i, WBO D/ W i, WC O D/ W i, W / W i, WC N - / W i ) : W i = WD O + WB O D + WC OD + W + WC N - ( 5-41) WDO W i, DO, DO, Sij i j 5-8 5-8 DO BOD COD CN - C i 2.69 2.50 7.73 0.0076 0.0040 S i 3.60 3.90 5.60 0.0134 0.0076 W i = 4.46 W i 1.34 0.64 1.38 0.57 0.53 a i 0.30 0.14 0.31 0.13 0.12
150 2 : A = {0. 30, 0. 14, 0. 31, 0. 13, 0. 12} ( 5-42) A R,, 1 2 B 1, M(, ) 0 0 0.69 0.31 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 B = A R = {0. 30, 0. 14, 0. 31, 0. 13, 0. 12} 0 0 0.09 0.91 0 0 0.48 0.52 0 0 0 0.33 0.67 0 0 = { (0. 3 0) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0) (0. 13 0 ) ( 0. 12 0), ( 3 0 ) ( 0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0 ) ( 0. 13 0. 48 ) ( 0. 12 0. 33 ), ( 0. 3 0. 69) ( 0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0. 09 ) ( 0. 13 0. 52) ( 0. 12 0. 67), ( 0. 3 0. 31) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0. 91 ) ( 0. 13 0) (0. 12 0 ), ( 0. 3 0 ) ( 0. 14 0) (0. 31 0 ) ( 0. 13 0) (0. 12 0 )} = {0 0 0 0, 0 0. 14 0 0. 13 0. 12, 0. 3 0. 14 0. 09 0. 13 0. 12, 0. 3 0 0. 31 0 0, 0 0 0 0} = {0, 0. 14, 0. 3, 0. 31, 0} ( 5-43) B = {0, 0. 19, 0. 4, 0. 41, 0} ( 5-44), : 0, 0. 19, 0. 4, 0. 41, 0, 2, M(, ) 0 0 0.69 0.31 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 B = A R = {0. 30, 0. 14, 0. 31, 0. 13, 0. 12} 0 0 0.09 0.91 0 0 0.48 0.52 0 0 0 0.33 0.67 0 0 = { (0. 3 0) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0) (0. 13 0 ) ( 0. 12 0), ( 0. 3 0 ) ( 0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0 ) ( 0. 13 0. 48 ) ( 0. 12 0. 33 ), (0. 3 0. 69) (0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0. 09) (0. 13 0. 52) (0. 12 0. 67),
5 151 0. 31) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0. 91 ) ( 0. 13 0) (0. 12 0 ), 3 0) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0) (0. 13 0 ) ( 0. 12 0) } = {0 0 0 0 0, 0 0. 070 0 0. 0624 0. 0396, 0. 207 0. 070 0. 0279 0. 0676 0. 0804, 0. 093 0 0. 282 0 0, 0 0 0 0 0} = {0, 0. 172, 0. 4529, 0. 3751, 0} ( 5-45) B = {0, 0. 17, 0. 45, 0. 37, 0} ( 5-46) : 0, 0. 17, 0. 45, 0. 37, 0, M(, ) M(, ) M (, ), ( ),? M(, ),,,, A, M (, ), M(, ),, ( ) R1 R1 : B B R1 = B B 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.37 0.0 = 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 ( 5-47) 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 ( ), : A1 = {0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 1} M(, ), B1 :
152 2 B A1 R1 = {0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 1} = 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 = { (0. 2 0. 0) (0. 3 0. 0) (0. 4 0. 0) (0. 1 0. 0), ( 0. 2 0. 3 ) ( 0. 3 0. 18) (0. 4 0. 0) (0. 1 0. 2), ( 0. 2 0. 7 ) ( 0. 3 0. 45) (0. 4 0. 7) (0. 1 0. 6), ( 0. 2 0. 0 ) ( 0. 3 0. 37) (0. 4 0. 3) (0. 1 0. 2), ( 0. 2 0. 0 ) ( 0. 3 0. 0 ) ( 0. 4 0. 0 ) ( 0. 1 0. 0 )} = {0 0 0 0, 0. 06 0. 054 0 0. 02, 0. 14 0. 135 0. 28 0. 06, 0 0. 111 0. 12 0. 02, 0 0 0 0} = ( 0, 0. 134, 0. 615, 0. 2512, 0 ) ( 5-48) B1 = (0, 0. 13, 0. 62, 0. 25, 0) ( 5-49), 2., ( Analytic H ierarchy Process ), T. L. Saaty 1980, (1 ),,,,, 7,,, n, i j :
5 153 9 7 5 3 i j 1 1/ 3 1/ 5 1/ 7 1/ 9 2, 4, 6, 8 (2 ) n x 1, x2,, xn, ( ),, : x 1 x 2 x n x 1 a 11 a 12 a 1n x 2 a 21 a 22 a 2n xn an1 an2 ann A, A = [ aij ] n n ( 5-50) n, : aii = 1, ai j = 1/ aji, n( n - 1)/ 2 W, (3 ) A max, A W = max W ( 5-51), W ( w1, w2,, wn ) n (4 ) A,
154 2 A, W i : aij = W i aij n aij i = 1 (5-52) n = ai j (5-53) j = 1 W i = :, W i =, W i : W i n W i i = 1 n (5-54) n aij (5-55) j = 1 (5 ) W i = W i n W i i = 1 (5-56),, x1 x2 x2 x3, x1 x3, max = n, C. I. : C. I. = max - n n - 1, C. I. = 0;, max (5-57) > n,, C. I. = 0 C. I., Saaty, n, 1/ 9, 1/ 7, 1/ 5,, 5, 7, 9, n 100 500,,, C. R. :
5 155 n 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 C R. 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 C. I. / C. R. < 0. 1, (6 ) max n = i = 1 [ A W ] i nw i 5-2,, x1 : x1 x2, x1, a1 2 = 2; x1 x3, x1, a1 3 = 4; x1 x4, x1, a1 4 = 1/ 9; x1 x5, x1, a1 5 = 1/ 2; x2 x3, x2, a2 3 = 3; x2 x4, x2, a2 4 = 1/ 6; x2 x5, x2, a2 5 = 1/ 3; x3 x4, x3, a3 4 = 1/ 9; x3 x5, x3, a3 5 = 1/ 7; x4 x5, x4, a4 5 :, x2, x3, x4, x5 = 3 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 N [ A W ] i x1 1 2 4 1/ 9 1/ 2 0.4444 0.8503 0.110 0.5775 x 2 1/ 2 1 3 1/ 6 1/ 3 0.0833 0.6084 0.079 0.4034 x 3 1/ 4 1/ 3 1 1/ 9 1/ 7 0.0013 0.2654 0.034 0.1815 x 4 9 6 9 1 3 1458.0 4.2929 0.557 2.9915 x 5 2 3 7 1/ 3 1 14.000 1.6952 0.220 1.1036,
156 2 max = 1 5 + 0.5775 0.110 + 0.4034 0.079 + 0.1815 0.034 + 2.9915 0.557 + 1.1036 0.220 C. I. C. I. = max - n n - 1 = 5.204-5 5-1 n= 5, C. R. = 1. 12. C. I. C. R. = 0.051 1.12 = 5.204 ( 5-58) = 0.051 ( 5-59) = 0.045 < 0.1 ( 5-60),,, W = [ 0. 11, 0. 08, 0. 03, 0. 56, 0. 22 ],,,,,, 1.??? 2.??? 3.?? 4.?? 5.? 6.,,?? 7.
6 157 1,,, 1. 1989 ; 1996 :,, :,,, ;, ;,,, :,, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 2. 20 80, :, ( ),
158 2 1989,, 1990,,, 1991 2, :, ;, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), ;, (4 ) 33/ 50, 17 (5 ) (6 ) : ( ),, 1996 ( IPPC), 1998, 1994, 8, 20 / 1992 6, 21,
6 159 10,,, 1994 10 45 10 160,, ( OECD) 3,,, 3.,, 1993,,,, 1997, 250,,, 10% 20%, 8 % 15 %, 20% 40% 29, 1000, COD 5. 4 t, 30674 29 780, / 2400 140, 1,, 1994, 17,,
160 2,,, B4,,,,, 1.,,, ;,,, 1996 1997,, 6,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,
6 161. ( ),,, : (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, 3. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6-1
162 2 6-1,,,,,,,, (2 ) 6-1,
6 163, EIA,,,,, EIA,, ;,, :,,,, 1) EIA EIA,,,, 2), (, ),, : /, ;,,
164 2 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 2. ( 1), ( 2),, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ) 3. ( 1),, (2 )
6 165 1. (1 ),,,,,, : 20 70,,,,, 20 80,,,, 20 90, ( SE TAC ) ( SPOLD),,,,?,, ( ) ( ) ;,,,,,, 1997 ISO14040,
166 2, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,, 2.,,,, ( :!), : (1 ),,,,,, ( )
6 167 2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) (3 ),,,,,,, ( ),, (4 ) ( ),,, ( ),,
168 2,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, (1 ) (2 )
6 169 0 1,,, 6-1;,, 6-2 6-1 ( ) [0,1.0] [0,0.30 ] [0.30,0.70 ] [ 0.70, 1.0 ] : 6-2 ( ) [ 0,1.0] [0,0.20 ] [0.20,0.40 ] [ 0.40,0.60] [0.60,0.80 ] [0.80,1.0 2.,,,,, (1 ) 0 1,, 100, ( ), 1998, : 6-3
170 2-3 25 7 6 4 4 4 17 3 4 5 5 29 10 10 9 29 100, 29;, 25;, 17 :,,,,, 7, 6, 4, 4, 4 :,,, 3, 4, 5, 5 :,, 10, 10, 9,, 29 (, ),,,, 29,,
6 171, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10 9;,,,, 29,, 29 (2 ),, 80,,,,, 70 80,,, ; 55 70,, ; 40 55,,, ; 40,,,, 6-4 6-4 > 80 40 55 70 80 55 70 < 40 4 1.
172 2 ) :, (1 ), 6-2 6-2 (2 ), 6-3 6-3 (3 ), 6-4
6 173-4 2., 6-5, 6-6, 6-7 6-5 [ 0.8,1.0] [ 0.6,0.8) [ 0.4,0.6) [ 0.2,0.4) [0,0.2) 1./ ( m 3 tp - 1 ) < 100 < 150 150 300 300 400 > 400 2. / ( t tp - 1 ) a. 75 < 2.2 < 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.6 > 2.6 b. 75 < 2.4 < 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.8 > 2.8 3. / % ( < 100) 80 85 70 75 50 70 40 50 < 10
174 2 6-5 1./ ( m 3 tp - 1 ) < 100 < 150 150 300 300 400 > 400 2.CODcr/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 100 150 200 250 250 450 450 500 > 550 3.BOD5/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 30 50 60 80 80 140 140 180 > 180 4.SS/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 30 50 100 100 200 200 300 > 300 : t/ tp 1 /, tp 6-6 [0.8,1.0] [ 0.6,0.8) [0.4,0.6) [ 0.2,0.4) [ 0,0.2 ) 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) 15 50 100 100 200 200 250 > 250 2. / (t tp - 1 ) < 1.85 < 1.90 1.90 2.05 2.05 2.15 > 2.15 3. / % 98 90 95 70 90 50 70 < 50 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) 15 < 100 100 200 200 250 > 250 2.CODcr/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 20 40 80 80 250 250 500 > 500 3.BOD5/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 6 12 25 25 75 75 150 > 150 4.SS/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 10 15 15 50 50 150 150 200 > 200 : t/ tp 1 /, tp,,,,,, COD BOD SS,
6 175-7 [0.8,1.0] [ 0.6,0.8) [0.4,0.6) [ 0.2,0.4) [ 0,0.2 ) 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) < 50 < 100 100 250 250 350 > 350 2. / (t tp - 1 ) < 2.10 < 2.15 2.15 2.30 2.30 2.40 > 2.40 3. / % 97 98 88 90 70 88 50 70 < 50 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) < 50 < 100 100 250 250 350 > 350 2.CODcr/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 40 60 100 100 300 300 550 > 550 3.BOD5/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 12 18 30 30 90 90 170 > 170 4.SS/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 10 15 15 50 50 150 150 250 > 250 5.AOX/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 0( ) < 1.5 1.5 5.0 5.0 6.0 > 6.0 : t/ tp /, tp 1. (1 ) / / /, 6-5 (2 ), 6-6 2., 40%,,,, / / / / /,,,
176 2-5 / / / 6-6
6 177, : () (, ) (1 ) 6-8 6-11 (2 ): a),,,,, 6-8 ( ) [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 70 65 70 60 65 60 55 < 55 2. ( Cu)/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 12.7 12.7 13.7 13.7 14.35 14.35 14.8 > 14.8 3. ( CN - )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 > 1.5 4. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 2. (Cu 2 + )/ [g (m 2 m) - 1 ] < 3 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 > 7.0 3. ( CN - )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 > 1.5 4. ( Cu )/ [ g m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.15 0.15 0.27 0.27 0.43 0.43 0.56 > 0.56 5. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.36 0.36 0.55 0.55 0.86 0.86 1.2 > 1.2
178 2 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 85 80 85 75 80 70 75 < 70 2. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 10.6 10.6 11.511.5 12.0 12.0 12.7 > 12.7 3. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 2. (Cu 2 + )/ [g m 2 m) - 1 ] < 0.85 0.85 1.15 1.15 1.5 1.5 2.0 > 2.0 3. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.08 0.08 0.120.12 0.24 0.24 0.38 > 0.38 4. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.35 0.48 0.48 0.76 > 0.76 6-10 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 85 80 85 75 80 70 75 < 70 2. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 8.5 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 10.0 > 10.0 3. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 2. (Cu 2+ )/ [g ( m 2 m) - 1 ] < 0.85 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 > 1.7 3. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.17 0.17 0.270.27 0.370.37 0.57 > 0.57 4. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.25 0.25 0.350.35 0.55 0.55 0.8 > 0.8
6 179-11 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 20 13 20 10 13 8 10 < 8 2. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 110 110 160 160 210 210 280 > 140 3. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 > 0.8 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 > 0.8 2. (Cu 2+ )/ [g ( m 2 m) - 1 ] < 55 55 80 80 110 110 140 > 140 3. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 > 1.8 4. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 10 10 13 13 15 15 18 > 18 b),,,,, c),,, 1., 6-7 2. 70, ( )
180 2-7,,,,,,,, 6-12 6-12 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / ( t tp - 1 ) < 10 10 12 13 15 26 35 > 35 2. / ( kg t - 1 ) < 164 164 185 186 190 191 200 > 200 3. / ( kw h t - 1 ) < 80 80 110 111 130 131 150 > 150 4. / ( kg t - 1 ) < 75 75 150 151 170 171 200 > 200 1. / ( t tp - 1 ) < 3 3 9 10 22 0.6 0.8 > 0.8 2. COD/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 4 4 114 15 25 3. / % < 4.0 4.0 8.0 8.0 8.9 9.0 11 > 11.0 4. ( 80 % )/ ( kg t - 1 ) < 26 26 50 51 100 > 100 5. ( 10 % 15 % )/ ( kg t - 1 ) < 1 1 1.5 1.6 3.5 > 3.5 :
6 181.?? 2.?? 3.? 4.?
182 3 7 1 7-1, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 7-1Pi,, 1 3, : Pi = Qi/ Coi (7-1) Pi, m 3 / h; Qi,, t/ h ;
7 183-1
184 3 Coi, GB 3095-1996 1 h, mg/ m 3 7-1 P i / ( m 3 h - 1 ) P i 2. 5 10 9 2. 5 10 9 > P i 2. 5 10 8 P i < 2. 5 10 8 : [ 7-1], : 40 kg/ h, 10 kg/ h, 1 kg/ h ; H = 60 m? GB16297-1996 ( ), H = 60 m, : 33 kg/ h, 16 kg/ h, 1. 1 kg/ h Pi GB3095-1996, 1h C0 ( NO x ) = 0. 15 mg/ m 3 ;, TJ - 79 : C0 ( H 2 SO4 ) = 0. 3 mg/ m 3, C0 ( NB) = 0. 01 mg/ m 3 PH 2 SO 4 = 40 10-3 0.30 PN O x = 10 10-3 0.15 PN B = 10 10-3 0.01 10 9 = 0. 13 10 9 ( m 3 / h) 10 9 = 0. 067 10 9 ( m 3 / h ) 10 9 = 0. 011 10 9 ( m 3 / h ), Pimax = PH 2 SO 4 = 0. 13 10 9 = 1. 3 10 8 < 2. 5 10 8 ( 7-1 ),,,,,, :
7 185 1 ) ( ), (2 ),, 16 20 km, 10 14 km, 4 6 km,,, (3 ),, 0. 5,, 2 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,
186 3, (2 ), t/ a, kg/ h, g/ s,, m 3 / s ;, g/ ( m s) ;, g/ ( m 2 s ),, kg g 2. (1 ),,, :,,,,,,, ; ; (2 ), ;, ; 7-2 ( ),,,,,,
7 187-2 78.09% 20.94% 0.93 % 18.18 10-6 5.24 10-6 1.14 10-6 0.08 10-6 0.033% (350 700 ) 10-6 1.40 10-6 0.50 10-6 0.10 10-6 ( 5 200) 10-6 (0.02 0.08) 10-6 (0.1 0.5 ) 10-6 0.001 10-6 (0.01 0.25) 10-6 (0.02 0.3) 10-6 (0.01 0.25) 10-6 HC HD 0.4 10-9 ( 20 50) 10-9 ( PAN) (3 35) 10-9 (3 ),,, mg/ m 3 g/ m 3 ;,,, ppm( 100 ) ppb ppt 1., : a. Pi, ;
188 3 ] b.,, 2.,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),,, (5 ) :,,,, a) : ; ( m) ( m) ; ( K) ; ( m/ s ) ; ( t/ a, t/ h, kg/ h) ;,, b) : ( E) ( N) X Y, 1 1 ( km 2 ),, 500 500( m 2 ),,, :,,
7 189,, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,, 3. ;,, : (1 ) ( SO2 N Ox ),, : Qi = QN Ci 10-6 (7-2) Qi i, kg/ h; QN ( ), m 3 / h; Ci i ( ), mg/ m 3 (2 ),, : G = G + G (7-3) G ;
190 3 G ; G,,, (3 ), ( SO2 ), SO2 = 2 0. 8 4.,,,, (1 ) Pi j : Pij = Qij Ci j Q ij (7-4) Pij j i, m 3 / s; Cij j i, mg/ m 3 ; COi i, mg/ m 3 ; Qi j j i, m 3 / s; Pj : Pj n Cij = Pij = : (2 ) i = 1 P = Pij n j = 1 n i = 1 Coi n Ci j = j = 1 Coj Q ij ( m 3 / s) ( 7-5) Q ij ( m 3 / s ) ( 7-6), : j, i K ij :
7 191 Kij n Pij ( 7-7) Pij j = 1, Kij,, Ki j, j K j : Kj = n Pij i = 1 P ( 7-8) P ; K j,, Kj,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.,, 2.,,,,,
192 3 ), ( ) 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( GB3095-1996) : SO2, 144, 12,, 4.,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :
7 193 Ci Ii Coi (7-9) Ci i ( ), mg/ m 3 ; Coi i ( ), mg/ m 3 ; ( ) 1., 2., GB4885-85,,,, 3.,, ( ) 4. :,,,,, 5.,,
194 3 1. ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ) ( 2),, ( 3), ( 4),,, (5 ) ( ), (6 ), (7 )
7 195,,, 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), ( ) (5 ) ; (6 ) (7 ) 4., : ( ),, X Z 1.,
196 3 C( x, y, z) = u 1m/ s ),,, Q 2 y z u exp - y 2 exp - ( z - he ) 2 2 2 y 2 2 z C( x, y, z) ( x, y, z), mg/ m 3 ; x, m; y, m; z, m; Q,, mg/ s; u, m/ s; + exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z ( 7-10) y, z, m; x ; He, m y, z : y = ax p, z = bx q, x, a, p, b, q 2. :, 1 2 km,,, 5 10, (), L, : z < 1. 6 L : C( x, y, z) = Q exp - 2 u y z y 2 2 2 y n = - exp - ( z + h2 3 + 2 nl ) 2 2 2 z exp - ( z - he + 2 nl ) 2 n = - 4 4 2 2 z + (7-11) z 1. 6 L,, : 3. C( x, y) = Q u y L 2 exp - y 2 2 2 y (7-12),
7 197,, : Cf ( x, y, z) = y 2 Q u y f z f 2 exp - 2 2 y f, y f = y + 1/ 8 h3, p = ( zf - he )/ z hf : kh Cf = ( p) = 4. p - 1/ 2 exp - p 2 2 d p (7-13),, Q u y f h f 2 exp - y 2 ( p) (7-14) 2 2 y f 1 p 2 0 e- 2 x f t 2 2 d t p = ( hf - H e )/ z = u a c p ( h 2 f - h 2 e ) (7-15) 2 kh,,,, C( x, y, z) = Q1 u L 0 fd l (7-16), Q1, ; f,, (1 ) X,, y 2 y0, : C( x, y, z) = Q 2 u 2 2 exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z + exp - ( z - he ) 2 2 2 z erf y + y0 2 y - erf y - y0 2 y t 0 e- erf( ) = 2 (7-17) 2 d t (7-18)
198 3 y : C( x, z) = Q1 2 u z (2 ), a, b exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z, : C( x, y, ) = : = y 2 + h2 e b 2 + exp - ( z - he ) 2 2 2 y (7-19) y = ax, z/ y = b (7-20) Q1 2 2 ( r) erf r 2 y ( - 0 ) ; 0 x : C( y, z) = (3 ) Q1 2 2 ( r) ( 90 ) : 5. - erf r 2 y ( + 0 ) (7-21) (7-22) C( ) = C sin 2 + C cos 2 (7-23),, : C( x, y, z) = QA 2 y ( x + xy ) z ( x + xz ) exp - exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z ( x + xz ) + exp - y 2 2 2 y ( x + x y ) ( z - he ) 2 2 2 z ( x + xz ) (7-24) : QA,, ; x, y, z ; ; xy, xz xy = y = ax p, z = bx q L/ 4.3 a 1/ p, xz = h3/ 2.15 b 1/ q
7 199 L 6., y, : (1 ) 2 / n, : C = 1/ 2 2 nf Q exp - 2 ux z h 2 e 2 2 z (7-25) f ; u, z (, D z ) (2 ),,, : C = k : k, m, l ; Ckm l m l km l Ckml (7-26), ; kml, 1. k m l km l = 1 z y,, :, ;,, ;,,,, Pasquill Pasquill - Gifford 10 m
200 3 A, B, C, D, E, F, G 7-3 7-3 Pasquill m/ s ( ) 4/ 8 3/ 8 < 2 A A - B B * * 2-3 A - B B C E F 3-5 B B - C C D E 5-6 C C - D D D D > 6 C D D D D 7-3 8, 8/ 8,,,, D ( 5060 N ) ( 5063 N ), ( 177 N )* G G, F, C A, B,,, T urner,, GB3840-91 7-4, + 3, + 2, + 1, 0, - 1, - 2 ( 10 1 ) ( 10m ) 7-5
7 201-4 / ( h 0 ) 1535 35 65 < 65 4/ 4-2 - 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 5 7/ 4-1 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 8/ 4-1 0 0 + 1 + 1 5/ 5 7 0 0 0 0 + 1 8/ 8 0 0 0 0 0 7-5 m/ s 3 2 1 0-1 - 2 < 2 A A B B D ( E) ( F ) 2 3 A B B C D E F 3 5 B B C C D D E 5 6 C C D D D D D > 6 C D D D D D Pasquill ( Z0 3cm ), 7-6 7-7 Pasquill - Gifford 7-6 P - G 3 5min(GB3840-91 0. 51h) / m ( P - s) 1 1 / m A 0.901074 0.425809 0 1000 0.850934 0.602052 > 1000 y = 1 x 1 B 0.914370 0.865014 0.281846 0.396353 0 1000 > 1000 B C 0.919325 0.229500 0 1000 0.875086 0.314238 > 1000
202 3 7-6 / m ( P - s) 1 1 / m C 0.926849 0.88518 0.177154 0.232123 0 1000 > 1000 C D 0.926849 0.886940 0.143940 0.189396 0 1000 > 1000 y = 1 x 1 D 0.929418 0.888723 D E 0.925118 0.892794 0.110726 0.146669 0.0985631 0.124308 0 1000 > 1000 0 1000 > 1000 E 0.920818 0.896864 0.0864001 0.101947 0 1000 > 1000 F 0.929418 0.888723 0.0553634 0.073348 0 1000 > 1000 7-7 P - G 3 5min(GB3840-91 0. 51h) / m ( P - s) 2 2 / m y = 2 x 2 A 1.12154 1.51360 2.10881 B 0.9641015 1.09356 B C 0.941015 1.00770 0.0799904 0.00854771 0.0002111545 0.127190 0.057025 0.114682 0.0757182 0 300 300 500 > 500 0 500 > 500 0 500 > 500 C 0.917595 0.106803 > 0 C D 0.838628 0.756410 0.815575 D 0.826212 0.632023 0.55536 D E 0.776864 0.575188 0.414743 E 0.788370 0.565188 0.414743 F 0.784400 0.525969 0.322659 0.126152 0.235667 0.136659 0.1046341 0.400167 0.810763 0.111771 0.528992 1.03810 0.0927529 0.433384 1.73241 0.0620765 0.370015 2.40691 0 2000 2000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000
7 203.,,, (1 ), ( ) 7-8 7-8 (2 ),,,, y z (),,, ( ),
204 3, ;, ( ), 1. 5%, 1 h 4,,, ; ( ) ; ; 1. (1 ) i,, GB3096-1996 (2 ) ( ),, 50 km,, 50% 93. 3% ;,,,,, 98%,
7 205, 1, 0. 33, 0. 20, 0. 14, 0. 12 1. 0 mg/ m 3, 0. 12 mg/ m 3, 0. 33 mg/ m 3, (3 ), 1, ; > 1 1. 5, ; > 2, 2.,,,,, 3. (1 ) Ci Coi : Ii = Ci Coi Ii ; Ci i, mg/ L ; Coi i, mg/ L Ii > 1, i, (2 ), i = 5, (3 ), Qi, Qoi, Gi = Qi/ Qoi Gi 1, ; Gi > 1,, (4 ) ( Ki j ), ;
206 3 i ) j ci j, j : cj n = cij i = 1 Kij = ci j Kij Ki j > 50%, cj ( ), cj, ci j, cj 5 15 t/ a, 30 t/ a,, 1., 7 k m,,,,,, 6 9 TSP 4580 t/ a, SO2 1201 t/ a : Pi = Qi/ C0 i Pi, m 3 / h;
7 207 Qi,, t/ h ; Coi, mg/ m 3 ( PT S P 6 5 k m 2. = 1. 3 10 8 ), :, SO2 CO CO2, SO2 CO 14. 43 10 8 m 3 / a, 5386 t/ a, SO2 707. 17 t/ a, NO x 123 t/ a, CO 638 t/ a, SO2,, 36%, 23 % 31 10 8,, ( ) m 3 / a,, 4580 t/ a ( 15 % ), SO2 1210 t/ a 3 km, 2. 5 km, 7, 2, 1, 3, 1 ( ), : I = ( max C1 S1, C2 S2,, Ck S k Ci i, mg/ m 3 ; Si i, mg/ m 3 ; k ) 1 Ci k k i = 1 S i = Imax I GB3095-1996,, 7-9 7-9,, 7 5, : T SP H F NO x SO2
208 3-9 / (mg m - 3,) ISP SO 2 NO x H F CO I 1 () 0.54 0.066 0.034 0.0065 1.52 0.78 2 () 1.34 0.083 0.069 0.0063 1.88 2.47 3 () 0.96 0.072 0.058 0.0068 2.04 1.91 4 () 0.89 0.031 0.041 0.0062 1.64 1.7 5 () 0.71 0.065 0.05 0.0077 1.6 1.5 6 () 0.45 0.028 0.027 0.0057 1.2 0.96 7 () 0.74 0.084 0.057 0.0081 1.64 1.01 3. 1h,, TSP SO2 (1 ), 5 km 5 km, 500 m 500 m 1 (2 ) ( ), 7-10, ( ) 30 m, 30 m () (3 ), 7-10 ( 0. 5 h), ;, : He = H + H He, m; H, m; H, m GB3840-83 3
7 209 / (m s - 1 ) 1.5 1.5 3.0 3.1 5.0 > 5.0-10 N NNE NE NW NNW A.B.C 0.37 0.33 0.96 0.30 0.56 12.61 D 0.32 0.15 0.29 0.26 0.13 16.62 E.F 0.22 0.15 0.59 0.07 0.22 39.55 A.B.C 0.23 0.41 0.05 0.3 0.43 0 D 0.29 0.22 0.5 0.28 0.13 0 E.F 0.23 0.2 0.56 0.17 0.06 0 A.B.C 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.11 0 D 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.04 0 E.F 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0 0 A.B.C 0.11 0.06 0.15 0.03 0 0 D 0.26 0.34 0.23 0.10 0.13 0 E.F 0.10 0.06 0.04 0 0 0 0. 35 (4 ) :, ( ),,, : ; ; T SP SO2,,, SO2, 0. 09 0. 44 T SP,, 0. 18 0. 31mg/ m 3, TSP, T SP 1.?? 2.??
210 3 1 ( ), ( ) 8-1 8-1, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, ;,,, ( HJ/ T2. 3-93),,,,,, ( ) ( HJ/ T2. 3-93) 8-1 8-2
8 211-1
212 3 1 ), (2 ) : 3,, 10 ; : = 2, < 10 ;, 7; : = 1, < 7 ( 3), : ( ) ; ; ( p H ) ; ( ) (4 ), : :, 150 m 3 / s;, 15 150 m 3 / s;, < 15 m 3 / s : 10 m, ( ), 25 km 2 ; ( ), 2. 5 25 km 2 ; ( ), < 2. 5 k m 2 < 10 m, ( ), 50 km 2 ; ( ), 5 50 km 2 ; ( ), < 5 k m 2, (5 ) ( ) GB3838, (6 ) 8-1 8-2,,
8 213-1 / ( m 3 d - 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 20000,,,, < 20000 10000 < 10000 5000 < 5000 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, < 1000 200 1
214 3-2 / (m 3 d - 1 ) 20000 < 20000 5000 < 5000 > 1000 < 1000 500 ( ) : ; ; 8-3 8-3
8 215 ) 1., 2. (1 ) ( GB3838-88) :, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 30, 5 (2 ) GB3838-88 ( ), ( T J36-79), ISO (3 ), ( GB8978-1996 ) GB8978-88,,,,, 2 ( ), ( ), ( ),,
216 3, 1., : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, 2. : 8-4 ( ) BOD5 1 COD ph 2 BOD 5 COD p H 3 p H 4 5 6 p H COD p H COD BOD 5 BaP( ) 7 p H COD BOD 5
8 217-4 ( ) 8 p H COD BOD5 p H 9 p H p H p H p H 10 p H () p H ( ) COD p H () 11 p H COD BOD 5 12 COD BOD 5 p H 13 14 15 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H ( ) COD BOD5 BaP( (a) ) 16 p H ( ) COD BOD5 17 p H ( ) COD BOD 5 18 p H 19 20 21 p H COD BOD 5 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H COD
218 3-4 ( ) 22 p H () COD 23 p H ( ) COD BOD 5 24 p H COD BOD 5 25 p H COD BOD5 26 27 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H COD BOD 5 1. /, : (1 ) 8-1 (2 ) Pi,, [ ] (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 2. (1 ),, (2 ),, : :
8 219 ) (, ), : :, ; 3. ( ),,,, ( ), 4. (1 ) : a., i Q i ; b. Pi, Pi Pi ( K ) (2 ) ( ), Q 0 i P 0 i P 0 i (3 ) ( ) 1., ;, ( ) ( ), k i = 1 k i = 1
220 3,,,, H J/ T2. 3-93 ( ),, (1 ), HJ/ T2. 3-93 : a., :,,,, ;, 6, b.,,, ;, 6, (2 ),,, ; ( ) 2. H J/ T2. 3-93 : (1 ) GB3838 ;
8 221 2 ),, K ( ), Ci = Cik,,,,,,, Ci i ; Ci = ( C2 imax + C 2 ik ) 1/ 2 2 Cik i ( k ) ; Cimax i (3 ) : (8-1) Ii = Ci/ Si (8-2) p H ID Oj = Qs - DOj Qs - DOs, DOj DOs (8-3) ID Oj = 10-9 DOj, DOj < DOs (8-4) DOs Os = 468 31.6 + T ID O j j DO ; Os DO ; T, ; DOj j DO ; DOs DO ph Ip H, j = Ip H, j = 7.0 - ph j 7.0 - phsd IpH, j j p H ; (8-5), p H 7.0 (8-6) ph j - 7.0, ph > 7.0 (8-7) phs u - 7.0
222 3 ph j j ph ; phs d p H ; phs u ph 1,, (4 ) Ij m = I w i i = 1, Ii Cij, Ii j : Ij j ; wi i ; Ii i ; m ; Ij m i j, 0 < Iij wi 1, = 1 ( 8-8) m m = wi I i, i = 1 i = 1 m Ij = I z ij i = 1 m i = 1 - Ci, wi = 1 ( 8-9) 1/ 2 Ij = 1 m Ii, j ( ) i j i = 1 (8-10) I 2 i j (8-11),, 10 ;, ( )
8 223 1. (1 ), (2 ), ;, ;,, ; ; (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ), ( ), ( ), ( )
224 3., (1 ) :,,,,,,, (, p H ), (2 ), 3. (1 ), ( ) : :, : ( ) ;, ( ) 1/ 5,,, ;,
8 225 ),,,,,,, : 1/ 20 ; 1/ 5 (2 ),,,,,,,, B, H, A, Q Q > 15m 3 / s B/ H < 20 ( B ),,, A = H ( B) d B; o, A = B H Q > 15m 3 / s1. 5,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ; ( )
226 3 m, ( ) ( ),, C0 : 1. (1 ), Q, m 3 / s ; C0 = C1 Q + C2 q Q + q C1, mg/ L ; q ; C2, mg/ L ( 8-12) [ 8-1],, 2. 83 m 3 / s, 1300 mg/ L ; 0. 46 m/ s, 13. 7 m, 0. 61 m, 100 mg/ L,,? ( 200 mg/ L ) : C2 = 100 mg/ L, Q = 0.46 13.7 0.61 = 3.84 ( m 3 / s) C1 = 1300 mg/ L, q1 = 2.83 m 3 / s C= 100 3.84 + 1300 2.83 3.84 + 2.83 = 4063 6.67 = 609 ( mg/ L), 3,, ( 8-12) : (2 ) : Ex 2 C x 2 - ux C X - K C= 0 ( 8-13), X = 0, C = C0, ( 8-13 )
8 227 C C0 exp ux x (1-1 + 4 + 4 K Ex 2 E x u 2 x,,, ) ( 8-14), C = C0 exp ( - K x u x ux, m/ d m/ s; Ex, m 2 / d m 2 / s ; K, d - 1 s - 1 ; x( ), m ) ( 8-15) [ 8-2 ], q= 0. 15 m 3 / s, 30 g/ L, Q = 5. 5 m 3 / s, ux = 0. 3 m/ s, 0. 5 m/ L, ( ) K = 0. 2 d - 1, Ex 10 k m : : C0 = 0.15 30 + 5.5 0.5 5.5 + 0.15 10 k m : C = 1.28exp 0.3 10000 [1-1 + 2 10 10 k m : = 1.28 ( g/ L) = 10 m 2 / s 4 ( 0.2/ 86400) 10 0.3 2 ] = 1.19( g/ L) C = 1.28exp( - 0.2 10000 ) = 1.19 ( g/ L) 0.3 86400,, (3 ) : E x 2 C + x 2 Ey 2 C y 2 - ux C x - uy, ( 8-15) : C( x, y) = QA 4 h( x/ ux ) Ex E y exp - y - uy x/ ux ) 2 4 Ey x/ ux C y - KC = 0 exp( - Kx u x QA,, g/ d g/ s; ) ( 8-16)
228 3 h, m; x, y, m; Ey, m 2 / d( m 2 / s) Ex u y, ( 8-15): C1 ( x, y) = u x h QA 4 E y x/ ux exp ( - (8-16a) ( ) ux y 2 Kx ) exp( - ) (8-16a) 4 Ey x u x 8-2 ( b), B, C2 : C2 ( x, y) = 2 C1 ( x, y) ( 8-17),, [ 8-2 (a) ],, P,, ( 8-17 ) (8-19 ) 8-2 = u x h QA p exp( - n = 1 4 Ey x/ ux exp( - ux ( na + y) 2 4 Ey x ux y 2 4 Ey x ) + ) exp ( - Kx u x P n = 1 exp[ -, P = 2 4 ux ( nb - na - y) 2 4 Ey x ] + C( x, y) ) (8-18) B, [ 8-2 ( b) ],
8 229 C( x, y) = u x h 2QA p exp( - n = 1 4 Ey x/ ux exp ( - ux (2 nb + y) 2 4 E y x ux y 2 4 Ey x ) + ) exp( - p n = 1 Kx u x exp [ - ux ( 2 nb - y) 2 4 Ey x ] + ) (8-19) [ 8-3] QA = 100 g/ s, 1. 5 m, ux = 0. 3 m/ s, Ey = 5 m 2 / s, k = 0 : (1 ), ( x, y) = (2000 m, 10 m ); (2 ),, ( x, y) = (2000 m, 10 m) ; ( 3), B = 100 m, ( x, y) = (2000 m, 10 m) : (1 ), (8-16 ) : C1 ( x, y) = 100 0.3 1.5 4 5 2000/ 0.3 exp( - 0.3 10 2 ) = 0.34 ( mg/ L) 4 5 2000 (2 ), : C2 ( x, y) = 2 C1 ( x, y) = 0.68( mg/ L) (3 ), B = 100 m, ( 8-19 ), 2 ( P = 2) C3 ( x, y) = 2 100 0.3 1.5 4 5 2000/ 0.3 exp( - 0.3 10 2 4 5 2000 ) + 2 exp[ - n = 1 2 exp( - n = 1 0.3 (2 n 100-10 ) 2 4 5 2000 0.3 (2 n 100 + 10 ) 2 4 5 2000 ] + = 1.53[ 1.00 + ( 0.76 + 0.31 ) + (0.33 + 0.28) ] = 4.10( mg/ L) P = 4, C3 ( x, y) = 4. 38 mg/ L (4 ) ph, p H p H 9, (8-20 ) ( 8-21 ), )
230 3 p H, : : ph = ph 2 + lg[ Cbh ( Qp + Qh ) - Cap Qp + Qh ) + Qp cap K al 10pH h Cbh ( Qp ] ( 8-20) : ph = ph 2 + lg[ Cbh ( Qp + Qh ) + Cap Qp + Qh ) - Qp cap K al 10pH h Cbh ( Qp ph h p H ; Cbh, mg/ L; Cap, mg/ L ; Qp, m 3 / s; Qh, m 3 / s ; Kal, 8-5; Cbp, mg/ L ] ( 8-21) 8-5 Kal / 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 K 10 2. 65 3. 04 3. 43 3. 80 4. 15 4. 45 4. 71 5. 06, p H :,,, p H, ph (5 ),, T0 : T0 = q, m 3 / s; q( Tp - Th ) Q + q + Th = Q Th + qt p Q + q ( 8-22)
8 231 Q, m 3 / s ; T p, ; T h,, ( 8-23) :, kg/ m 3 ; c p, J/ ( kg ) ; H, m (6 ) BOD - DO ks x T = Te + ( T0 - Te )exp( - ) ( 8-23) c p H u x ( H. Streeter) ( E. Phelps ) 1925 BOD DO ( S - P ), 70 S - P S - P : a. BOD ; b. ; c. BOD, S - P BOD DO, : L BOD ; D ; d D d t d L d t K1 BOD ( ) ; K2 ; t : = - K1 L ( 8-24) = k1 L - K2 D ( 8-25) L = Lo e - K 1 C ( 8-26) D = K1 L0 K2 - K1 (e - K 1 t - e - K 2 t ) + D0 e - K 1 t ( 8-27)
232 3 L0 BOD ; D0 (8-27 ), O = Os - D = Os - O ; Os K1 L0 K2 - K1 (8-28 ) S - P ( 8-28 ),, 8-3,,,, dd dt Dc ; Dc ( e - K 1 t - e - K 2 t ) - D0 e - K 2 t ( 8-28) 8-3 = K1 L - K2 D = 0 ( 8-29) = K1 tc tc: tc = K2 1 K2 ln K2 - K1 K1 L0 e - K 1 t c ( 8-30) [ 1 - D0 ( K2 - K1 ) ] ( 8-31) Lo K1 S - P, S - P,, S - P BOD, d L dt = - ( K1 + K3 ) L ( 8-32)
8 233 : d D d t K3 BOD D = K1 - L0 K2 - ( K1 + K3 ) [ e - ( K 1 K1 L - K3 D ( 8-33) L = L0 e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t ( 8-34) + K 3 ) t - e - K 2 t ] + D0 e - K 2 t ( 8-35) - S - P d L d t d D dt B ; P (8-36 ) ( 8-37) D = L = ( L0 - K1 = - ( K1 + K3 ) L + B ( 8-36) = - K2 D + K1 L - P ( 8-37) B + K3 ) e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t + K1 K2 - ( K1 + K3 ) ( L0 - B K1 + K3 K1 K2 ( K1 B + K3 - P K1 K1 B + K3 ) [ e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t - e - K 2 t ] + ( 8-38) ) ( 1 - e - K 2 t ) + D0 e - K 2 t ( 8-39) K3 B P, (8-38 ) ( 8-39) S - P,,,, d L d t d Ln d t d D d t L BOD ; = - ( K1 + K3 ) L ( 8-40) = - KL ( 8-41) = K1 L + K N L n - K2 D ( 8-42)
234 3 Ln BOD ; K N : x = 0, L = L0, Ln (8-42 ): BOD5 D = D0 e - K 2 t - K1 L0 K2 - ( K1 + K3 ) [ e( - K 1 = LN, D = D0, ( 8-40) L = Lo e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t ( 8-43) Ln = LN e - K N t ( 8-44) + K 3 ) t - e - K 2 t ] + K N L N ( e - K N t - e - K 2 t ) K2 - K N ( 8-45) [ 8-4], = 2. 0 mg/ L, 8. 0 mg/ L, 22, 7. 1 m 3 / s, BOD5 = 800 mg/ L, 31, 3. 5 m 3 / s, 6 mg/ L, 0. 91 m, 15. 2 m, 5. 0 mg/ L, : : K1, 20 = 0.23 d - 1 K2, 2 0 = 3.0 d - 1 1 = 1.05 2 = 1.02 a. BOD5 ; b. ; c. K2, 20 : : T = = 2. 5 d - 1, Q = 7 13.5 = 10.6( m 3 / s) ux = : O0 = 10.6 0.91 15.2 = 0.76 ( m/ s) ( 220 ) (7.1 ) + ( 31 ) ( 3.5) 10.6 ( 8 7.1 ) + ( 6.0 3.5 ) 10.6 25 Os = 8. 38 mg/ L,, D0 = 8.38-7.33 = 1.05( mg/ L) 25 K1 = 0.23( 1.05 ) 25-20 = 0.29 ( d - 1 ) = 25.0 = 7.33 ( mg/ L)
8 235 K = 3.0( 1.02 ) 25-20 = 3.3( d - 1 ) BOD5 : (8-31 ) D0 = t0 = K1 L0 K2 Dmax = 8.38-5.00 = 3.38( mg/ L) 1 3.3 ln 3.3-0.29 0.29 ( e - K 1 t c 0.29 L0 ) = ( 3.3 1-1.05( 3.3-0.29) 0.29 L0 ) (e - 0.29 t c ) = 0.0879 L0 e - 0.29 t c, BOD u L0 ( mg/ L ), 5. 0 mg/ L, 8-6 8-6 ( L0 ) BOD L0 / (mg L - 1 ) tc/ d D o / (mg L - 1 ) 1 100 0. 770 7. 03 2 50 0.727 3.56 3 40 0.703 2.87 4 45 0.716 3.12 5 48 0.723 3.42 6 47 0.721 3.35 7 47.4 0.721 3.38 (L0 ) ( 5.0 mg/ L) : L0 = 47.4 mg/ L L0 BOD5 20 BODu, BOD5 (20 ), BOD5 = L( 1 - e - 5 K 1 ) = 47.4 (1 - e - 0.2 3 5 ) = 32.4 ( mg/ L) ( ) BOD5 : BOD5 = (32.4 10.6) - (2.0 7.1) 3.5 = 94.07 ( mg/ L) 800-94.07 BOD5 = 800 mg/ L,,, 800 b.
236 3 K ( 20 ) = 3.0 d - 1 [ K2 (25 ) ] = 3.3 d - 1 Dt = tc = = K1 La K2 - K1 ( e - K 2 t - e - K 1 t ) + Da C - K 2 t 0.29 47.4 3.3-0.29 (e - 0.29 t - e - 3.3 t ) + 1.05e - 3.3 t = 4.57 (e - 0.2 9 t - e - 3.3 t ) + 1.05e - 3.3 t 1 3.3 1.05 (3.3-0.29 ) ln 1-3.3-0.29 0.29 0.29 47.4 c. K2 (20 ) = 2.5d - 1 K2 ( 25 ) = 2.5 (1.02) 2 5-20 = 2.8d - 1 tc = D0 = Dt = 1 2.8 1.05 (2.8-0.29 ) ln 1-2.8-0.29 0.29 0.29 47.4 0.29 47.4 (e - 0.29 0.8 19 ) = 3.87 ( mg/ t) 2.8 0.29 47.4 2.8-0.29 (e - 0.29 t - e - 2.8 t ) + 1.05e - 2.8 t = 5.48 (e - 0.2 9 t - e - 2.8 t ) + 1.05e - 2.8 t 8-7 8-4 = 0.72 ( d) = 0.819( d ) 8-4
8 237-7 t/ d Dt/ ( mg L - 1 ) [ K2 (20 ) = 3. 0d - 1 ] Dt/ ( mg L - 1 ) [ K2 (20 ) = 2. 5d - 1 ] 0.0 1.05 1.05 0.1 1.91 1.98 0.2 2.49 2.64 0.3 2.88 3.11 0.4 3.13 3.43 0.5 3.28 3.65 0.6 3.35 3.78 0.7 3.38 3.85 0.8 3.37 3.87 0.9 3.34 3.86 1.0 3.29 3.83 1.5 2.93 3.48 2.0 2.55 3.05 2.5 2.21 2.65 3.0 1.91 2.29 4.0 1.43 1.72 5.0 1.07 1.29 6.0 0.80 0.96 7.0 0.60 0.72 10.0 0.45 0.54 10.0 0.25 0.30 12.0 0.14 0.17 15.0 0.06 0.07 20.0 0.01 0.02 [ 8-5] Q = 216 10 4 m 3 / d, v = 46 k m/ d, T = 13. 6, K1 = 0. 94d - 1, K2 = 1. 82d - 1, K3 = - 0. 17d - 1 Q1 = 10 10 4 m 3 / d, BOD5 500 mg/ L, 0, BOD5 0, 8. 95 mg/ L x = 6 km BOD5 : BOD u DO :
238 3 : L = C0 = (216 ) ( 0) + (10) (500 ) 216 + 10 (216 ) ( 8.95 ) + ( 10 ) ( 0) 216 + 10 Os = 468 31.6 + 13.6 = 22.1 ( mg/ L) = 8.6 ( mg/ L) = 10.4( mg/ L) D0 = 10.354-8.554 = 1.8 ( mg/ L) BOD5 L = 22.124exp - D = 1.8exp - ( 1.82 ) ( 6) (46) ( 0.94 ) - ( 0.17 ) (46) + exp( - 0.1004 ) - exp - (6 ) = 20.0( mg/ L ) (0.94) (22.124) (1.82) + (0.17) - (0.94) ( 1.82 ) ( 6) (46) = 3.8( mg/ L) 4,, ; ; ; (1 ), ;, (2 ) Ci Cip re Cib, Ci = Cip re + Cib (3 ), (4 ),,