( CI P ) /,. :,2006. 1 ISBN 7-81105-248-2............ -.X820.3 CIP (2005) 139963 : :0731-8876770 :410083 :0731-8710482 730 960 1/ 16 27. 5 489 2006 1 1 2006 1 1 ISBN 7-81105 - 248-2/ G 089 38. 00,
,,,,,,,, 15 1 1 2 3, ; 2 4 5 6, ; 3 7 8 9 10, ; 4 11 12 13 14 15,,,,,,,,,,,
2 1 1 ( 1) 1 ( 1) 2 ( 8) 3 (16) 4 (19) (28) 2 (29) 1 (29) 2 (35) 3 (41) 4 (46) (47) 3 (48) 1 (48) 2 (52) 3 (57) 4 (67) (82) 2 4 (83) 1 (83)
3 2 (88) 3 (99) 4 ( 109) ( 116) 5 ( 117) 1 ( 117) 2 ( 126) 3 ( 132) ( 155) 6 ( 156) 1 ( 156) 2 ( 164) 3 ( 167) 4 ( 170) ( 180) 3 7 ( 181) 1 ( 181) 2 ( 184) 3 ( 193) 4 ( 203) 5 ( 205) ( 208) 8 ( 209) 1 ( 209) 2 ( 214) 3 ( 222) 4 ( 237)
4 5 ( 239) ( 253) 9 ( 255) 1 ( 255) 2 ( 257) 3 ( 258) 4 ( 267) 5 ( 273) 6 ( 277) ( 280) 10 ( 281) 1 ( 281) 2 ( 284) 3 ( 285) 4 ( 293) 5 ( 295) ( 298) 4 11 ( 299) 1 ( 299) 2 ( 305) 3 ( 310) 4 ( 318) 5 ( 324) 6 ( 329) ( 335) 12 ( 336) 1 ( 336)
5 2 ( 340) 3 ( 344) 4 ( 346) 5 ( 355) ( 357) 13 ( 358) 1 ( 358) 2 ( 361) 3 ( 365) 4 ( 370) 5 ( 378) ( 384) 14 ( 385) 1 ( 385) 2 ( 389) 3 ( 394) 4 ( 398) 5 ( 399) ( 399) 15 ( 400) 1 ( 400) 2 ( 406) 3 ( 410) 4 ( 424) ( 428) ( 429)
1 1 1 1 ( ),,, :,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,
2 1, CO2,,, CO2,, SO2,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,,, ph, ( ),,, ( ),, : ( ),,,,,,,, SO2, ;,,
1 3,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4 1,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 3S,,,, ( ),, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ( ) ( ),
1 5. (1 ), ;,,,,, ;,,,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,, ;,,,
6 1 2.,,,, (1 ),, ;,, (2 ) 1) ( ) ( ), + -,,,, ;, ;,, ;, 2), ( ), ( ) CODC r, 3),,,, 4), :,,, SS,, SS,,,,,,,,
1 7 5),,, BOD5,, 6),,,,, ;,, ; - ; ;,, 7), SO2 TSP, SO2 T SP, 8) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, 9) ;,,,,
8 1,, (,, ), ;, 2 ( EIA),,,, ( L. W. Canter) 20 70,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (), ( )
1 9?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,
10 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, EIA, ( ) 1.,,,,, 2.,,,, 3.
1 11, ( ISO 14000 ), ( ), ;, ; ( ) 1., 2.,, ;, 3., 4. 20 70, ;, 5. ( LCA),,
12 1 ),, LCA,,, LCA,,,, :,, ; ; ; LCA,, CFCs ( ) ;,, ;,,,,, LCA,,,,,, 20, 90 1-1 1-1, ( ) 20 40,,,,,,,
1 13-1, 20 50,, ( M. H. Green ) ( R. K. H orton ),,,,,,, 20 60,,,, 60,,, 1972,, 1973,,, 1973,,,,
14 1,,, 1979 ( ) : ( ) ( EIA),, 1., 1969 ( NEPA ) : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ); (4 ) 102 :, : ; ; ; ( EIS) EIS, 1970 1 1 NE PA,, 30,, 1973 12 EIA, 1993, 1985 6 85/ 337/ EEC,,
1 15,,, 20 70, 1972 ( 898 ) 1988 32,, 20 70, 2. 1979 9 ( ),, 1983,, 1986 1986 3,, 1998 11, ; 1986 6, ( ),, ; 1987 3, ; 1988 3,, ; 1989 5, ; 1989 9, ;, 1990,,,
16 1 1979 1993, 2700, 3,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,
1 17,,,,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) ( ) (3 ) ( EIS ), (4 ) (5 ),,, ( EIS) :,, :,,,,,,,,,
18 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
1 19,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,, 4, 20, 20,,,,,,
20 1,,,,,,, 20 50,, 60 ( ), ( ),,,, 1969,, 1970 1 1, :,, ( 1970 ) ( 1973 ) (1973 ) ( 1974 ) ( 1974 ) ( 1976 ) (1979 )( 1978 )( 1979 )( 1979 ) (1979 ) ( 1979 ),,,, 1970, 1974 1984 5 12, 1992, 21 17 :,,,
1 21 994 ( F ERO) ( IAIA ), 52, 30, 100, ;, ; ; ;, ( ) 1973,,, 1973,, 1977,,, 1979 11,,, 1978 12 31, [ 1978 ] 79,, 1979 4,,, 1979 9, ( ), :,,,
22 1 ) 1. (1979 1989 ) 1979 ( ),,,,, (1 ) (1989 ) 13 :,,,,,,,, ( 1982 ) 6 :, 9 10,, ( 1984 ) 13 :,,,, 9 :,,,,, (1987 ) 9 :,,
1 23, (1988 ) 12 :, ;, ( 1989 ) 15 :, (2 ),, :, ( 86 ) 003 : ( ) 1986 ( ), 1536 (86) 306 : (88) 117 : (89) 53 : (89) 281 :, ( 89 ) 141 : ( ),, 50,
24 1,,,,,, ( 1980 1985 ) 445, 4 (1986 1990 ) 2592, 84 1979 1989, 2. (1990 1998 ) 1989 12 26 1998 11 29, 13,,,,,, 1993,, 1992, ; 1993, 1995,,,, 1994,,,,,
1 25,,,, 1995 61% 2000 81% 1996,,,,,,,,,,,,, 264, 455, 11000 1998 7100,,, 1993 ( ), 1996, (), 1998 ( ), 1996, 1990 1998, 3. (1999 ) 1998 11 29 253,, 1999 1 20 22,,,
26 1 1 ) 1999 3, 2, ; 1999 4, ( ), ; 1999 4, ( [ 1999 ] 107 ), (2 ),, 1999 3, ( ) ( ) [ 1999] 94, 10 1999 4 6, ( ) ( [ 1999 ] 41 ) ( ) ( [ 1999 ] 59 ), 1999 7, ( ) ( [ 1999 ]168 ), 122, 10, 68 ( [ 1999 ]236 ), 1999 9, 800,,, ( ) (1 ),,,,
1 27 2 ),,, (3 ),,,,, 1998,, (4 ),,,,,, ;,,, (5 ), 1986,,,,, 1998, 13 :,,,,
28 1?.? 2. 3. 1-1 4. EIA 5. EIA
2 29 1?, :, :, ;, : ; :,,,,,.,,, ;, 1.,, (,,,,, ),
30 1,,, ( ), 2000 5 31, 431, 364, 67 : (1 ),,,,,,,, (2 ),,,, ; (3 ),,,,, (4 ),,,,
2 31 ), ( ), 1971 ( WH O), 1985 (GB5749-85),,,, ;,, GBT88-83 ( ) ( GB, T), H J/ T2. 1-93 ( ) ( HJ, T) : ; ; ;,,, 2-1 1., ( ),,
32 1-1, ;,,,,,,, : ( GB3095-1996 ), ( GB9137-88 ) ; ( GB3838-88 ), ( GB3097-82 ), ( GB11607-89), ( GB12941-91 ), ( GB5084-92), (GB/ T14848-93) ; ( GB3096-93), ( GB9660-88 ), ( GB10070-88 ), ( T J36-79 ), ( GB5749-85)
2 33 2.,,, ( ),,, ( ), ( ), :, 60, ( GBl3223-1996 ), ( GB4915-1996), ( GB3544-92 ), ( GBl4470 1 14470 9-93 ) ( ) (1 ) mg/ L, mg/ m 3, :, ;,, ( GB8978-1966 ) (2 ), ( GB/ T13201-91 ) P SO2, (3 ) 20 70 SO2, 1974 :
34 1, () ;,,, (),,,, (4 ) ( ),, 30,, 1988 3. (1 ),, ( GB/ T13201-91 ), ( GB3839-83 ), (2 ),, ( GB5468-91), ( GB12524-90 ), ( GB7466-87 7494-87 ),, ;, ( HJ/ T2.1 2.3-93 ) 4. (1 ), ESS - 1 ( GSBZ500011-87 ), COD
2 35 GSBZ500001-87) (2 ), ( HJ/ T3-93 ), ( H J/ T4-93 ) 1993, 329, 13, 66, 184, 29, 7, 8, :, : ( ) ( ),, 2,,,,,, ( ) (), ( ), : (1 )ph :
36 1 ph. 0 5. 6, p H < 7,, 7 < ph 8. 3, ; ph < 5. 2, ; p H = 6. 6 9. 0 ; ph 4. 5 9. 0 (2 ) : 27 23. 07 g/ L 1870 mg/ L, 264. 6 g/ L, 16 g/ L ; 0. 05 mg/ L : ; ( ), ( ),, ( ), ( ),,,, ; ( ),,,, 1., ( ADI),, ( ADI)(, ),, ( N OAEL ) ( U F ) ( NOAEI)
2 37 : ADI = NOAEL 70( kg/ ) UF ADI [ mg/ ( d) ] ; N OAEI [ mg/ ( kg d) ] ; UF, 2-1 70 kg/, 10 kg/ 20 m 3 / d, 2 L/ d, 2-1 10 1 10 1 5 10 1 10 2-1, ADI,, 100 (= 10 10 = 100 ), 1000, ( USE PA ) ( W H O) :,,, ADI, NO AEL 2.,,
38 1 ( IARC) ( USEP A),, 1987 ( WH O) ( incremental unit risk ), ( UR ), 1 g/ m 3 :, 2-2, P 125 mg/ ( kg d) (0/ 50), 0. 05 ( 5% ),, ;, 2-2 [ mg/ ( kg [ mg/ ( kg [ mg/ ( kg d) ] P d) ] P d) ] P 0 0/ 50 0. 0 250 10/ 50 0. 20 1000 40/ 50 0. 80 125 0/ 50 0. 0 500 25/ 50 0. 50,, 250 mg/ ( kg d), 20 %, 1000 200, 1 mg/ ( kg d),,, ; 2-3, ( one hit ) ( multihit ) ( Weibull), -
2 39 2-2 1mg/ ( kg d ) 2-3 2-3 [ 1 mg/ ( kg d ) ] R( d) = 1 - exp( k 0 + k 1 d) 6. 0 10-5 ( 1/ 17000 ) R( d) = 1 - exp( a + bd m ) 6. 0 10-6 ( 1/ 167000 ) R( d) = 1 - exp( k 0 + k 1 d + k 2 d 2 + + k n d n ) 4. 4 10-7 [ 1/ (2.31 10-6 ) ], k 1 1. 71 0-8 [ 1/ (5. 9 10 7 ) ] R( d) = F( a + blg d) 1. 9 10-10 [ 1/ ( 5. 3 10 9 ) ] : (1 ),, (2 ) k 0, k 1,, a, b ; d [ m g/ ( kg d) ] ;,,, E PA, 2-2 - -,, 10-4 10-5 10-6,, : (1 ) g/ ( kg d) ; (2 ) mg/ [ m 2 ( ) d] ; (3 )mg/ kg ( ) ; (4 ) mg/ m 3, mg/ L mg/ kg
40 1 2-1],, k0 = 0, k1 = 2. 3[ mg/ ( kg d) ] - 1, d = 1mg/ ( kg d) R( d) = 10-5 R( d) = 1 - exp( 2. 3 d), d = ln (1-10 - 5 ) 2.3 70kg, 2L, ( ) cs, kg : V = d, 3. V = 2cs 70 cs = 70 ln (1-10 - 5 ) = 0.00015 ( mg/ L) 2 2.3,, (1 ),, (2 ), 1 h 4 ( 96 h), (3 ), (4 ),,,,
2 41 H2 SO4, H NO3 ), 4. : (1 ),,, (2 ),, ( ) (3 ),,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),, 3 : 1., 2., (1 ), ( WH O )
42 1 972 1974 1979 ( USE PA) ( USDH EW ) 6 ( ) 20, (1973 1976 1978 1985 ),, (2 ),, (3 ) (4 ), - 3. -, -, (1 ) : ;, ;, ; ;,, (2 ) : ; ; ; -
2 43, 2-3, A, B, ( A + B),,, - 3 ( ) ( H ),,, ;, E,,,,,, m,, -,, -,, -,, ;, 4.,, 5.,,,,,,,
44 1. (1 ) ;, (2 ),,,,,, 2-4, 2-4 (a ), 90 % 99 %,, 99%,,,,,, -, (3 ),,, ( ) ( ), ;,,,
2 45 4 ),,,, (5 ),, 2. (1 ),,,,,, (2 ) (), ( ) ( best practicable control technology best available t ech nology economically a- chievable),,,,,, : 1),, 2), 3),
46 1, :,,,,, : : :, 2-5 2-5,,
2 47.? ( )? 2.?? 3.? 4.?
48 1 : 1,,,,, 3-6 3-7 1. ( A ) 2.,,, ( B ) 3., ( ) ( C )
3 49,,,, ;,,, ( ), : (1 ) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 1.,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, :,, ; ;
50 1.,,,,,,,, 4. : (1 ) ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ); (5 ) ;, ;,,,, 3-1
3 51-1
52 1 : 3-2 3-2
3 53,,,, ; :, ; :,,, ;,,,,, : (1 ) ( ) ; (2 ) ( ) ; (3 ) ( ),,,, : ( 1) ( ) ;
54 1 2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) ; (5 ) (, ) ; (6 ) (,, ) ; (7 ), ; (8 ) ; (9 ) (),,,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,, 2. 3-1
3 55-1,,,,,,,,,, 3. : ;,, ; ; ; ( ) ; ; ; 4. (1 ) (2 ) 3-2 (3 ) ( ) ( ),, ( )
56 1-2,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,, ;, 5.,,, : (1 ) ; (2 ); (3 ); (4 ) ; (5 ); (6 ); (7 ) ; (8 )
3 57,,,, 6., : (1 ) ;, ; (2 ),, ( ), (), 3 ( ),, : ( ),,,,,,,,,,
58 1. 1970,, 2.,, ( 3-3 ) 3-3 ( A - C),,
3 59 ) 1., ( 3-4 ),,, 3-4 A B A : : ( ) () ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C, : (1 ) A,
60 1 ; ; ; ; ; (2 ) B, B A, A, B ; 50 m A, B 50 km A, ( B ) (3 ) C,, C,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,
3 61,,,,, ( ),,,,, ( ),,,,,, (, ),,,,,,, 100, 20, ( ),,,,,,
62 1 ),,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, : (1 ) (2 ): ( ), (3 ) (4 ) :,, (5 ), ( ) ( ),,
3 63 ; ; : ;, ; ;, ( :,, ) ; ( ) 1., 6, 18, 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, :,,,,,,,,,, :
64 1 1 ),,, (2 ) (3 ) ( ) (4 ) (5 ) 1993 6, 3-5, : ( 1),, (2 ),,, (3 ) A B C,,, (4 ),, ( 2 ) (5 ), ( 1993 )324 (6 )
3 65-5 EIA,, EIA, EIA,,,, EIA EIA, EIA, EIA, 4, EIA 100, 20,,, ( ) 1. ; 1., 2., ; ; 3. ; 2. 4., ; 5. 1., 1., ; ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6., 6. 1993,
66 1, (7 ), (8 ),,, : () ( ), ( 9),,, (10), :,, ( ),,,,,, (11),,,,,
3 67 12),,,,, (13),, (14),,,, 4 1., : (1 ), ;, ; (2 ),, ( ), ( ), 2. : (1 ),
68 1, (2 ),,,, (3 ), ( ) ( ) ( ) (4 ),,, (5 ),, ( 6),,,,,,, : ( ) ( 1986 )003 ( ), 1. (1 ),,,, : a. ; b.
3 69 c. ; d. ; e.,,,,,,,,,,,, (2 ), ( ), ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,
70 1 ), ( ) ( ),,,,,, (3 ) a. b., ( ) c., d., e. a. b. ( )
3 71 c d. e. ( ) ( ),,,,,,,,,, ( ) :, W S. L. ROSS GB 3833-88 GB 3838-1996, :,,,,,,, ( ),, (
72 1,,,,,,,, ( ),,, L10 L50 L90,,,,, (4 ),,,
3 73,, (5 ) a., ;,, ( ),,,,,,, b., ( ) c. d.,,,,,, a.,,,,,
74 1,,,,, b.,,,, a. b. c., d.,,,,,, ( ),,,,, (6 )
3 75 a, b. c. d. e. a. b. c. d.,, a. b. c. (7 ),,,,, : a., b. c.,,,,,
76 1, (8 ), (, CT ),, (9 ), :, (10),,, 2. (1 ) ( ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ) ( ) (5 ) ( ) (6 ) ( )
3 77 7 ) (8 ) (9 ) (10),,, (11), (12), (13) ( ) (14) ( ) (15) ( ) 3-6 ( ) ( )
78 1-6 1 m 3 ( ), 250 M W ( ) 1 m 3, 250 MW 500 k V ( ) 500 k V 65 t/ h ( ) 30( ) 65 t/ h ( ) ( ) 5 t( ) ( )
3 79 50 km ( ), 20 k m 100 k m ( ), 50 ( ) 100km > 500 t ( ) < 500 t 100 t( ) 50 t ( ) 100 t 2000 m ( ) 5000 m ( ) 1000 ( ) 5000 m 1500 m 3 ( ) 200 ( ) 1500 m 3 100 km ( ) 100 km 20 ( ) 50 t 100 t( ) 20 ( ) 100 t 0. 1 t ( ) 0. 1 t 1 t( ) 1 t 50 t ( ) 20 ( ) 50 t 9 t ( ) 3 9 t > 30 t( )
80 1 20 t( ) ( ) 20 t ( ) > 10 km ( ) 3( ) 10 k m 5 t ( ) > 6 m 2 ( ) > 3 m 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 6 m 2 1 ( ) m 2 > 2000 ( ) > 3000 m 2 ( ) > 5 k m 2 ( ) 1000 ( ) 3000 m 2 < 0. 5 k m 2 ( ) 20 h m 2 ( ) 20 h m 2 > 1000 m 3 ( ) < 1000 m 3 4 k m 2 ( ) 0. 5( ) 4 km 2 50 k m ( ) 50 k m 50 k m ( ) 50 k m
3 81 3 t( ) 3 t 10 t ( ) 10 t 1 t( ) 700 ( ) 700 ( ), > 10 ( ) 1 ( ) 10 > 1 ( ) 0. 2 ( ) 1 > 10 ( ) 1 ( ) 10 3-7 ( ) < 500 m 2 ( ) 150 m 2 ( ) 5000 m 2 ( ) < 100 200 m 2 ( ) ( < 100 m 2 ( ) ) ( ) ( )
82 1 3-7 300 m 2 ( ) 1500 ( ) 10 hm 2 ( ) < 10 m 2 ( ) 50 ( ) 50 ( ) 50 ( ) 50 ( ) ( ) 100m ( ) 50 ( ) 1. 2. 3. EIA??
4 83 4 1,,, ( ),, ( ) ( ) () (), ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ), ( ), (
84 2, ( : ; : DDT ; : ; : COD SS ph ), ( : ; : NO x SO x H F Cl2 ; : ), ;, ;,,,,,, ( ) 1. 2. 3. ; ; 4. 5. ; 6.
4 85. ; () ; ; ; 8.,,, 9. ( ) 1. 2. (),, ( ), 3. ( ),, (, ) 4.,,, ( ),,, (1 ),,, ( ), (2 ), (3 )
86 2 4 ),,,,,,,, 1., : 4-1 2.,,,,,,,,,, 3. : ( ) (1 ),,, ( )
4 87-1 ( ) ( 2), Q = K W K, kg/ t; W, t/ h,,,,,,,,
88 2 ),, ( 3), ( ),, Q = CL C ; L 2 1.,,,,, : (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,
4 89,,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,, ;, (4 ), 2. (1 ),,,,,,, (2 )
90 2,,,,, (3 ),, ; ;, (4 ),,,,,,,,,,,, 1.,, : (1 )
4 91 2 ),, (3 ),,,, 2., : G = G + G G ; G ; G, : (1 ) G = G - G - G - G - G G ; G ; G ; G ; G ; G (2 ) A = AD M A D = BD - ( ad + bd + cd + d D) A ; A D ;
92 2 M ; BD ; ad ; bd; cd; dd,, 3.,,,,,, ( 4-2 ) 1. (1 ),, 4-3, 4-4 (2 ) ( ) 4-5
4 93-2 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
94 2-3 1 2 3 4-4 1 2 3 4-5 1 2 3 (3 ) 4-6 4-6 1 2 3
4 95.,,, 3. (1 ), ( ),,,,,,, ( ) 4-7 4-7 1 2 3,,,, (2 ), : ; 4-8
96 2-8 (3 ) : ; ;, 4-8 (4 ),,,,,,,,, (5 ) :
4 97 Qf Qr = Qp + Ql + Qw Qf ; Qr ; Qp ; Ql ; Qw (6 ) ( ),,, (7 ),,,,, 4.,,,, 5. ( 1),,,, (2 ),,,
98 2 3 ),,, 6. (1 ),,, ( 2),, (3 ),,, 7. (1 ),, ( 2),,, ( 3),, ( 4),,,,,, (5 ),, (6 ),, (7 ),
4 99 8),,, (9 ), 8., : ; ; ; ; ; ; 3, 1.,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,, (2 ),,,
100 2,, (3 ),,,,,,,, 2. ( ), ( ),, (1 ) :,, ; ; ; (2 ) : ; ; ; ( ) : ; ; ; ;, ;
4 101 3 ) : ; ; ; (4 ) :,,,, ;,, ;, ; ;, (5 ) : ; ; ; ( ) ; (6 ) : ; ; ; ; ( ), ( 4-1 ) 4-1
102 2-9,,,,, ( ), (, ),,,,,,,,, 3. ( ) (1 ),,,,, ;,, ;, ;,, ; ;,,
4 103 2 ) ; (3 ),, ( )( ) (4 ) ( ), : ; ; ; ; ; (5 ) : ; ; 4.,, (1 ) ;,, ; ; ;, (2 ), ; ( ) ; ;,
104 2, ( ) ; ( ) ;, ;, ; ;, (3 ), ; ; ;, ; (4 ) ( ) ;, ; ( 4-2) 4-2 5.,, ( ) (1 ),,,,,,,
4 105-10,, ( ),, ( ),, ( ),,, :,,, :,,,,,, (2 ), ;,,, ;, ; : ;
106 2, ; ;,, (3 ), 6. ( 1) ; ; ;, (2 ),,, ;, ; (3 ), 7. () (1 ), :,,,, (2 ),,
4 107 ; ( ),,, ;, ;,,, ; ( ),, ; 8.,, (1 ),,,, ;, ;,, (2 ) ( ),, ;, (3 ),,, (4 ),, ( 5), (6 ) (7 )
108 2. (1 ) ( ), (), ;, ( ) (2 ) ( ) (3 ) (4 ) ( ) :,,,, ;
4 109 ),,,,, ;, ;,,,,, ;,,,, ( ),,,, 4-3, 4-4 205. 3 m 3 / h 3 930. 3 m 3 / h, 3 725 m 3 / h, 94. 8% 92. 3 m 3 / h, 4-5
110 2-3 4-4 ( : t/ a)
4 111-5 4,,,, ;,
112 2 1. 1. 1 1. 2 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 1. 2. 3 (, ) 1. 2. 4 1. 3 (, ) 1. 3. 1 ( ) 1. 3. 2 ( ) 1. 4 ( ) 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7, 1. 8 1. 8. 1 1. 8. 2 1. 8. 3 ( ) 1. 9 2. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 ( ) 2. 1. 2 2. 1. 3 2. 1. 4 2. 1. 5 2. 2
4 113. 3 2. 4 3. 4. 5. 6. : 1. 1. 1 ( ) 1. 2 1. 3 ( ) 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 2. 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 2. 14
114 2. 15 2. 16 2. 17 2. 18 2. 19 2. 20 2. 21 2. 22 2. 23 2. 24 2. 25 3. 3. 1 ( ) 3. 2 3. 3 ( ) 3. 4 3. 5 4. ( ) 5., ( ) 6. 7. 8. 9. ( ) ( ) : 1. ( ) 2. ( 200m ) 2. 1 2. 2
4 115. 3 2. 4 2. 5 3. 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 (, ) 4. 4. 1, km/ h 4. 2, m 4. 3, m 4. 4 4. 5, m 4. 6, m 4. 7, % 4. 8, m 4. 9 5. 5. 1, m 3 5. 2, m 3 5. 3, m 2 5. 4, m 3 5. 5, m 3 5. 6 6. 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 7.
116 2. 1 ( ( / ) ) 7. 2 (, ) 8. 8. 1 ( ) 8. 2 (,, ) 9. 10. 11. 1. 2.?? 3.? 4.
5 117 1,, :,,,,, ( ) : 1. (),, ;,,,, ; ; ; ;, ( 5-1),,,,, ( ),, : ( :
118 2-1 ),,,, ( ),, ( ) 2. :
5 119 1 ), :,,, (2 ), : ;, (3 ), (4 ),, :, ;,,, :,,, 3.,,,,, ( ), 5 : (1 ),, :, (2 ),, :
120 2 (3 ),,, :, (4 ),, (5 ),,,,, 5 : ; ; ; ;,,,,,, Little Walton Lewis 1971,,,, 1., 5-1, 5-2
5 121-1 1. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( ) ( 6) ( ) ( 7) ( 8) ( 9) ( 10 ) 2. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 3. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 4. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) 5.
122 2 5-1 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 6. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 7. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) 8. ( 1) ( 2) 9. ( 1) ( 2) 10. ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) ( 4) ( 5) ( 6) 11.
5 123-2 : 2. : 3. : ( 5-3 ),,,,, :,, 5-4,
124 2-3 1 2 A. ( ) ( 20 8) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6 - 2 + 3-1 + 1, ( 20 8 ) 10-6, + 2 + 1 3. ( 20 8) 10-6,, N EP A ( 20 8 ) 10-6, N EP A ( 20 8 ) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6, + 5 + 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 5 + 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 2 1,,,,, 1 N EP A ( 20 8 ) 10-6, + 5 0 ( 20 8) 10-6, 0 + 2 0 + 1 ( 20 8 ) 10-6, + 3 + 2 ( 20 8) 10-6, ( 20 8) 10-6, + 3 + 2 + 3 + 5 + 1 0 + 1 + 1, 1, 2 1, ( 20 8) 10-6 B. + 3 0 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 3-1 1,, 1 1 2 2, 1 1, 2
5 125-4 1 2 3 4 - p H 5 2 3 4 1 5 2 3 4 1 2 5 3 4 1 5 2 3 4 1 4 5 2 3 1 ( ) 4 5 2 3 1 5 4 2 3 1 1 5 4 3 2 5 1 3 4 2 5 1 2 3 4-5 1 3 4 2 5 4 2 3 1 5 4 2 3 1 1 3 4 5 2 1 4 3 2 5 1 5 4 3 2,, ( ),,,
126 2,, 2,,, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, ( ), 1., :, ; ( : ) ;, ;, (1 ) :,, :,,,,,, :,, ( ), (2 )
5 127,,,, 1964 ( ),,, ( ),,,,,,, (), ;,,,, ;,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,, (1 ), ;,, :, : : Y ( t) = a + bt : Y ( t) = a + bf ( t) f ( t) = sin t, ln t, e t : Y ( t) = a + bt + c f ( t)
128 2 Y ( t) = L/ (1 + ae - bt ) : Y ( t) = ( ai sin i t + bi cos i t) : xt = b1 xt - 1 + b2 x t - 2 ( ) xn + 1 = b1 xn + b2 x n - 1 + + bn x n - n + 1 ( ) ( a, b, c b1, b2, b3,, bn ),,, ( ),,,,,,, (2 ), :,,,,, : x1, x2, x3,, xn Y = a + + b1 x1 + b2 x2 + b3 x3 + + bn x n, Y, ; Y, ( ), MOS ( ) a, b1, b2, b3,, bn, (3 ),,,,, (4 ) Y,,, ( )
5 129,, : :, ;,, : :,,, ( ),,,, 3.,, ( ),, : c t + u c x + y c y + w c z = x ( c kx x ) + y ( c ky y ) + z ( c kz z ) + Si i = 1 : c ; x, y, z ; u, v, w ; kx, ky, kz ; t ; Si ( +, - ),,, : (1 ), kx, ky, kz, (2 ), t = 0, n (3 ), z = 0( = 0 ), w = 0( v = 0 ), y
130 2 z y ),, ( ) ;, (4 ) z = 0, = 0, x, y ( ) ; = = = 0, 0 x y z, ( ) (5 ), v = 0 ( v = w = 0 ), ( ), (6 ), ( = = ), x y z,,,,,, : 4.,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, 0,,,, ( )( )
5 131 ) ;,,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, 5.,,, ( ) (1 ) : ( ), 1/ 300 1/ 2500 (2 ) : () (3 ) : (4 ) :,, ( ), ( ),,,
132 2 ),,,, : (1 ) : (2 ) : ( ), 3,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, ( ) C Cs : Pi = C/ Cs ( Pi < 1 ) ( Pi > 1 ), Pi,
5 133,,,, :, : P = n im i = 1 j = 1 Pij Pi j = Ci j/ CSi j, i, ; n ; j, im i, : P = n im W ij Pi j i = 1 j = 1 n im W ij i = 1 j = 1 ( ) W i j,, (2 ),,,, 0 1, 0, 1,,,,,,,,, Leopold 1971, 100 ( ), 88 (
134 2,,,,, 5, 10,, Mi j j i, W ij j i i, i M ij W i j ; j, i M ij W i j,, i j M ij W i j, 5-5 5-5 ( ) 8 (3 ) - 2 (7 ) 3 ( 3 ) 1( 1 ) 9 ( 3) - 8 (7 ) - 3 ( 7) 3 (10 ) 1 ( 3) 3 1 (1 ) 1 ( 3) 4 ( 3 ) 5 ( 3) 6( 1 ) 1 (10 ) 47 1 (1 ) 1 ( 1) 2-3( 7 ) - 5 (7 ) 4 ( 3 ) 7 ( 3) 8( 1 ) 2 (10 ) 5 2 (3 ) - 1 (7 ) 1 ( 1) 8 ( 3) 2( 1 ) 26 8 ( 10 ) 6( 10) 2( 3 ) - 10( 7 ) 1 (10 ) 1 ( 3) 89 6 ( 10 ) 9 ( 10 ) 150 2 ( 10 ) 1 ( 3) 3 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3) 5 ( 3) 2( 1 ) - 1 (3 ) 45 1 (3 ) 4( 1 ) 5 ( 3) 22 1 (3 ) 1 ( 3) 1 ( 3 ) 3 ( 3) 4 ( 3) 1( 1 ) 1 ( 3) 34 1 (3 ) - 9 ( 7) 7 ( 3) - 10( 7 ) - 109 180-47 42 11 97 31-2 70-68 314 1 ; 10 ;, : 314,, ; - 109,,
5 135, 150 89 180 97 70,, - 68-47,,,,, MeMary EIA ( 1968 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, 12,,,,,,,, 1( ) 5( ) 6,,
136 2,,,, ( ) ( ),, ( ),,, -,,,, ( 5-2), : ( ),?,? 5-2 5-2
5 137 :,, :,,,, :,,,, ( ),, ( ),, (,,, ),,,,,,,, 5-3 : A B, 9 : Pi = i ( i = 1, 2, 3,,9 ) Xi j, : M( Xi j ) = ( + - ) Xij ; I( Xi j ) = Xij M( Xij ) I( Xij ) ( : 1 10 ) : P = i M ( Xi j ) I( Xi j ) Xi j, 5-3 : 8,,, ( )
138 2-3 P = 9 i = 1 Pi ( Pi i ), 5-3, 5-6 5-4 9 :
5 139-4 5-6 A 1.0-2.0 4 A 1 1.0-1.5 5 A 1.1 1.0-0.5 10 A 1.1.1 0.3-1.0 3 A 2 1.0-0.25 2 A 2.1 0.4 + 3.0 3 A 2.1.1 0.2-1.2 1 A 3 1.0-1.0 7.5 A 3.1 1.0-0.7 0.5 A 3.2 0.8 + 2.2 1
140 2 5-6 A 3.2.1 0.8 + 1.5 3.5 A 3.3 0.95 + 0.2 1.5 A 3.3.1 0.5-1.1 9 B 1.0-4.0 5 B 1 1.0-4.8 6 B 1.1 0.2-1.5 10 B 2 0.2-2.5 10 B 3 0.9-0.5 7 B 3.1 0.9-0.5 7 B 3.1.1 0.1-0.8 0.7 B 3.1.2 0.2-0.1 0.2 : -, + : ( 1. 0) (1. 0 ) ( 1. 0) (0. 3 ) = 0. 3 ; : ( - 2) (4 ) + ( - 1. 5) (5 ) + ( - 1. 5) (10) + ( - 1 ) ( 3) = - 23. 5 ; : ( 0. 3) ( - 23. 5) = - 7. 05 ;, ; : ( 1. 0) (0. 9 ) ( 0. 9) (0. 2 ) = 0. 162 ; : ( - 4) (5 ) + ( - 3) (6 ) + ( - 0. 5) (7 ) + ( 0. 1) (0. 2 ) = - 41. 52 ; : ( 0. 162) ( - 41. 52 ) = - 6. 72 7, 9, = - 54. 93, :,,,,, - -,, :
5 141., (1 ) 1965 ( L. A. Zadeh ),, A, x, x A, x A,, : A( x) A ( ), 0, 1, A( x) = 1 x A 0 x A (5-1) [ 0, 1],, : U, U A, x U, A ( x) [ 0, 1], x A, A ( x) x A, A : A = { A ( x1 )/ x1, A ( x2 )/ x2,, A ( x n )/ xn } x1, x2,, xn U 5-5 (5-2) : X = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A = {0/ 0, 0. 2/ 1, 0. 6/ 2, 1/ 3, 0. 6/ 4, 0. 1/ 5, 0/ 6} 5-5, 0 6 A, 3 A, 1, 2, 4, 5 A 0, 1,, 2, 3, 4, 1,,,,,,, V, V = (,,,, ),
142 2 V,,,,, V,, 30 %, 70%, (2 ) A = {0/, 0. 3/, 0. 7/, 0/, 0/ } (5-3),, : U A B ( A = B) A ( x) = B ( x) (5-4), U, x, A ( x) = B ( x); U x, A ( x) = B ( x),, A = B ( NOT )U A A, A ( x), A ( x) = 1 - A ( x) (5-5), A = {0/ 0, 0. 1/ 1, 0. 4/ 2, 0. 7/ 3, 0. 9/ 4, 1. 0/ 5}, A = {1/ 0, 0. 9/ 1, 0. 6/ 2, 0. 3/ 3, 0. 1/ 4, 0/ 5}A, A ( OR ) U A B, A B, C = A B, : : C ( x) = A B ( x) = max{ A ( x) B ( x) } (5-6) C ( x) = B ( x) B ( x) (5-7),, A, B, A ( x) B ( x), X = [ x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 ] (5-8) A = [ 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7/ x2, 1/ x3, 0/ x4, 0. 5/ x5 ] (5-9) B = [0. 5/ x1, 0. 3/ x2, 0/ x3, 0. 1/ x4, 0. 7/ x5 ] ( 5-10) A B C = A B, : C = [ 0. 5 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 0. 3/ x2, 1 0/ x3, 0 0. 1/ x4, 0. 5 0. 7/
5 143 x ] = [ 0. 5/ x1, 0. 7/ x2, 1/ x3, 0. 1/ x4, 0. 7/ x5 ] ( 5-11) ( A ND) U A B, A B, C = A B, : : C ( x) = A B ( x) = min{ A ( x), B ( x) } ( 5-12) C ( x) = A ( x) B ( x) ( 5-13), A B C = A B, C = [ 0. 5 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 0. 3/ x2, 1 0/ x3, 0 0. 1/ x4, 0. 5 0. 7/ x5 ] = [ 0. 2/ x1, 0. 3/ x2, 0/ x3, 0/ x4, 0. 5/ x5 ] ( 5-14) C U A B, A B, C ( x) = B ( x) B ( x) ( 5-15) C = [ 0. 5 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 0. 3/ x2, 1 0/ x3, 0 0. 1/ x4, 0. 5 0. 7/ x5 ] = [ 0. 1/ x1, 0. 21/ x2, 0/ x3, 0/ x4, 0. 35/ x5 ] ( 5-16), C U A B, A * B, : C ( x) = A B ( x) = A ( x) + B ( x) - A ( x) B ( x) ( 5-17) C = {0. 5 * 0. 2/ x1, 0. 7 * 0. 3/ x2, 1 * 0/ x3, 0 * 0. 1/ x4,0. 5 * 0. 7/ x5 } = {0. 6/ x1,0. 79/ x2, 1/ x3, 0. 1/ x4, 0. 85/ x5 } ( 5-18), (3 )
144 2 X Y X Y, X Y R, R X Y, : R: X Y [0, 1 ] ( 5-19) R ( x, y), R ( x, y),, X Y ; X Y, X Y, X, X = (,,, ), Y, Y = (,,,, ), X Y R : 0.01 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.37 0.0 R = 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 ( 5-20), rij i j, i j, R i i ; j j R,,,,, : a. 1, M1 (, ) A B, C, C = A B, C : : Cij = max k, A B: min [ aik, bkj ] = k [ aik bik ] ( 5-21) A = B = 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 ( 5-22) ( 5-23)
5 145 C A B = =, ( 0.8 0.2 ) ( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 ) ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 B A = = 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.6 ( 5-24) ( 5-25) A B B A ( 5-26) b. 2, M2 (, ), C : Cij = k ( aik, bkj ) = ( ai1, b1 j ) ( ai2, b2 j ) ( aik, bkj ) (5-27), a b= ab, () ; a b = ( a + b), ( ) C= A B = = ( 0.8 0.2 )+( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 )+ ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 )+( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.16+0.42 0.32+0.63 0.58 0.95 0.10+0.18 0.20 0.27 = 0.28 0.47 ( 5-28) c. 3, M3 (, ), C :, C= A B = = Cij = max [ aik, bkj ] = k k [ aik, bik ] ( 5-29) ( 0.8 0.2 ) ( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 ) ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.16 0.42 0.32 0.63 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.27 = 0.428 0.63 0.18 0.27 d. 4, M4 (, ), C : Cij = k ( aik, bkj ) = ( ai1 b1 j ) ( ai2, b2 j ) ( aik bkj ) ( 5-30) (5-31)
146 2 C= A B = = ( 0.8 0.2 ) ( 0.7 0.6 ) ( 0.8 0.4 ) ( 0.7 0.9 ) ( 0.5 0.2 ) ( 0.3 0.6 ) ( 0.5 0.4 ) ( 0.3 0.9 ) 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3, M4 (, = 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.7 ( 5-32) ),,, M1 M2 (, ) (4 ), : (, ) U = { u1, u2,, un } V = { v1, v2,, vn } V U U V R : U V [ 0, 1 ],, ( U, V, R), U,, U A = { a1/ u1, a2/ u2 ai = 1, ai 0 R A, :,, an/ un }, B = A R ( 5-33), B = { b1/ v1, b2/ v2,, bm/ vm }, V bi 1, B = A R,,,,, (5 ), ;,, [ 5-1]
5 147-7 5-7 / ( mg/ L) DO 7.0 5.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 BOD 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 COD 2.0 3.0 5.0 8.0 10.0 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 CN - 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 DO : 0 x 5 y1 = ( x - 5)/ 2 5 < x < 7 ( 5-34) 1 x 7 ( x - 3)/ 2 3 < x < 5 y2 = ( 7 - x)/ 2 5 < x < 7 ( 5-35) 0 x 3, x 7 x - 2 2 < x < 3 y3 = ( 5 - x)/ 2 3 < x < 5 ( 5-36) 0 x 2, x 5 x - 1 1 < x < 2 y4 = ( 3 - x) 2 < x < 3 ( 5-37) 0 x 1, x 3 1 x 1 y5 = ( 2 - x) 1 < x < 2 ( 5-38) 0 x 2, 5-7, DO 7. 0 mg/ L, DO 7. 1 mg/ L,, DO 6. 9 ml/ L,, 7. 1 mg/ L 6. 9 mg/ L DO, DO = 7. 1 mg/ L, 100%, DO = 6. 9 mg/ L, 95%,, 5%
148 2 2. 69/ DO, 2. 50/ BOD, 7. 73/ COD, 0. 0076/, 0. 0040/ CN - }, 5 5 : 0 0 0.69 0.31 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 R = 0 0 0.09 0.91 0 0 0.48 0.52 0 0 ( 5-39) 0 0.33 0.67 0 0 A ai ui,,, ;,,,,, : Si = ( Si1 + Si2 + Si3 + Si4 + Si5 )/ 5 ( 5-40) W = ( SD O/ CDO, CBO D/ SBO D, CC O D/ SCO D, C / S, CC N - / SCN - ) = ( WD O, WB O D, WC O D, W, WC N - ) A = ( WD O/ W i, WBO D/ W i, WC O D/ W i, W / W i, WC N - / W i ) : W i = WD O + WB O D + WC OD + W + WC N - ( 5-41) WDO W i, DO, DO, Sij i j 5-8 5-8 DO BOD COD CN - C i 2.69 2.50 7.73 0.0076 0.0040 S i 3.60 3.90 5.60 0.0134 0.0076 W i = 4.46 W i 1.34 0.64 1.38 0.57 0.53 a i 0.30 0.14 0.31 0.13 0.12
150 2 : A = {0. 30, 0. 14, 0. 31, 0. 13, 0. 12} ( 5-42) A R,, 1 2 B 1, M(, ) 0 0 0.69 0.31 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 B = A R = {0. 30, 0. 14, 0. 31, 0. 13, 0. 12} 0 0 0.09 0.91 0 0 0.48 0.52 0 0 0 0.33 0.67 0 0 = { (0. 3 0) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0) (0. 13 0 ) ( 0. 12 0), ( 3 0 ) ( 0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0 ) ( 0. 13 0. 48 ) ( 0. 12 0. 33 ), ( 0. 3 0. 69) ( 0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0. 09 ) ( 0. 13 0. 52) ( 0. 12 0. 67), ( 0. 3 0. 31) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0. 91 ) ( 0. 13 0) (0. 12 0 ), ( 0. 3 0 ) ( 0. 14 0) (0. 31 0 ) ( 0. 13 0) (0. 12 0 )} = {0 0 0 0, 0 0. 14 0 0. 13 0. 12, 0. 3 0. 14 0. 09 0. 13 0. 12, 0. 3 0 0. 31 0 0, 0 0 0 0} = {0, 0. 14, 0. 3, 0. 31, 0} ( 5-43) B = {0, 0. 19, 0. 4, 0. 41, 0} ( 5-44), : 0, 0. 19, 0. 4, 0. 41, 0, 2, M(, ) 0 0 0.69 0.31 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 B = A R = {0. 30, 0. 14, 0. 31, 0. 13, 0. 12} 0 0 0.09 0.91 0 0 0.48 0.52 0 0 0 0.33 0.67 0 0 = { (0. 3 0) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0) (0. 13 0 ) ( 0. 12 0), ( 0. 3 0 ) ( 0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0 ) ( 0. 13 0. 48 ) ( 0. 12 0. 33 ), (0. 3 0. 69) (0. 14 0. 5) (0. 31 0. 09) (0. 13 0. 52) (0. 12 0. 67),
5 151 0. 31) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0. 91 ) ( 0. 13 0) (0. 12 0 ), 3 0) (0. 14 0 ) ( 0. 31 0) (0. 13 0 ) ( 0. 12 0) } = {0 0 0 0 0, 0 0. 070 0 0. 0624 0. 0396, 0. 207 0. 070 0. 0279 0. 0676 0. 0804, 0. 093 0 0. 282 0 0, 0 0 0 0 0} = {0, 0. 172, 0. 4529, 0. 3751, 0} ( 5-45) B = {0, 0. 17, 0. 45, 0. 37, 0} ( 5-46) : 0, 0. 17, 0. 45, 0. 37, 0, M(, ) M(, ) M (, ), ( ),? M(, ),,,, A, M (, ), M(, ),, ( ) R1 R1 : B B R1 = B B 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.37 0.0 = 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 ( 5-47) 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 ( ), : A1 = {0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 1} M(, ), B1 :
152 2 B A1 R1 = {0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 4, 0. 1} = 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.18 0.45 0.37 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.0 = { (0. 2 0. 0) (0. 3 0. 0) (0. 4 0. 0) (0. 1 0. 0), ( 0. 2 0. 3 ) ( 0. 3 0. 18) (0. 4 0. 0) (0. 1 0. 2), ( 0. 2 0. 7 ) ( 0. 3 0. 45) (0. 4 0. 7) (0. 1 0. 6), ( 0. 2 0. 0 ) ( 0. 3 0. 37) (0. 4 0. 3) (0. 1 0. 2), ( 0. 2 0. 0 ) ( 0. 3 0. 0 ) ( 0. 4 0. 0 ) ( 0. 1 0. 0 )} = {0 0 0 0, 0. 06 0. 054 0 0. 02, 0. 14 0. 135 0. 28 0. 06, 0 0. 111 0. 12 0. 02, 0 0 0 0} = ( 0, 0. 134, 0. 615, 0. 2512, 0 ) ( 5-48) B1 = (0, 0. 13, 0. 62, 0. 25, 0) ( 5-49), 2., ( Analytic H ierarchy Process ), T. L. Saaty 1980, (1 ),,,,, 7,,, n, i j :
5 153 9 7 5 3 i j 1 1/ 3 1/ 5 1/ 7 1/ 9 2, 4, 6, 8 (2 ) n x 1, x2,, xn, ( ),, : x 1 x 2 x n x 1 a 11 a 12 a 1n x 2 a 21 a 22 a 2n xn an1 an2 ann A, A = [ aij ] n n ( 5-50) n, : aii = 1, ai j = 1/ aji, n( n - 1)/ 2 W, (3 ) A max, A W = max W ( 5-51), W ( w1, w2,, wn ) n (4 ) A,
154 2 A, W i : aij = W i aij n aij i = 1 (5-52) n = ai j (5-53) j = 1 W i = :, W i =, W i : W i n W i i = 1 n (5-54) n aij (5-55) j = 1 (5 ) W i = W i n W i i = 1 (5-56),, x1 x2 x2 x3, x1 x3, max = n, C. I. : C. I. = max - n n - 1, C. I. = 0;, max (5-57) > n,, C. I. = 0 C. I., Saaty, n, 1/ 9, 1/ 7, 1/ 5,, 5, 7, 9, n 100 500,,, C. R. :
5 155 n 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 C R. 0.58 0.90 1.12 1.24 1.32 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.51 C. I. / C. R. < 0. 1, (6 ) max n = i = 1 [ A W ] i nw i 5-2,, x1 : x1 x2, x1, a1 2 = 2; x1 x3, x1, a1 3 = 4; x1 x4, x1, a1 4 = 1/ 9; x1 x5, x1, a1 5 = 1/ 2; x2 x3, x2, a2 3 = 3; x2 x4, x2, a2 4 = 1/ 6; x2 x5, x2, a2 5 = 1/ 3; x3 x4, x3, a3 4 = 1/ 9; x3 x5, x3, a3 5 = 1/ 7; x4 x5, x4, a4 5 :, x2, x3, x4, x5 = 3 x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 N [ A W ] i x1 1 2 4 1/ 9 1/ 2 0.4444 0.8503 0.110 0.5775 x 2 1/ 2 1 3 1/ 6 1/ 3 0.0833 0.6084 0.079 0.4034 x 3 1/ 4 1/ 3 1 1/ 9 1/ 7 0.0013 0.2654 0.034 0.1815 x 4 9 6 9 1 3 1458.0 4.2929 0.557 2.9915 x 5 2 3 7 1/ 3 1 14.000 1.6952 0.220 1.1036,
156 2 max = 1 5 + 0.5775 0.110 + 0.4034 0.079 + 0.1815 0.034 + 2.9915 0.557 + 1.1036 0.220 C. I. C. I. = max - n n - 1 = 5.204-5 5-1 n= 5, C. R. = 1. 12. C. I. C. R. = 0.051 1.12 = 5.204 ( 5-58) = 0.051 ( 5-59) = 0.045 < 0.1 ( 5-60),,, W = [ 0. 11, 0. 08, 0. 03, 0. 56, 0. 22 ],,,,,, 1.??? 2.??? 3.?? 4.?? 5.? 6.,,?? 7.
6 157 1,,, 1. 1989 ; 1996 :,, :,,, ;, ;,,, :,, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 2. 20 80, :, ( ),
158 2 1989,, 1990,,, 1991 2, :, ;, : (1 ) (2 ), (3 ), ;, (4 ) 33/ 50, 17 (5 ) (6 ) : ( ),, 1996 ( IPPC), 1998, 1994, 8, 20 / 1992 6, 21,
6 159 10,,, 1994 10 45 10 160,, ( OECD) 3,,, 3.,, 1993,,,, 1997, 250,,, 10% 20%, 8 % 15 %, 20% 40% 29, 1000, COD 5. 4 t, 30674 29 780, / 2400 140, 1,, 1994, 17,,
160 2,,, B4,,,,, 1.,,, ;,,, 1996 1997,, 6,,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,
6 161. ( ),,, : (1 ), (2 ),,,, (3 ),, (4 ),,,, 3. (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6-1
162 2 6-1,,,,,,,, (2 ) 6-1,
6 163, EIA,,,,, EIA,, ;,, :,,,, 1) EIA EIA,,,, 2), (, ),, : /, ;,,
164 2 1. (1 ) (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 2. ( 1), ( 2),, (3 ),, (4 ),, (5 ) 3. ( 1),, (2 )
6 165 1. (1 ),,,,,, : 20 70,,,,, 20 80,,,, 20 90, ( SE TAC ) ( SPOLD),,,,?,, ( ) ( ) ;,,,,,, 1997 ISO14040,
166 2, (2 ),,, (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,, 2.,,,, ( :!), : (1 ),,,,,, ( )
6 167 2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) (3 ),,,,,,, ( ),, (4 ) ( ),,, ( ),,
168 2,,,,,,, 3,,,,,,, 1.,,,,, (1 ) (2 )
6 169 0 1,,, 6-1;,, 6-2 6-1 ( ) [0,1.0] [0,0.30 ] [0.30,0.70 ] [ 0.70, 1.0 ] : 6-2 ( ) [ 0,1.0] [0,0.20 ] [0.20,0.40 ] [ 0.40,0.60] [0.60,0.80 ] [0.80,1.0 2.,,,,, (1 ) 0 1,, 100, ( ), 1998, : 6-3
170 2-3 25 7 6 4 4 4 17 3 4 5 5 29 10 10 9 29 100, 29;, 25;, 17 :,,,,, 7, 6, 4, 4, 4 :,,, 3, 4, 5, 5 :,, 10, 10, 9,, 29 (, ),,,, 29,,
6 171, 10, 10, 9, 10, 10 9;,,,, 29,, 29 (2 ),, 80,,,,, 70 80,,, ; 55 70,, ; 40 55,,, ; 40,,,, 6-4 6-4 > 80 40 55 70 80 55 70 < 40 4 1.
172 2 ) :, (1 ), 6-2 6-2 (2 ), 6-3 6-3 (3 ), 6-4
6 173-4 2., 6-5, 6-6, 6-7 6-5 [ 0.8,1.0] [ 0.6,0.8) [ 0.4,0.6) [ 0.2,0.4) [0,0.2) 1./ ( m 3 tp - 1 ) < 100 < 150 150 300 300 400 > 400 2. / ( t tp - 1 ) a. 75 < 2.2 < 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.5 2.6 > 2.6 b. 75 < 2.4 < 2.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 2.8 > 2.8 3. / % ( < 100) 80 85 70 75 50 70 40 50 < 10
174 2 6-5 1./ ( m 3 tp - 1 ) < 100 < 150 150 300 300 400 > 400 2.CODcr/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 100 150 200 250 250 450 450 500 > 550 3.BOD5/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 30 50 60 80 80 140 140 180 > 180 4.SS/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 30 50 100 100 200 200 300 > 300 : t/ tp 1 /, tp 6-6 [0.8,1.0] [ 0.6,0.8) [0.4,0.6) [ 0.2,0.4) [ 0,0.2 ) 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) 15 50 100 100 200 200 250 > 250 2. / (t tp - 1 ) < 1.85 < 1.90 1.90 2.05 2.05 2.15 > 2.15 3. / % 98 90 95 70 90 50 70 < 50 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) 15 < 100 100 200 200 250 > 250 2.CODcr/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 20 40 80 80 250 250 500 > 500 3.BOD5/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 6 12 25 25 75 75 150 > 150 4.SS/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 10 15 15 50 50 150 150 200 > 200 : t/ tp 1 /, tp,,,,,, COD BOD SS,
6 175-7 [0.8,1.0] [ 0.6,0.8) [0.4,0.6) [ 0.2,0.4) [ 0,0.2 ) 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) < 50 < 100 100 250 250 350 > 350 2. / (t tp - 1 ) < 2.10 < 2.15 2.15 2.30 2.30 2.40 > 2.40 3. / % 97 98 88 90 70 88 50 70 < 50 1./ (m 3 tp - 1 ) < 50 < 100 100 250 250 350 > 350 2.CODcr/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 40 60 100 100 300 300 550 > 550 3.BOD5/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 12 18 30 30 90 90 170 > 170 4.SS/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 10 15 15 50 50 150 150 250 > 250 5.AOX/ ( kg tp - 1 ) 0( ) < 1.5 1.5 5.0 5.0 6.0 > 6.0 : t/ tp /, tp 1. (1 ) / / /, 6-5 (2 ), 6-6 2., 40%,,,, / / / / /,,,
176 2-5 / / / 6-6
6 177, : () (, ) (1 ) 6-8 6-11 (2 ): a),,,,, 6-8 ( ) [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 70 65 70 60 65 60 55 < 55 2. ( Cu)/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 12.7 12.7 13.7 13.7 14.35 14.35 14.8 > 14.8 3. ( CN - )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 > 1.5 4. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 2. (Cu 2 + )/ [g (m 2 m) - 1 ] < 3 3.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 7.0 > 7.0 3. ( CN - )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 > 1.5 4. ( Cu )/ [ g m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.15 0.15 0.27 0.27 0.43 0.43 0.56 > 0.56 5. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.36 0.36 0.55 0.55 0.86 0.86 1.2 > 1.2
178 2 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 85 80 85 75 80 70 75 < 70 2. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 10.6 10.6 11.511.5 12.0 12.0 12.7 > 12.7 3. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 2. (Cu 2 + )/ [g m 2 m) - 1 ] < 0.85 0.85 1.15 1.15 1.5 1.5 2.0 > 2.0 3. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.08 0.08 0.120.12 0.24 0.24 0.38 > 0.38 4. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.35 0.48 0.48 0.76 > 0.76 6-10 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 85 80 85 75 80 70 75 < 70 2. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 8.5 8.5 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 10.0 > 10.0 3. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 > 0.4 2. (Cu 2+ )/ [g ( m 2 m) - 1 ] < 0.85 0.85 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.7 > 1.7 3. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.17 0.17 0.270.27 0.370.37 0.57 > 0.57 4. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.25 0.25 0.350.35 0.55 0.55 0.8 > 0.8
6 179-11 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / % > 20 13 20 10 13 8 10 < 8 2. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 110 110 160 160 210 210 280 > 140 3. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 > 0.8 1. / ( t m - 2 ) < 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 > 0.8 2. (Cu 2+ )/ [g ( m 2 m) - 1 ] < 55 55 80 80 110 110 140 > 140 3. ( Cu )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 0.9 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.8 > 1.8 4. ( Cu 2 + )/ [ g ( m 2 m ) - 1 ] < 10 10 13 13 15 15 18 > 18 b),,,,, c),,, 1., 6-7 2. 70, ( )
180 2-7,,,,,,,, 6-12 6-12 [ 0.8, 1.0 ] [ 0.6, 0.8 ] [ 0.4, 0.6 ] [ 0.2, 0.4 ] [ 0, 0.2 ] 1. / ( t tp - 1 ) < 10 10 12 13 15 26 35 > 35 2. / ( kg t - 1 ) < 164 164 185 186 190 191 200 > 200 3. / ( kw h t - 1 ) < 80 80 110 111 130 131 150 > 150 4. / ( kg t - 1 ) < 75 75 150 151 170 171 200 > 200 1. / ( t tp - 1 ) < 3 3 9 10 22 0.6 0.8 > 0.8 2. COD/ ( kg tp - 1 ) < 4 4 114 15 25 3. / % < 4.0 4.0 8.0 8.0 8.9 9.0 11 > 11.0 4. ( 80 % )/ ( kg t - 1 ) < 26 26 50 51 100 > 100 5. ( 10 % 15 % )/ ( kg t - 1 ) < 1 1 1.5 1.6 3.5 > 3.5 :
6 181.?? 2.?? 3.? 4.?
182 3 7 1 7-1, :,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, 7-1Pi,, 1 3, : Pi = Qi/ Coi (7-1) Pi, m 3 / h; Qi,, t/ h ;
7 183-1
184 3 Coi, GB 3095-1996 1 h, mg/ m 3 7-1 P i / ( m 3 h - 1 ) P i 2. 5 10 9 2. 5 10 9 > P i 2. 5 10 8 P i < 2. 5 10 8 : [ 7-1], : 40 kg/ h, 10 kg/ h, 1 kg/ h ; H = 60 m? GB16297-1996 ( ), H = 60 m, : 33 kg/ h, 16 kg/ h, 1. 1 kg/ h Pi GB3095-1996, 1h C0 ( NO x ) = 0. 15 mg/ m 3 ;, TJ - 79 : C0 ( H 2 SO4 ) = 0. 3 mg/ m 3, C0 ( NB) = 0. 01 mg/ m 3 PH 2 SO 4 = 40 10-3 0.30 PN O x = 10 10-3 0.15 PN B = 10 10-3 0.01 10 9 = 0. 13 10 9 ( m 3 / h) 10 9 = 0. 067 10 9 ( m 3 / h ) 10 9 = 0. 011 10 9 ( m 3 / h ), Pimax = PH 2 SO 4 = 0. 13 10 9 = 1. 3 10 8 < 2. 5 10 8 ( 7-1 ),,,,,, :
7 185 1 ) ( ), (2 ),, 16 20 km, 10 14 km, 4 6 km,,, (3 ),, 0. 5,, 2 1. (1 ),,,,,,,,,, :, ;, ;,,,,,
186 3, (2 ), t/ a, kg/ h, g/ s,, m 3 / s ;, g/ ( m s) ;, g/ ( m 2 s ),, kg g 2. (1 ),,, :,,,,,,, ; ; (2 ), ;, ; 7-2 ( ),,,,,,
7 187-2 78.09% 20.94% 0.93 % 18.18 10-6 5.24 10-6 1.14 10-6 0.08 10-6 0.033% (350 700 ) 10-6 1.40 10-6 0.50 10-6 0.10 10-6 ( 5 200) 10-6 (0.02 0.08) 10-6 (0.1 0.5 ) 10-6 0.001 10-6 (0.01 0.25) 10-6 (0.02 0.3) 10-6 (0.01 0.25) 10-6 HC HD 0.4 10-9 ( 20 50) 10-9 ( PAN) (3 35) 10-9 (3 ),,, mg/ m 3 g/ m 3 ;,,, ppm( 100 ) ppb ppt 1., : a. Pi, ;
188 3 ] b.,, 2.,,, : (1 ) (2 ) (3 ), (4 ),,, (5 ) :,,,, a) : ; ( m) ( m) ; ( K) ; ( m/ s ) ; ( t/ a, t/ h, kg/ h) ;,, b) : ( E) ( N) X Y, 1 1 ( km 2 ),, 500 500( m 2 ),,, :,,
7 189,, 2 3,,,,,,,,,,, 3. ;,, : (1 ) ( SO2 N Ox ),, : Qi = QN Ci 10-6 (7-2) Qi i, kg/ h; QN ( ), m 3 / h; Ci i ( ), mg/ m 3 (2 ),, : G = G + G (7-3) G ;
190 3 G ; G,,, (3 ), ( SO2 ), SO2 = 2 0. 8 4.,,,, (1 ) Pi j : Pij = Qij Ci j Q ij (7-4) Pij j i, m 3 / s; Cij j i, mg/ m 3 ; COi i, mg/ m 3 ; Qi j j i, m 3 / s; Pj : Pj n Cij = Pij = : (2 ) i = 1 P = Pij n j = 1 n i = 1 Coi n Ci j = j = 1 Coj Q ij ( m 3 / s) ( 7-5) Q ij ( m 3 / s ) ( 7-6), : j, i K ij :
7 191 Kij n Pij ( 7-7) Pij j = 1, Kij,, Ki j, j K j : Kj = n Pij i = 1 P ( 7-8) P ; K j,, Kj,,,,,, ( ),,, 1.,, 2.,,,,,
192 3 ), ( ) 3.,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, ( GB3095-1996) : SO2, 144, 12,, 4.,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,, :
7 193 Ci Ii Coi (7-9) Ci i ( ), mg/ m 3 ; Coi i ( ), mg/ m 3 ; ( ) 1., 2., GB4885-85,,,, 3.,, ( ) 4. :,,,,, 5.,,
194 3 1. ( ),,,, ( ),, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, 2. (1 ) ( 2),, ( 3), ( 4),,, (5 ) ( ), (6 ), (7 )
7 195,,, 3. (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ), ( ) (5 ) ; (6 ) (7 ) 4., : ( ),, X Z 1.,
196 3 C( x, y, z) = u 1m/ s ),,, Q 2 y z u exp - y 2 exp - ( z - he ) 2 2 2 y 2 2 z C( x, y, z) ( x, y, z), mg/ m 3 ; x, m; y, m; z, m; Q,, mg/ s; u, m/ s; + exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z ( 7-10) y, z, m; x ; He, m y, z : y = ax p, z = bx q, x, a, p, b, q 2. :, 1 2 km,,, 5 10, (), L, : z < 1. 6 L : C( x, y, z) = Q exp - 2 u y z y 2 2 2 y n = - exp - ( z + h2 3 + 2 nl ) 2 2 2 z exp - ( z - he + 2 nl ) 2 n = - 4 4 2 2 z + (7-11) z 1. 6 L,, : 3. C( x, y) = Q u y L 2 exp - y 2 2 2 y (7-12),
7 197,, : Cf ( x, y, z) = y 2 Q u y f z f 2 exp - 2 2 y f, y f = y + 1/ 8 h3, p = ( zf - he )/ z hf : kh Cf = ( p) = 4. p - 1/ 2 exp - p 2 2 d p (7-13),, Q u y f h f 2 exp - y 2 ( p) (7-14) 2 2 y f 1 p 2 0 e- 2 x f t 2 2 d t p = ( hf - H e )/ z = u a c p ( h 2 f - h 2 e ) (7-15) 2 kh,,,, C( x, y, z) = Q1 u L 0 fd l (7-16), Q1, ; f,, (1 ) X,, y 2 y0, : C( x, y, z) = Q 2 u 2 2 exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z + exp - ( z - he ) 2 2 2 z erf y + y0 2 y - erf y - y0 2 y t 0 e- erf( ) = 2 (7-17) 2 d t (7-18)
198 3 y : C( x, z) = Q1 2 u z (2 ), a, b exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z, : C( x, y, ) = : = y 2 + h2 e b 2 + exp - ( z - he ) 2 2 2 y (7-19) y = ax, z/ y = b (7-20) Q1 2 2 ( r) erf r 2 y ( - 0 ) ; 0 x : C( y, z) = (3 ) Q1 2 2 ( r) ( 90 ) : 5. - erf r 2 y ( + 0 ) (7-21) (7-22) C( ) = C sin 2 + C cos 2 (7-23),, : C( x, y, z) = QA 2 y ( x + xy ) z ( x + xz ) exp - exp - ( z + he ) 2 2 2 z ( x + xz ) + exp - y 2 2 2 y ( x + x y ) ( z - he ) 2 2 2 z ( x + xz ) (7-24) : QA,, ; x, y, z ; ; xy, xz xy = y = ax p, z = bx q L/ 4.3 a 1/ p, xz = h3/ 2.15 b 1/ q
7 199 L 6., y, : (1 ) 2 / n, : C = 1/ 2 2 nf Q exp - 2 ux z h 2 e 2 2 z (7-25) f ; u, z (, D z ) (2 ),,, : C = k : k, m, l ; Ckm l m l km l Ckml (7-26), ; kml, 1. k m l km l = 1 z y,, :, ;,, ;,,,, Pasquill Pasquill - Gifford 10 m
200 3 A, B, C, D, E, F, G 7-3 7-3 Pasquill m/ s ( ) 4/ 8 3/ 8 < 2 A A - B B * * 2-3 A - B B C E F 3-5 B B - C C D E 5-6 C C - D D D D > 6 C D D D D 7-3 8, 8/ 8,,,, D ( 5060 N ) ( 5063 N ), ( 177 N )* G G, F, C A, B,,, T urner,, GB3840-91 7-4, + 3, + 2, + 1, 0, - 1, - 2 ( 10 1 ) ( 10m ) 7-5
7 201-4 / ( h 0 ) 1535 35 65 < 65 4/ 4-2 - 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 5 7/ 4-1 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 8/ 4-1 0 0 + 1 + 1 5/ 5 7 0 0 0 0 + 1 8/ 8 0 0 0 0 0 7-5 m/ s 3 2 1 0-1 - 2 < 2 A A B B D ( E) ( F ) 2 3 A B B C D E F 3 5 B B C C D D E 5 6 C C D D D D D > 6 C D D D D D Pasquill ( Z0 3cm ), 7-6 7-7 Pasquill - Gifford 7-6 P - G 3 5min(GB3840-91 0. 51h) / m ( P - s) 1 1 / m A 0.901074 0.425809 0 1000 0.850934 0.602052 > 1000 y = 1 x 1 B 0.914370 0.865014 0.281846 0.396353 0 1000 > 1000 B C 0.919325 0.229500 0 1000 0.875086 0.314238 > 1000
202 3 7-6 / m ( P - s) 1 1 / m C 0.926849 0.88518 0.177154 0.232123 0 1000 > 1000 C D 0.926849 0.886940 0.143940 0.189396 0 1000 > 1000 y = 1 x 1 D 0.929418 0.888723 D E 0.925118 0.892794 0.110726 0.146669 0.0985631 0.124308 0 1000 > 1000 0 1000 > 1000 E 0.920818 0.896864 0.0864001 0.101947 0 1000 > 1000 F 0.929418 0.888723 0.0553634 0.073348 0 1000 > 1000 7-7 P - G 3 5min(GB3840-91 0. 51h) / m ( P - s) 2 2 / m y = 2 x 2 A 1.12154 1.51360 2.10881 B 0.9641015 1.09356 B C 0.941015 1.00770 0.0799904 0.00854771 0.0002111545 0.127190 0.057025 0.114682 0.0757182 0 300 300 500 > 500 0 500 > 500 0 500 > 500 C 0.917595 0.106803 > 0 C D 0.838628 0.756410 0.815575 D 0.826212 0.632023 0.55536 D E 0.776864 0.575188 0.414743 E 0.788370 0.565188 0.414743 F 0.784400 0.525969 0.322659 0.126152 0.235667 0.136659 0.1046341 0.400167 0.810763 0.111771 0.528992 1.03810 0.0927529 0.433384 1.73241 0.0620765 0.370015 2.40691 0 2000 2000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000 0 1000 1000 10000 > 10000
7 203.,,, (1 ), ( ) 7-8 7-8 (2 ),,,, y z (),,, ( ),
204 3, ;, ( ), 1. 5%, 1 h 4,,, ; ( ) ; ; 1. (1 ) i,, GB3096-1996 (2 ) ( ),, 50 km,, 50% 93. 3% ;,,,,, 98%,
7 205, 1, 0. 33, 0. 20, 0. 14, 0. 12 1. 0 mg/ m 3, 0. 12 mg/ m 3, 0. 33 mg/ m 3, (3 ), 1, ; > 1 1. 5, ; > 2, 2.,,,,, 3. (1 ) Ci Coi : Ii = Ci Coi Ii ; Ci i, mg/ L ; Coi i, mg/ L Ii > 1, i, (2 ), i = 5, (3 ), Qi, Qoi, Gi = Qi/ Qoi Gi 1, ; Gi > 1,, (4 ) ( Ki j ), ;
206 3 i ) j ci j, j : cj n = cij i = 1 Kij = ci j Kij Ki j > 50%, cj ( ), cj, ci j, cj 5 15 t/ a, 30 t/ a,, 1., 7 k m,,,,,, 6 9 TSP 4580 t/ a, SO2 1201 t/ a : Pi = Qi/ C0 i Pi, m 3 / h;
7 207 Qi,, t/ h ; Coi, mg/ m 3 ( PT S P 6 5 k m 2. = 1. 3 10 8 ), :, SO2 CO CO2, SO2 CO 14. 43 10 8 m 3 / a, 5386 t/ a, SO2 707. 17 t/ a, NO x 123 t/ a, CO 638 t/ a, SO2,, 36%, 23 % 31 10 8,, ( ) m 3 / a,, 4580 t/ a ( 15 % ), SO2 1210 t/ a 3 km, 2. 5 km, 7, 2, 1, 3, 1 ( ), : I = ( max C1 S1, C2 S2,, Ck S k Ci i, mg/ m 3 ; Si i, mg/ m 3 ; k ) 1 Ci k k i = 1 S i = Imax I GB3095-1996,, 7-9 7-9,, 7 5, : T SP H F NO x SO2
208 3-9 / (mg m - 3,) ISP SO 2 NO x H F CO I 1 () 0.54 0.066 0.034 0.0065 1.52 0.78 2 () 1.34 0.083 0.069 0.0063 1.88 2.47 3 () 0.96 0.072 0.058 0.0068 2.04 1.91 4 () 0.89 0.031 0.041 0.0062 1.64 1.7 5 () 0.71 0.065 0.05 0.0077 1.6 1.5 6 () 0.45 0.028 0.027 0.0057 1.2 0.96 7 () 0.74 0.084 0.057 0.0081 1.64 1.01 3. 1h,, TSP SO2 (1 ), 5 km 5 km, 500 m 500 m 1 (2 ) ( ), 7-10, ( ) 30 m, 30 m () (3 ), 7-10 ( 0. 5 h), ;, : He = H + H He, m; H, m; H, m GB3840-83 3
7 209 / (m s - 1 ) 1.5 1.5 3.0 3.1 5.0 > 5.0-10 N NNE NE NW NNW A.B.C 0.37 0.33 0.96 0.30 0.56 12.61 D 0.32 0.15 0.29 0.26 0.13 16.62 E.F 0.22 0.15 0.59 0.07 0.22 39.55 A.B.C 0.23 0.41 0.05 0.3 0.43 0 D 0.29 0.22 0.5 0.28 0.13 0 E.F 0.23 0.2 0.56 0.17 0.06 0 A.B.C 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.11 0 D 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.04 0 E.F 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0 0 A.B.C 0.11 0.06 0.15 0.03 0 0 D 0.26 0.34 0.23 0.10 0.13 0 E.F 0.10 0.06 0.04 0 0 0 0. 35 (4 ) :, ( ),,, : ; ; T SP SO2,,, SO2, 0. 09 0. 44 T SP,, 0. 18 0. 31mg/ m 3, TSP, T SP 1.?? 2.??
210 3 1 ( ), ( ) 8-1 8-1, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, ;,,, ( HJ/ T2. 3-93),,,,,, ( ) ( HJ/ T2. 3-93) 8-1 8-2
8 211-1
212 3 1 ), (2 ) : 3,, 10 ; : = 2, < 10 ;, 7; : = 1, < 7 ( 3), : ( ) ; ; ( p H ) ; ( ) (4 ), : :, 150 m 3 / s;, 15 150 m 3 / s;, < 15 m 3 / s : 10 m, ( ), 25 km 2 ; ( ), 2. 5 25 km 2 ; ( ), < 2. 5 k m 2 < 10 m, ( ), 50 km 2 ; ( ), 5 50 km 2 ; ( ), < 5 k m 2, (5 ) ( ) GB3838, (6 ) 8-1 8-2,,
8 213-1 / ( m 3 d - 1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 20000,,,, < 20000 10000 < 10000 5000 < 5000 1000,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, < 1000 200 1
214 3-2 / (m 3 d - 1 ) 20000 < 20000 5000 < 5000 > 1000 < 1000 500 ( ) : ; ; 8-3 8-3
8 215 ) 1., 2. (1 ) ( GB3838-88) :, ;, ;, ;, ;,, ;, 30, 5 (2 ) GB3838-88 ( ), ( T J36-79), ISO (3 ), ( GB8978-1996 ) GB8978-88,,,,, 2 ( ), ( ), ( ),,
216 3, 1., : (1 ),,, (2 ),,,,, 2. : 8-4 ( ) BOD5 1 COD ph 2 BOD 5 COD p H 3 p H 4 5 6 p H COD p H COD BOD 5 BaP( ) 7 p H COD BOD 5
8 217-4 ( ) 8 p H COD BOD5 p H 9 p H p H p H p H 10 p H () p H ( ) COD p H () 11 p H COD BOD 5 12 COD BOD 5 p H 13 14 15 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H ( ) COD BOD5 BaP( (a) ) 16 p H ( ) COD BOD5 17 p H ( ) COD BOD 5 18 p H 19 20 21 p H COD BOD 5 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H COD
218 3-4 ( ) 22 p H () COD 23 p H ( ) COD BOD 5 24 p H COD BOD 5 25 p H COD BOD5 26 27 p H ( ) COD BOD5 p H COD BOD 5 1. /, : (1 ) 8-1 (2 ) Pi,, [ ] (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) 2. (1 ),, (2 ),, : :
8 219 ) (, ), : :, ; 3. ( ),,,, ( ), 4. (1 ) : a., i Q i ; b. Pi, Pi Pi ( K ) (2 ) ( ), Q 0 i P 0 i P 0 i (3 ) ( ) 1., ;, ( ) ( ), k i = 1 k i = 1
220 3,,,, H J/ T2. 3-93 ( ),, (1 ), HJ/ T2. 3-93 : a., :,,,, ;, 6, b.,,, ;, 6, (2 ),,, ; ( ) 2. H J/ T2. 3-93 : (1 ) GB3838 ;
8 221 2 ),, K ( ), Ci = Cik,,,,,,, Ci i ; Ci = ( C2 imax + C 2 ik ) 1/ 2 2 Cik i ( k ) ; Cimax i (3 ) : (8-1) Ii = Ci/ Si (8-2) p H ID Oj = Qs - DOj Qs - DOs, DOj DOs (8-3) ID Oj = 10-9 DOj, DOj < DOs (8-4) DOs Os = 468 31.6 + T ID O j j DO ; Os DO ; T, ; DOj j DO ; DOs DO ph Ip H, j = Ip H, j = 7.0 - ph j 7.0 - phsd IpH, j j p H ; (8-5), p H 7.0 (8-6) ph j - 7.0, ph > 7.0 (8-7) phs u - 7.0
222 3 ph j j ph ; phs d p H ; phs u ph 1,, (4 ) Ij m = I w i i = 1, Ii Cij, Ii j : Ij j ; wi i ; Ii i ; m ; Ij m i j, 0 < Iij wi 1, = 1 ( 8-8) m m = wi I i, i = 1 i = 1 m Ij = I z ij i = 1 m i = 1 - Ci, wi = 1 ( 8-9) 1/ 2 Ij = 1 m Ii, j ( ) i j i = 1 (8-10) I 2 i j (8-11),, 10 ;, ( )
8 223 1. (1 ), (2 ), ;, ;,, ; ; (3 ),,,,,,,, (4 ), ( ), ( ), ( )
224 3., (1 ) :,,,,,,, (, p H ), (2 ), 3. (1 ), ( ) : :, : ( ) ;, ( ) 1/ 5,,, ;,
8 225 ),,,,,,, : 1/ 20 ; 1/ 5 (2 ),,,,,,,, B, H, A, Q Q > 15m 3 / s B/ H < 20 ( B ),,, A = H ( B) d B; o, A = B H Q > 15m 3 / s1. 5,,,,,,,, : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) ( ), ( ) ; ( ), ( ) ; ( )
226 3 m, ( ) ( ),, C0 : 1. (1 ), Q, m 3 / s ; C0 = C1 Q + C2 q Q + q C1, mg/ L ; q ; C2, mg/ L ( 8-12) [ 8-1],, 2. 83 m 3 / s, 1300 mg/ L ; 0. 46 m/ s, 13. 7 m, 0. 61 m, 100 mg/ L,,? ( 200 mg/ L ) : C2 = 100 mg/ L, Q = 0.46 13.7 0.61 = 3.84 ( m 3 / s) C1 = 1300 mg/ L, q1 = 2.83 m 3 / s C= 100 3.84 + 1300 2.83 3.84 + 2.83 = 4063 6.67 = 609 ( mg/ L), 3,, ( 8-12) : (2 ) : Ex 2 C x 2 - ux C X - K C= 0 ( 8-13), X = 0, C = C0, ( 8-13 )
8 227 C C0 exp ux x (1-1 + 4 + 4 K Ex 2 E x u 2 x,,, ) ( 8-14), C = C0 exp ( - K x u x ux, m/ d m/ s; Ex, m 2 / d m 2 / s ; K, d - 1 s - 1 ; x( ), m ) ( 8-15) [ 8-2 ], q= 0. 15 m 3 / s, 30 g/ L, Q = 5. 5 m 3 / s, ux = 0. 3 m/ s, 0. 5 m/ L, ( ) K = 0. 2 d - 1, Ex 10 k m : : C0 = 0.15 30 + 5.5 0.5 5.5 + 0.15 10 k m : C = 1.28exp 0.3 10000 [1-1 + 2 10 10 k m : = 1.28 ( g/ L) = 10 m 2 / s 4 ( 0.2/ 86400) 10 0.3 2 ] = 1.19( g/ L) C = 1.28exp( - 0.2 10000 ) = 1.19 ( g/ L) 0.3 86400,, (3 ) : E x 2 C + x 2 Ey 2 C y 2 - ux C x - uy, ( 8-15) : C( x, y) = QA 4 h( x/ ux ) Ex E y exp - y - uy x/ ux ) 2 4 Ey x/ ux C y - KC = 0 exp( - Kx u x QA,, g/ d g/ s; ) ( 8-16)
228 3 h, m; x, y, m; Ey, m 2 / d( m 2 / s) Ex u y, ( 8-15): C1 ( x, y) = u x h QA 4 E y x/ ux exp ( - (8-16a) ( ) ux y 2 Kx ) exp( - ) (8-16a) 4 Ey x u x 8-2 ( b), B, C2 : C2 ( x, y) = 2 C1 ( x, y) ( 8-17),, [ 8-2 (a) ],, P,, ( 8-17 ) (8-19 ) 8-2 = u x h QA p exp( - n = 1 4 Ey x/ ux exp( - ux ( na + y) 2 4 Ey x ux y 2 4 Ey x ) + ) exp ( - Kx u x P n = 1 exp[ -, P = 2 4 ux ( nb - na - y) 2 4 Ey x ] + C( x, y) ) (8-18) B, [ 8-2 ( b) ],
8 229 C( x, y) = u x h 2QA p exp( - n = 1 4 Ey x/ ux exp ( - ux (2 nb + y) 2 4 E y x ux y 2 4 Ey x ) + ) exp( - p n = 1 Kx u x exp [ - ux ( 2 nb - y) 2 4 Ey x ] + ) (8-19) [ 8-3] QA = 100 g/ s, 1. 5 m, ux = 0. 3 m/ s, Ey = 5 m 2 / s, k = 0 : (1 ), ( x, y) = (2000 m, 10 m ); (2 ),, ( x, y) = (2000 m, 10 m) ; ( 3), B = 100 m, ( x, y) = (2000 m, 10 m) : (1 ), (8-16 ) : C1 ( x, y) = 100 0.3 1.5 4 5 2000/ 0.3 exp( - 0.3 10 2 ) = 0.34 ( mg/ L) 4 5 2000 (2 ), : C2 ( x, y) = 2 C1 ( x, y) = 0.68( mg/ L) (3 ), B = 100 m, ( 8-19 ), 2 ( P = 2) C3 ( x, y) = 2 100 0.3 1.5 4 5 2000/ 0.3 exp( - 0.3 10 2 4 5 2000 ) + 2 exp[ - n = 1 2 exp( - n = 1 0.3 (2 n 100-10 ) 2 4 5 2000 0.3 (2 n 100 + 10 ) 2 4 5 2000 ] + = 1.53[ 1.00 + ( 0.76 + 0.31 ) + (0.33 + 0.28) ] = 4.10( mg/ L) P = 4, C3 ( x, y) = 4. 38 mg/ L (4 ) ph, p H p H 9, (8-20 ) ( 8-21 ), )
230 3 p H, : : ph = ph 2 + lg[ Cbh ( Qp + Qh ) - Cap Qp + Qh ) + Qp cap K al 10pH h Cbh ( Qp ] ( 8-20) : ph = ph 2 + lg[ Cbh ( Qp + Qh ) + Cap Qp + Qh ) - Qp cap K al 10pH h Cbh ( Qp ph h p H ; Cbh, mg/ L; Cap, mg/ L ; Qp, m 3 / s; Qh, m 3 / s ; Kal, 8-5; Cbp, mg/ L ] ( 8-21) 8-5 Kal / 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 K 10 2. 65 3. 04 3. 43 3. 80 4. 15 4. 45 4. 71 5. 06, p H :,,, p H, ph (5 ),, T0 : T0 = q, m 3 / s; q( Tp - Th ) Q + q + Th = Q Th + qt p Q + q ( 8-22)
8 231 Q, m 3 / s ; T p, ; T h,, ( 8-23) :, kg/ m 3 ; c p, J/ ( kg ) ; H, m (6 ) BOD - DO ks x T = Te + ( T0 - Te )exp( - ) ( 8-23) c p H u x ( H. Streeter) ( E. Phelps ) 1925 BOD DO ( S - P ), 70 S - P S - P : a. BOD ; b. ; c. BOD, S - P BOD DO, : L BOD ; D ; d D d t d L d t K1 BOD ( ) ; K2 ; t : = - K1 L ( 8-24) = k1 L - K2 D ( 8-25) L = Lo e - K 1 C ( 8-26) D = K1 L0 K2 - K1 (e - K 1 t - e - K 2 t ) + D0 e - K 1 t ( 8-27)
232 3 L0 BOD ; D0 (8-27 ), O = Os - D = Os - O ; Os K1 L0 K2 - K1 (8-28 ) S - P ( 8-28 ),, 8-3,,,, dd dt Dc ; Dc ( e - K 1 t - e - K 2 t ) - D0 e - K 2 t ( 8-28) 8-3 = K1 L - K2 D = 0 ( 8-29) = K1 tc tc: tc = K2 1 K2 ln K2 - K1 K1 L0 e - K 1 t c ( 8-30) [ 1 - D0 ( K2 - K1 ) ] ( 8-31) Lo K1 S - P, S - P,, S - P BOD, d L dt = - ( K1 + K3 ) L ( 8-32)
8 233 : d D d t K3 BOD D = K1 - L0 K2 - ( K1 + K3 ) [ e - ( K 1 K1 L - K3 D ( 8-33) L = L0 e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t ( 8-34) + K 3 ) t - e - K 2 t ] + D0 e - K 2 t ( 8-35) - S - P d L d t d D dt B ; P (8-36 ) ( 8-37) D = L = ( L0 - K1 = - ( K1 + K3 ) L + B ( 8-36) = - K2 D + K1 L - P ( 8-37) B + K3 ) e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t + K1 K2 - ( K1 + K3 ) ( L0 - B K1 + K3 K1 K2 ( K1 B + K3 - P K1 K1 B + K3 ) [ e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t - e - K 2 t ] + ( 8-38) ) ( 1 - e - K 2 t ) + D0 e - K 2 t ( 8-39) K3 B P, (8-38 ) ( 8-39) S - P,,,, d L d t d Ln d t d D d t L BOD ; = - ( K1 + K3 ) L ( 8-40) = - KL ( 8-41) = K1 L + K N L n - K2 D ( 8-42)
234 3 Ln BOD ; K N : x = 0, L = L0, Ln (8-42 ): BOD5 D = D0 e - K 2 t - K1 L0 K2 - ( K1 + K3 ) [ e( - K 1 = LN, D = D0, ( 8-40) L = Lo e - ( K 1 + K 3 ) t ( 8-43) Ln = LN e - K N t ( 8-44) + K 3 ) t - e - K 2 t ] + K N L N ( e - K N t - e - K 2 t ) K2 - K N ( 8-45) [ 8-4], = 2. 0 mg/ L, 8. 0 mg/ L, 22, 7. 1 m 3 / s, BOD5 = 800 mg/ L, 31, 3. 5 m 3 / s, 6 mg/ L, 0. 91 m, 15. 2 m, 5. 0 mg/ L, : : K1, 20 = 0.23 d - 1 K2, 2 0 = 3.0 d - 1 1 = 1.05 2 = 1.02 a. BOD5 ; b. ; c. K2, 20 : : T = = 2. 5 d - 1, Q = 7 13.5 = 10.6( m 3 / s) ux = : O0 = 10.6 0.91 15.2 = 0.76 ( m/ s) ( 220 ) (7.1 ) + ( 31 ) ( 3.5) 10.6 ( 8 7.1 ) + ( 6.0 3.5 ) 10.6 25 Os = 8. 38 mg/ L,, D0 = 8.38-7.33 = 1.05( mg/ L) 25 K1 = 0.23( 1.05 ) 25-20 = 0.29 ( d - 1 ) = 25.0 = 7.33 ( mg/ L)
8 235 K = 3.0( 1.02 ) 25-20 = 3.3( d - 1 ) BOD5 : (8-31 ) D0 = t0 = K1 L0 K2 Dmax = 8.38-5.00 = 3.38( mg/ L) 1 3.3 ln 3.3-0.29 0.29 ( e - K 1 t c 0.29 L0 ) = ( 3.3 1-1.05( 3.3-0.29) 0.29 L0 ) (e - 0.29 t c ) = 0.0879 L0 e - 0.29 t c, BOD u L0 ( mg/ L ), 5. 0 mg/ L, 8-6 8-6 ( L0 ) BOD L0 / (mg L - 1 ) tc/ d D o / (mg L - 1 ) 1 100 0. 770 7. 03 2 50 0.727 3.56 3 40 0.703 2.87 4 45 0.716 3.12 5 48 0.723 3.42 6 47 0.721 3.35 7 47.4 0.721 3.38 (L0 ) ( 5.0 mg/ L) : L0 = 47.4 mg/ L L0 BOD5 20 BODu, BOD5 (20 ), BOD5 = L( 1 - e - 5 K 1 ) = 47.4 (1 - e - 0.2 3 5 ) = 32.4 ( mg/ L) ( ) BOD5 : BOD5 = (32.4 10.6) - (2.0 7.1) 3.5 = 94.07 ( mg/ L) 800-94.07 BOD5 = 800 mg/ L,,, 800 b.
236 3 K ( 20 ) = 3.0 d - 1 [ K2 (25 ) ] = 3.3 d - 1 Dt = tc = = K1 La K2 - K1 ( e - K 2 t - e - K 1 t ) + Da C - K 2 t 0.29 47.4 3.3-0.29 (e - 0.29 t - e - 3.3 t ) + 1.05e - 3.3 t = 4.57 (e - 0.2 9 t - e - 3.3 t ) + 1.05e - 3.3 t 1 3.3 1.05 (3.3-0.29 ) ln 1-3.3-0.29 0.29 0.29 47.4 c. K2 (20 ) = 2.5d - 1 K2 ( 25 ) = 2.5 (1.02) 2 5-20 = 2.8d - 1 tc = D0 = Dt = 1 2.8 1.05 (2.8-0.29 ) ln 1-2.8-0.29 0.29 0.29 47.4 0.29 47.4 (e - 0.29 0.8 19 ) = 3.87 ( mg/ t) 2.8 0.29 47.4 2.8-0.29 (e - 0.29 t - e - 2.8 t ) + 1.05e - 2.8 t = 5.48 (e - 0.2 9 t - e - 2.8 t ) + 1.05e - 2.8 t 8-7 8-4 = 0.72 ( d) = 0.819( d ) 8-4
8 237-7 t/ d Dt/ ( mg L - 1 ) [ K2 (20 ) = 3. 0d - 1 ] Dt/ ( mg L - 1 ) [ K2 (20 ) = 2. 5d - 1 ] 0.0 1.05 1.05 0.1 1.91 1.98 0.2 2.49 2.64 0.3 2.88 3.11 0.4 3.13 3.43 0.5 3.28 3.65 0.6 3.35 3.78 0.7 3.38 3.85 0.8 3.37 3.87 0.9 3.34 3.86 1.0 3.29 3.83 1.5 2.93 3.48 2.0 2.55 3.05 2.5 2.21 2.65 3.0 1.91 2.29 4.0 1.43 1.72 5.0 1.07 1.29 6.0 0.80 0.96 7.0 0.60 0.72 10.0 0.45 0.54 10.0 0.25 0.30 12.0 0.14 0.17 15.0 0.06 0.07 20.0 0.01 0.02 [ 8-5] Q = 216 10 4 m 3 / d, v = 46 k m/ d, T = 13. 6, K1 = 0. 94d - 1, K2 = 1. 82d - 1, K3 = - 0. 17d - 1 Q1 = 10 10 4 m 3 / d, BOD5 500 mg/ L, 0, BOD5 0, 8. 95 mg/ L x = 6 km BOD5 : BOD u DO :
238 3 : L = C0 = (216 ) ( 0) + (10) (500 ) 216 + 10 (216 ) ( 8.95 ) + ( 10 ) ( 0) 216 + 10 Os = 468 31.6 + 13.6 = 22.1 ( mg/ L) = 8.6 ( mg/ L) = 10.4( mg/ L) D0 = 10.354-8.554 = 1.8 ( mg/ L) BOD5 L = 22.124exp - D = 1.8exp - ( 1.82 ) ( 6) (46) ( 0.94 ) - ( 0.17 ) (46) + exp( - 0.1004 ) - exp - (6 ) = 20.0( mg/ L ) (0.94) (22.124) (1.82) + (0.17) - (0.94) ( 1.82 ) ( 6) (46) = 3.8( mg/ L) 4,, ; ; ; (1 ), ;, (2 ) Ci Cip re Cib, Ci = Cip re + Cib (3 ), (4 ),,
8 239 5 ), (1 ) ( 5 ) j i, Pi, j, (8-46 ), Ci, j - Chi, j Pi, j = ( 8-46) ( Csi - Chi, j ) Ci, j, Chi, j, Csi j i, j i i DO : DOhj PD O, j = DOhj - DOj (DO hj - Os ), DOj, DOs j j DO, DO ph : ( 8-47) PpH, j = ph h j - ph j ( ph hj - p Hsd ) ( 8-48) PpH, j = ph j - ph h j ( phsu - ph hj ) ( 8-49) ph h j, p H j, phsu, phsd j j ph, ph p H Pi, j 1 i j ;, Pi, j, (2 ), / (),,
240 3 24 t/ a ( 1990. 5 ),, 1. (1 ) 6 km 140 km, 57 km( ) 8-5,, 8-5
8 241 (2 ) : 11 3, 20 %,,,, ( ) 3 4,, 4 6,,, 7 9, 40%, 9 11,, 8-8 / m / (m s - 1 ) / m 8-8 / (m 3 s - 1 ) / m / ( m s - 1 ) / m / (m 3 s - 1 ) 0.25 0.85 45.0 9.56 0.235 0.71 23.6 3.94 0.335 0.71 24 5.71 0.325 0.44 18.0 2.57 0.32 0.70 14.5 3.25 0.25 0.44 14.0 1.54 (3 ), 8-6
242 3 : 8-6,,, COD N H3 - N BOD5 S 2 -, 15, 9, 9 COD N H 3 - N BOD5 S 2 - CN - p H, DO COD BOD5 S 2 -, COD BOD5 100% ; ph CN -,, COD 100%, 1. 5 12. 3 12. 3, 1 # ; BOD5 100%, 0. 1 8. 8, 8. 8, 2 # ; 0. 02 16. 3, 63. 0 %, 6 #, DO 37. 0% ; 66. 7%, 0. 1 25. 6 ; 92. 6%, 0. 04 5. 7, CN - 7. 4%, 0. 3 0. 7 ;
8 243. 4%, 0. 2 0. 3, ph 7. 5% ( ), 2.,, : (1 ) 24 t/ a, 1990 24 t/ a ;, 1991, 24 t/ a 13. 2 t/ a (2 ) 24 t/ a 1037. 6 m 3 / h,, 6. 3, 4. 0,, (3 ) 24 t/ a 5, 12 m 3 / h, 3. 8 m 3 / h, 37. 4 m 3 / h, 1. 9 t/ h 11. 5 m 3 / h 647. 45 m 3 / h, 0. 6 0. 2, (4 ), 1990, 95. 1 %, 15. 1 %, 77. 7 %, 94. 4%, 33 %, 4. 22%, 1. 2 kg/ h 191. 8 kg/ h,, 3.,,, (1 )( ) N H 3 - N N P COD CN - 1990 COD N H4 - N,, 1990
244 3,,, 1990,,,,,,,, ( ), (2 ) : 100 m, 7 # 7 #, :,,,, (3 ),, 10 m 3 / s,,,,,,, : L = I; B, m; H, m; u, m/ s 0.4 B 2 u ( 0.058 H + 0.0065 B) ( g H I ) 1/ 2 ( 8-50) 8-9 8-9 / ( m s - 1 ) / m ( B) ( I) 0.7 0.32 14.5 0.0036
8 245-9, 4922. 2 m,, 5000 m,, :,, 10 km,,, S - P, (4 ) K,, K CODCN - K, K K,,,, 8-10 8-11,, CODCN - ( 8-12 ) 8-10 A B C D E CN COD / ( mg L - 1 ) 0. 009 0. 007 0. 006 / km 10 13. 4 20. 5 / ( mg L - 1 ) 0. 093 0. 068 0. 060 / km 1 10 20. 5 / ( mg L - 1 ) 219 183 169 / km 1 10. 7 20. 5
246 3-11 A 1 B 1 C 1 CN COD / ( mg L - 1 ) 0.007 0.003 0.002 / km 1 8 22 / ( mg L - 1 ) 0.011 0.008 0.007 / km 1 8 22 / ( mg L - 1 ) 100 75.8 / km 1 22 (5 ) 8-13 8-12 K,d - 1 COD CN - 0.814 1.36 2.21 0.546 0.75 2.1 8-13 u/ ( m s - 1 ) Q/ ( m 3 s - 1 ) B/ m H/ m 0.71 5.32 24 0.31 0.70 3.09 14.5 0.30 8-14
8 247-14 / ( m 3 s - 1 ) COD NH 3 - N CN - P 2 O 5 / (mg L - 1 ) / (mg L - 1 ) / (mg L - 1 ) / ( mg L - 1 ) / ( mg L - 1 ) / ( mg L - 1 ) 5. 32 168. 3 33. 4 0. 34 0. 157 0. 247 3. 09 265. 7 11. 5 0. 064 0. 086 0. 266 0.288 89.3 120.1 0.520 0.183 0.344 63.6 104.1 0.025 0.97 0.414 0.035 (6 ) 24 t/ a,,, 24 t/ a, 5. 5 km,,,, 8-15 8-15 COD CN - F NH 3 - N N P 31.2 0.165 0.472 1.21 120.1 120.1 0.416 57.6 0.032 0.023 1.21 104.1 104.1 0.414,,,, 24 t/ a,,,,
248 3,,,,,,,,, (8-12 ),, ( 8-51) : ci = chi Qhi - cpx Qpx + cp Qp ( 8-51) Qhi - Qpx + Qp ci i, mg/ L; chi i, mg/ L ; Qhi i, m 3 / s; cpx i, mg/ L ; Qpx, m 3 / s; cp i, mg/ L ; Qpn, m 3 / s, cpx, cp i,,, ( 8-12 ) 3 # 4 # 5 # 6 # 7 # (7 ) N H3 - N,, N H 3 - N, N H 3 - N,,, 8-16 N H 4 - N : 54 205, 11 43 ; 2 3h,
8 249-16 / ( m 3 s - 1 ) / ( m 3 s - 1 ) / ( m 3 s - 1 ) / ( m 3 s - 1 ) 0. 0417 195500 0. 3857 21229. 4,,,,, 1. 3000, 10 t, 50,, ( BOD) ( COD) 600,, ( ) 3 628 t, 123, 2 t ; 2166 t 2., 3000 1324, 93 80. 7 % ;, (1999 2005 )
250 3,, ( ) COD, COD 8-17 8-17 / m / ( t/ a) COD / ( t/ a) 2005 156 0.61 0.66 1.47 1.59 2015 175 25.87 62.08 3. (1 ), 1,, GB3838-88,,, GB3838-88, (2 ),,,,,,,,, COD,,, 300,,,,,,
8 251, p H, 1 10,, 1 mg/ kg,,,,,, 4., (1 ), :, ; ;, ;,, C( x, y) = m ( 4 Dy x/ vx ) 1/ 2 exp - vx y 2 4 x Dy C( x, y) x, y, mg/ L ; m, : m = C0 q0/ H, C0, q0, H Dy, m 2 / s; vx, m/ s; x, m; y, m; k = 0, 1, y = 0, C( x, y) = m ( Dy x/ vx ) 1/ 2 exp - vx y 2 4 x Dy, 8-18
252 3-18 20% 40 % 70% 85 % C 1.11 C 1.28C 1.82 C 2.58 C 8-18,,,,,,,,,,, COD, :, 1000 m,, z = 0 ;, GB3838-88 ( COD 15mg/ L ) :, 5000 m 3 / s, 0. 38 m/ s : 35 m 3 / s, 0. 1 m/ s, 0. 0446 m 2 / s 5 m : 250 t, 100 5 t/ d, COD 450 mg/ L ; 10 t/ d, COD 150 mg/ L ; 15 t/ d, COD 225 mg/ L, 8-19, 1 mg/ L,, COD 3, COD 3 mg/ L COD, COD, 15 mg/ L, 0. 05 m/ s, 5 m, 0. 03 m 2 / s, 4 t, COD 225 mg/ L, 1000 m ( z = 0 ) COD 95 mg/ L,,
8 253-19 COD E 2 / ( m 2 s - 1 ) C 0 = 450mg/ L q 0 = 5 t/ d C 0 = 150 mg/ L q 0 = 10 t/ d C 0 = 225 mg/ L q 0 = 15 t/ d 0. 0446 7. 8 4. 8 0. 7 0. 67 1. 8 1. 2 2. 7,,,,,,,,, (2 ) BOD, BOD5,,,, BOD5 Streeter - Phelps : D = k1 L k2 - k1 L = L0 e - k 1 t (e - k 1 t - e k 2 t ) + D0 e - k 2 t L BOD ; D; D0, mg/ L ; L0 BOD5, mg/ L ; t, d; k1, k2, d - 1 GB3838-88 6 mg/ L, 8-20 BOD5, 56%,, BOD5 156 t/ a,
254 3-20 BOD 5 t c / d L a / ( mg L - 1 ) BOD 5 / (mg L - 1 ) BOD 5 / ( t a - 1 ) 2. 66 21. 0 10. 6 383. 40 5. 33 8. 7 4. 3 155. 96, BOD5, : : C( t) = dc dt = W0 V W0 q v + K V C( t) t BOD5, mg/ L ; - qv v C - KC 1 - exp - W0 BOD5, mg/ s; q, m 3 / s ; v, m/ s ; K, 1/ d; V, m 3 q v + K 5d;, 33d,, BOD5 9 t/ a,, (3 ) BOD5,, ;,,,, 1.?? 2.,??? 3. 1000 m 3 / d, 50,
8 255 2. 5 m, 3 10 4 m 2, 25 : ( )?? 4., 1500 m 3 / d, 8. 5 10 6 m 3, 8 10 4 m 3 / d, BOD5 = 1. 2 mg/ L BOD5 BOD5 = 60 mg/ L,?? 5. BOD 12000 m 3 / d, 40, ph5. 5; 50 m 3 / s,? 12 m 20 km 2,? 6.? 7., CODCr 10 mg/ L ;, CODCr 13 mg/ L ; = 0. 6,?? 8.??
256 3 1,,,, :,,,,,,,,, ;, ;, ;,, : 1.,,,,,, 2.
9 257 (),,, 3. ( ),,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, Hg Cd,,, ;,,,,, ;, ;,,,,
258 3,,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ;,,,, 2, 4 4 : (1 ), ( 2),, (3 ), : (1 )
9 259 2 ),, ; ; (3 ) ( 4),,, (5 ),, (6 ) (7 ), ( 8),, ;,,,, ;,,, : ; ( ) ; ;,,,,,, 3
260 3,,, ;, ;, 1.,, (1 ) ; ( 2),,, ;,, (3 ),, ;, (4 ), ;, (5 ), ;,,, 2., : (1 ),,
9 261 2), (3 ), (4 ),, ( 5),, ( 6),,, (7 ), (8 ),, (9 ),,, (10),,, (11),,, (12) ( ), :, (13),,,,, ;,,,,,
262 3,, ( ) 1. :,,,,,,,,, 2.,,,, : 3.,,,,, : ( ) 1. (1 ),,,
9 263,,,,,,, (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 10 100 g,, 100,,,, (3 ), : : : DDT 3, 4,,,
264 3, (4 ), ( GB15618-1995), :, ;, ; ( ),, ;, ;,,,,,,, 29 5, Cu Pb Zn Hg Cd Vr Ni Mn F Se V 13, Li Rb Cs Be Sr Ba Sc 40,,, A ( ),,,,
9 265,,, 3 ( ) 1.,,,,,,,,, (1 ),, : : ; : ; : ; : ; : (2 ) : :,, ( 9-1) :, 1 0. 75 0. 5 0. 25, 10,,
266 3-1 > 60% < 50 %, 30 % 60% 5 % 25 % 10 % 30% 25% 50 %, < 10% > 50 % 2.,, (1 ) : : :,,, CO 2-3 H CO - 3 SO 2-4 Cl - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + N a + K + Na + : CO 2-3 HCO - 3 SO 2-4 Cl - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + : (2 ) : CO 2-3 H CO - 3 SO 2-4 Cl - Ca 2 + Mg 2 + K + Na + :,, Cl - 9-2, :,
9 267-2 ( ) < 2. 0% 2 % 5 % 5 % 10 % > 10% 3., Fe Mn ( ), (1 ), : : : : : (2 ) : : ( 9-3 ) 9-3 ( ) < 60cm 60 40cm 40 30cm < 30cm :, 4. (1 ) : : () ;
268 3 ; : ; : ; :, (2 ) :,, ; :, ( 9-4) 9-4 ( ) A A B 50 % < 50 % < 50 % :, 4 1. (1 ),,,, (2 ) ; ; ;,
9 269 (3 ),,, (4 ), 2.,,, : R ; C ; k; t R = Ce - kt (9-1),,,,, C0, C, ( f) : f = C/ C0 (9-2), : Rn ; f ( % ) ; Rn = ( 1 + f + f 2 + f 3 + + f n + 1 ) C0 (9-3) C0 ; n n, Ra = 1 1 + f 3. C0
270 3,, : W = K( B + R) (9-4) W, mg/ kg; B, mg/ kg; R, mg/ kg; K, %, : W n = Kn { Kn - 1 [ K2 ( K1 ( B + R1 ) + R2 ) + Rn 1 ] + Rn = B K1 K2 Kn + R1 K1 K2 Kn + R2 K2 K3 Kn + Rn Kn K1 = K2 = K3 = = Kn = K, R1 = R2 = R3 = = R4 = R,, W n = B K n + R K n + R K n - 1 + R K n - 2 + + R W n = B Kn + R K 1 - Kn 1 - K (9-5) K,,, K,,, (,, 90% ) :,, W = NW X + W0 NW = CR - W0 X X = W0 - B N W, mg/ kg; NW ; X, mg/ kg; W0, mg/ kg; CR, mg/ k g; B, mg/ kg;
9 271 N0 4., : Q = ( CR - B) 150 (9-6) Q, g/ ; CR, mg/ k g; B, mg/ kg; 150, t/, B,,,,,, 5.,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,, :, ( h m 2 ), 1 = 15
272 3, ;, ;, p H,, ( ), 1.,, ( ) :,,, ;,,,, 2.,, 3.,,,,,,,,,
9 273,,, 4.,,,,,,,,,,,, Wischmeier Smith ( USLE, Univer sal Soil Loss Equation ),, : A = R K L S C P (9-7) A, t/ ( ha a) ; R ; K, t/ ( ha a) ; L; S; C; P, ( ) ( )( ),, () ; ( H g Cd ),,,,
274 3,,, : 1., :,,,,,,, 2. :, ( ); ;, ; 5 1. (1 ) : ;, ;, (2 ) :,, (3 ) :,,
9 275., (1 ),, ( ), :,, ( ) ; ;, ;, ;,,,, (2 ) ( ),, ( ), ; ; ; (3 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
276 3. Ii = Ci/ Si (9-8) Ii i ; Ci i ; Si i 2., (1 ), X a ( 2),, ( ),,, Xc (3 ),,, X p Xa Xc X p : Ci Xa, Pi 1 ; Xa < Ci < Xc, 1 < Pi < 2; Xc < Ci < X p, 2 < Pi < 3 ; Ci X p, Pi > 3,, Ii = Ci/ Si,, Ii : Ci X a, Pi = Ci X a (9-9) Xa < Ci < X c, Pi = 1 + Ci - X a X c - Xa ( 9-10) Xc < Ci < X p, Pi = 2 + X C ( 9-11) 3. : Ci > X p, Pi = 3 + Ci X p - X p - Xc ( 9-12)
9 277 1 ) (2 )( N. L. Nemerow) n P = Ii (9-13) i = 1 P = (3 ) W i i ; Ci Si + Ci S i 2 / 2 ( 9-14) P = W i P i ( 9-15) Pi i Ci S i (4 ) P, P 1, ; P > 1, P,,, P 9-5 9-5 < 0. 2 0. 2 0. 5, 0. 5 1 > 1 1.,,,
278 3.,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, 6 1.,,, 60 t/ a,,,, 13 km,,,,,,,,, 9-6,,,
9 279-6 / ( kg h - 1 ) COD 3t/ h 0. 450 0. 00150. 0015 0. 030 0. 483 73t/ h 109. 5 25. 55 2. 19 2. 19 139. 43 72. 4t/ h 14. 48 0. 036 0. 036 0. 724 15. 276 95. 47 25. 516 2. 156 1. 496 124. 64 / % 86. 83 98. 38 98. 38 67. 39 89. 08 2.,,,,,, :, 9-7 / / ( mg kg - 1 ) 9-7 / (mg kg - 1 ) (2s ) H g 14.38 0.018 0.052 4.42 Cd 1.07 0.042 0.66 1.55 Pb 1.49 17.34 30.28 0.84 As 0.78 24.81 42.79 0.39 Cr 0.94 9.9 15.96 0.40 Zb 0.78 63.06 82.86 0.57 1.57 55.70 91.70 0.69 1.13 0.98 0.89 ( Bap) 41.14
280 3-7, [ a] ( Bap ), 41, 0. 01 0. 03 g/ kg, Bap, Hg Cd Cu Zn 1,,, Hg Cd,,, Pb As Cr,,,,,,,,,, 224. 5 292mg/ kg,,,,,, : W n = B K n + R K 1 - Kn 1 - K W, mg/ kg; B, mg/ kg; R, mg/ kg; K, mg/ kg; n ( ) ( 9-16) 9-8,,, 28, 42, 30,,,, 30 9-8 / (mg kg - 1 ) 1 5 10 20 28 30 42 50 0.4628 0.5140 0.5780 0.7060 0.8340 0.9876 1.004 0.4984 0.6720 0.6640 0.8480 0.9952 1.032 7.00 19.41 22.67 23.31 23.33 23..33 23.33
9 281.?? 2.?? 3.??
282 3 0 1,,, ;,, :, ;, ;, ;, 1. ( A1 A0 ) 10 10 ( 20 ), N = 10lg A 1 A0 ( 10-1) db, A0 ( ), A1, ;
10 283., N/ m 2, Pa 1000 Hz 2 10-5 N/ m 2, 20 N/ m 2, 10 6,,,, L P = 10lg P2 P 2 c LP P, db; P, N/ m 2 ; = 20lg P P0 ( 10-2) P0, 2 10-5 N/ m 2, 1000 H z 0 120dB 10-1 10-1 (d Pa = 0. 1N/ m 2 ) / db 6300 150 2000 140 630 130 200 120 8-18 63 110 20 100 4-72 6.3 90 2 80 0.63 70 0.2 60 db,, 3. A A
284 3 1 ) A,, 1000 H z A, B, C, D, A A, B B, C D db( A) db( B) db( C) db(d), A, A D, B (2 ) A A, A,,, A,, A A, A,, A A ( 10-3) : Leq = 10lg( 1 T T 10 0.1 L A ( t) dt) (10-3) 0 Leq T A, db( A) ; LA ( t) t A, db( A) ; T A,, A (10-4 ) : Li i A, db( A) ; N N = 100, Leq N = 200, Leq Leq = 10lg( 1 N 10 N 0.1 Li ) (10-4) i = 1 1 00 = 10lg ( 10 0.1 L i ) - 20; i = 1 200 = 10lg( 0.1 L i ) - 23 i = 1
10 285 A (3 ), 10dB, 24 A ( Ldn ), db( A), (10-5 ) : 16 Ld n = 10lg[ 1 24 ( i = 1 8 10 0.1 L i + Li 16 i ; Lj 8 j 4. j = 1 10 0.1 ( L j + 1 0 ) ) ] (10-5), L10, L5 0, L90 ; ; L1 0 L5 0 L9 0 : 10 %, 50 %, 90%, : 100 200, 10 200 20 L10, 50 200 100 L50, 90 180 L90 L10, L5 0 ( TNI) ( PNL) : TNI = 4 L10-3 L90-30 (10-6) : d = L1 0 - L90 P NL = L50 + d + d2 60 (10-7) 2,, (
286 3 ; ;,, ; H J/ T24-1995 ( ) 10-1 : ( ) ; ; ;,, ; [ 5 10dB( A) ], 65dB ( A ) 1 2, 3dB ( A ),, 3 1. (1 ) ( )
10 287 0-1 (2 ), ( ) A ( A ) A :,, (
288 3, (3 ),,, 2. ; (1 ),, 10 50m ( 50 100m ),, 8 12, 14 18, 1. 5m,,, 5 A, 5dB ( A), (2 ), 50 100m; 100 300m, 3. 5m ;, 3. 5m 2m 200 ; 100 L10, L50, L9 0 Leq ( )
10 289 3 ) 250 m 250 m, 1 m, ( / h) ( );, 5 s A, 24 h; L10, L50, L9 0 Leq, 24 h, 1., :,,,, ( 100 300 m ), ( 20 60 m) ;, 20 m 20 m 100 m 100 m, 2. ;, (1 ), ; i j,, j A LA i j T, ti j T, (10-8 )
290 3 Leq A) = 10lg n ti 10 0.1 L Ai j i = 1 T (10-8),,, (2 ) ( Leq ), (,, ) 5dB, Leq, 35dB, 75 db,, 3., (1 ) i j : i j : Loct ij ( r) = Locti ( r0 ) - ( Aoct div + Aoct bar + Aoc t am t + Aoct exc ) ( 10-9) Loc ti ( r0 ) i r0, db; Aoct div, db; Aoct bar, db; Aoct atm, db; Aoct exc, db i Lwioct, ( ), Loc ti ( r0 ) = Lwioct - 20lg r0-8 (10-10) A LAij( o ut) = LA j ( r0 ) - ( Ad iv + Abar + Aat m + Aexc ) (10-11) A Lw Ai, LA i ( r0 ) = Lw Ai - 20lg r0-8 (10-12) (2 )
10 291, : K i Lpil : Lwi i ; LP 1 : Q Lpil = Lwi + 10lg( 4 ri + 4 ) (10-13) R Q (, Q 2 ) ; ri ; R K ( ) LP 1 LP 2 : T L K = 10lg( 0.1 L P 1 ) (10-14) i = 1 L P 2 = LP 1 - ( T L + 6) (10-15), LP 2,, j L Akj(i n) Laij( o ut) n, m, j : LA j 4. n = 10lg i = 1 m 10 0.1 L Aij( out) + k = 1 10 0.1 L A kj(in) ( 10-16), ;, ;, : (1 ) 10-2 Leq
292 3 0-2 [db( A) ] a b 83 83 84 84 84 83 84 84 88 75 89 79 89 71 88 78 81 81 78 78 77 77 88 88 81 65 87 75 84 72 79 78 88 72 89 75 89 74 84 84 : a. : ; b. : (2 ) ( 10-17 ) Leq : Leq Li i Leq ; T i i ; = 10lg 1 N Ti (10) T L i / 10 ( 10-17) i = 1 T ( i = 1) ( i = N ) ; N (3 ) x Leq( x) : AD J = - 20lg x, m (4 ) Leq 5. x 0.328 + 250 + 48 ( 10-18) Leq ( x ) = Leq - AD J ( 10-19) Leq Leq, L10 L5 0 L9 0,, Leq Ldn Leq
10 293 Leq ( h) = Loe, i + 10lg N i Si T + 10lg 15 d Leq ( h) i i h Leq ; h; 1 + a + s - 13 (10-20) Loe, i i (, 10-3 ) ; Ni T i, 1h ; Si i, km/ h; T Leq, Ni, 1h ; d, m; a, 10-4; s, (10-20 ) Leq, A ( ), Leq, M T ( ) Leq, H T ( ), (10-22), Leq, dn Leq, dn = 10lg [10 0.1 L eq, A + 10 0.1 Leq, MT + 10 0.1 L eq, H T ] (10-21) 10-3 [ L oe,db( A) ] L oe / ( km h - 1 ) 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 ( A ) 62.4 63.8 65.2 66.8 67.9 69.0 70.0 71.0 71.9 72.7 73.5 ( M T )72.4 74.3 76.0 77.5 78.8 80.0 81.1 81.9 82.5 82.8 82.9 ( H T )80.5 81.4 82.5 83.2 84.0 84.6 85.2 85.8 86.3 86.7 86.8 10-4, db( A ) a 1. 3m( 3m) 3 0 2. 3m 3 0
294 3 10-4, db( A ) a 3. 3m, ;,,, 3 4.5 0 0. 5 * *, s, :, 30 m s = 3dB( A ) ;, s = 4. 5dB( A ) ; 5 m, s = 5 10dB( A ), 40 % 60 %, s = 3dB( A ) ; 70 % 90 %, s = 5dB( A) 1. 5dB ( A ),, 10dB( A ), 4 6 : (1 ), ( ), (2 ) ( ), (3 ) (4 ) ; (5 ),,
10 295 6 ) ;,,, 1., : (1 ),, (2 ),,, (3 ), 2.,, : (1 ), (2 ), (3 ), (4 ),,
296 3, 3 t 4 t, 1 t, 10 t 12 t, 2 t, 1. (1 ) : 3 t :,, ;, : ;, ; (2 ), 10-5 10-5 / db( A) / db( A) SO 2 96 79 84 89 75 71 92 78 89. 5 81. 5 93 89 68 75 81. 5 75. 5
10 297 10-5 / db( A) / db( A) 88 78 92. 5 90 80 73. 5 94 82 87. 5 106 77. 5 82 77. 5 77. 5 94 92 72 72. 5 2.,, 700 1000m, ( ), 10-6 10-6 L L / db( A) 1. 2. 3. 3kW 4. 5. 6. 65 43 57 44 65 51 75 55 83 64 70 53 10-7 / db( A ) / db( A ) 8h 65 70 85dB( A ) 55 55
298 3 0-6 10-7 85dB( A) 3. (1 ),,, 10-8 10-8 / db( A ) 95 85 92 75 SO 2 85 (2 ), 10-8 100m, 100m 85dB( A) ( 10-9 ) 10-9 / db / db( A ) / db( A ) 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k SO2 89 79 79 66 75 71 79. 5 84 81 71 84 73 89 69 75 63 94 85 82 80 92 88 97 82 92 84 85 77. 5 76 71 70 61. 5
10 299 : ; ; ;, L1 = LP 1 - LP 2 = 20lg( r2/ r1 ) LP 2 L P 1 2 1, db( A ) ; r2 r1 2 1, m 0-2 10-2, 10-2 ( 100m ), 45dB(A ),, 1. 2.? 3.,,? 4.? 5. ( GB3096-93 )?? 6.? 7. 8.?
300 4 11 1 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, 1km 2 ;, ;,, ;,, ; ;,,,, 1998 11
11 301,,, 2.,,,, : (1 ),,,, ; (2 ) (3 ),,, (4 ),,, (5 ),,,
302 4 1-1 11-1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,( ( ) ) ( ( ) : ),,,,,
11 303 ( 1),,,, (2 ),, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (1 ),,,,,, 20 80,,, 8, 13 (2 ) 20 30, 80 90,, 1987 :,,
304 4 20 80 90,,, 90,,, 1998,,,, ( C2 3),,, 1.,,, : (1 ), (2 ),,, (3 ),,, (4 )
11 305,, (5 ),, (6 ),,,,,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1),, ( 2),
306 4 3 ),,, (4 ),,,, 1.,, 2., 13,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 2,,,,,,,,,,,,
11 307 1-1 11-1,,,, 1.,,,
308 4.,,,,,,, 3.,,,,,,, ;, ;,,,,,, 4.,,,,,, 5.
11 309 : (1 ), ( 2),, ;,,,,, (3 ), ( ),,,,,, ( ) 1. 1. 1,, 1. 2 1. 2. 1 1. 2. 2 1. 2. 3 1. 3 2. ( ) 2. 1 ( :,,,
310 4 ) 2. 2 (, ) 2. 3 3. 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 3. 1 3. 3. 2 3. 3. 3 3. 3. 4 3. 3. 5 3. 3. 6 4. 5. 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 6. 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 7. 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 3. 1 7. 3. 2 7. 4 7. 5
11 311. 8. 1 8. 2 8. 3 9. 9. 1 9. 2 9. 3 9. 4 9. 5 9. 6 3 ( ),,, 1.,,,,,,,,,,,,
312 4,,, 2. -, -,,, - :,,, : ; ; ; 3.,, :,, ;, ;, ;,, ;,,,,, :,,,,
11 313,, 4.,,,,, SO2, ;,,, ( SO2 ),,, j :, Eij Ij = 1 n E n 2 ij i = 1 i j, Eij = Ei j n Eij s = 1, Eij i j, Eij,,,,,,,,,,
314 4.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () 11-2 : 11-2 (1 ),
11 315, 11-2 11-2 (2 ),,,,,,, :,,,,,, : ;,,,, 11-3,,
316 4 1-3 : ;,, :, ;, ;,,,,, 11-4 11-4
11 317,,, :,,, 11-5 I, I, I,, 11-5 2. (1 ),? ( ),,,,,,,, 6 : ( ),,
318 4 2 ), 5 : 3 : :,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), : Bij n = Bisj s = 1 Bij i j, j ; Bisj i j s ( ) ; i ( ) ; j ( ) ; s j ; n j,,,, :
11 319 Bij n s = 1 W s Bisj n s = 1 W s i j s ; (4 ) :,,,,,,,,,,, 4,,,,,,,,,,,
320 4,,, 11-3 11-3 (1 ),,, :
11 321, ; ; ; ; ; ; (2 ),, : Qw i = Q0 (1 + K N i ) t Qw i ; Q0 ; K; N i ; t,,,,,, 11-4 : (1 )
322 4 1-4,,,, - - - -,, ( 2), (3 ),,,,,
11 323,,,, : ( 11-5 ) :,, 11-5
324 4,, (1 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 2),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, (4 ),,,,,
11 325 5,,,,,, 12,,,, 1998 11 253, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,
326 4,,,,,,,,,,, 11-6 11-6,,,
11 327 1-7 11-7,,, ( ),,,,,,,, (1 ),,,
328 4, () ( 2),,,,,,,,,,, : Wc, g/ s; Wc = S ( QD + Qe ) - QD CD QD CD, m 3 / s mg/ L ; Qe, m 3 / s; S, mg/ L,, GB/ T13201-91 : Qak n = n i = 1 ( A Cki Si i = 1 Si ) 0.5 Qak, t ; Si i, km 2 ; n ; Cki GB3095 i, mg/ m 3 ; A, 10 4 km 2,, P P,, P,, GB/ T13201
11 329 3),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (4 ) 1995,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
330 4 5),, :,,, ;, (), ;,,,,,,, 6 :, ; ;,,,,,
11 331. (1 ),,,,, ( ),,,, (2 ),,,,,,, ( ), 2.,,,
332 4 ) ( ),,, ( ),,, SO2 TSP 3.,,,,,,,,,,, : ; ; ; ; ;,,,, :, ;,, (1 )
11 333,,,,,,,,,, ; (2 ),, ( 11-8 ) 11-8
334 4 ) (),,,, ;,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( )( )
11 335,,, ( 1),,, 20,, 2600, 1%, (),,, (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,, ;,,,
336 4.?? 2.?? 3.?? 4.?? 5.
12 337 2 1 1., :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2.,, ( 1) S1 (
338 4,,, ( 2) S2 ( ) ( ),, (3 ) S3 ( ),, (4 ) S4 (, ), 1.,,,,,,,, ( )( ),
12 339 2.,,, (1 ),,,,,,, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,,,, (4 ),,,
340 4,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) ;,, (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) (5 ) (6 ) 2. (1 )
12 341 2 ), (3 ), (4 ), 3. (1 ) (2 ) 2 1.,,, (1 ),,,,,, (2 ),,,,,,,, (3 )
342 4,,,,, (4 ),,,, (5 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,,, ;, 2.,, (1 ) (),,,
12 343 ), (2 ),,,,,, (3 ),,,,,,,,,,, : :,, :,,, :,,,
344 4 1.,,,,,, ( 12-1), Oi, OP, a OPB,, 12-1, b GC OP B : GC = A OP B, 0. 2 0. 3 ; 0. 5 0. 7, 2.,,,,,,
12 345,,,,,, 3 (1 ) (2 ), S4 > S3 > S2 > S1, (3 ),,, : 0, 1, 2, 3 : +, - ; r, b; d, i; n,
346 4 p s, l,,,,, 1.,, 2.,,,,,,,,,,,,, 12-2
12 347 2-2 4 1.,, 2.
348 4,,, ( 1),,,,,,,,,,,?? : ( 2 ) ( 1000 ), :,?,?,, 12-1 / 12-1 / / / 50 1000 0 10 5000 0 20 10000 100 2000 10 20 30000 20 50 70000 200 4000 20 30 100000 50 100 300000 450 9000 30 40 315000 100 200 1350000 150 3000 40 50 135000 200 300 750000 50 1000 50 100000 300 500000 1000 20000 685000 2980000
12 349 2-1, 5% ;, ; 100 500 685000 2980000, ( 2),, :,,,,,, ( 3),,,,,,,,, 1. - ( 1),, -,,,,, D ( 12-3 ), x, P
350 4,,, x1, P1 OP0 E x1, x1, B OP1 E x1, R, P0 E P1, C S : B = x 1 p( x) d x (12-1) 0 R = P1 x1 (12-2) CS = B - R (12-3), 12-3 12-4, S ( 12-4 ), x, x2 P, P2 OP 0 Ex2 P 0 EP1, P S R, : R = C + P S ( 12-4), 12-5 ( a), x3, 12-5 ( b ),
12 351 E P3 12-5 12-5( b ), N B, ( ) ( ), : N B = CS + P S = B - C ( 12-5) (2 ),,,,,,,,,,,,, : PVC ; Ct t ; t ; r ; n PVC = t = 0 Ct (1 + r) t (12-6)
352 4 n, : PVC = Ct ( 1 + r) t+ 1-1 r(1 + r) t (12-7),,,, ( ) (,,, ) : PVB ; Bt t ; : n PVB = PV B = Bt t = 0 Bt (12-8) ( 1 + r) t (1 + r) t + 1-1 r( 1 + r) t (12-9) : N P VB n Bt NP V B = PV B - PVC = ( 12-10) (1 + r) t : t = 0 - Ct N P V B = ( Bt - Ct ) ( 1 + r) t + 1-1 (12-11) r( 1 + r) t,, N P VB > 0,,, 2. -,, - -, -
12 353 ( 1),, 12-2 60 10 4 k W 5, ( 1 = 0. 001 ) 12-2 1. ( 10-3 ) ( 1975 )/ [ / ( kw h ) ] / [lb/ ( kw h ) ] 21. 6 22. 5 2. 23. 6 15. 0 3. 26. 2 2. 4 4. 25. 5 6. 0 5. 24. 6 6. 7 : 1 lb = 0. 4536kg 1, 2, 1,,, 1,,,, ( 2),,,,, - 797 N Ox 12-3, 2100,, 90 %, 10 N Ox 250mg/ m 3,,,,
354 4 300 24300 12-3 N O x NO x / ( / ( klb/ h ) / [ / / a) (lb h) ] 0 0 104 0 0 797 37 80 23 622 96 5 0 21 4200 741 39 0 94 3240 90 % 797 106 0 254 2400 80 % 792 104 6 243 2340 797 106 0 254 2400 790 105 0 239 2280 : 1 lb = 0. 4536kg (3 ),, ( 1),,,,,, : B = Q 2 P( Q) dq ( 12-12) Q 1 Q1, Q2 ; P( Q) ;
12 355 B (2 ),,,,,,, 12-6 12-6 n B = ai ( Q2 - Q1 ) ( 12-13) i = 1 Q1, Q2 ; ai i ; B (3 ),, : ; ;, : Y x x ; V x ( P = n x ) 1 ( P n x ) x ( P n x ) 3 Y n = x ( 1 + r) n - x x ( 12-14) ( P n x ) 1 x n ; ( P n x ) 2 x n, ; ( P n x ) 3 x n,, (12-14),,,,
356 4 (4 ),,,, Q MC, ( 5),,,, L B,,,, : C S; D; R, L B > C S + D + R, ; L B < CS + D + R,,, ( 6),,,,, - 5 1.,,
12 357,,,,,,,,, 2.,,, ( 1),,, ( 2) ( 3),,, 3.,,,,,,,,,, 1.
358 4.? 3. : 40 kw, 4.
13 359 3 1 1970 ( National E nvironment P rotection A ct, NEPA), 20 90 20 80, 1995,, ( Strategic Environmental Assessment, SEA ) ( EIA) EIA ( P rogrammatic EIA ) EIA ( Policy, Plan, Program EIA PPPs EIA) ;, SEA EIA, SEA, SEA EIA,,, SEA,, SEA 13-1 SEA EIA, EIA EIA, 20 80,
360 4 3-1 (SEA), ( ),, ( Regional Environmental Assessment, R EA ),,,,,,, REA,,,,, REA EIA
13 361 REA SEA REA SEA, ( ) SEA REA SEA, SEA SEA, R EA, SEA SEA 1. SEA ( Policy Assessment, PA),,,, :, ;,,,, ; SEA SEA EIA 2. SEA,,, ( Sustainability Assessment),,,, SEA,, SEA
362 4 SEA :, SEA EIA, EIA ;, SEA EIA, EIA EIA SEA,, EIA, EIA EIA,, EIA( EIA ), 1. EIA, SEA EIA, ( ), EIA,, EIA SEA,, 2. EIA (1 ), EIA, EIA EIA,,, ;,,,,,,, 15
13 363 2 ) EIA,,,,, NO x Cn H m, N Ox Cn H m (3 ) EIA, :,, EIA ;, ( ) EIA ;,, EIA (4 ) EIA ( ) ( ),, (5 ) EIA EIA,,, EIA, EIA, SEA, EIA SEA 3. EIA,,, EIA,,,,
364 4 EIA EIA SEA, 4. ( Mitiga tion Meas ures ),, ( ),, ;, S EA,,, EIA, EIA SEA,, SEA EIA,, ; EIA SEA, SEA ;, SEA, EIA, SEA, SEA, EIA, ( ), SEA, SEA, EIA, EIA 1.,,,,,,,,, 2.
13 365 1 ; 21 21,,,,,,, EIA 3. SEA SEA,,,, SEA, SEA SEA SEA : (1 ) SEA, ;,, (2 )SEA,, (3 )SEA,,, (4 ) SEA,, SEA,,,,
366 4, SEA,,,,, SEA,, SEA ( ) SEA, SEA,, SEA SEA, SEA, SEA SEA,, SEA 1.,, SEA, SEA SEA,,,,, ( ), SEA,,, SEA 2.
13 367 0 70, R. L. Wolf : ( ), SEA,,,,, 3.,, SEA EIA EIA, SEA SEA, SEA,,, SEA SEA,,, SEA 4., SEA ( ) ( ) (), ;, SEA, SEA ( ) SEA, SEA, ( CEQ ), ( Context) ( Intensity ) SEA
368 4 SEA, SEA,, SEA, SEA :,, ;,, ( ), SEA : ( ), 1. SEA SEA, SEA SEA SEA,,,, SEA : SEA : a. ; b. ; c. ; d. 2. SEA,,,
13 369 SEA, SEA SEA, : ; ; ; ; ; ; ;, SEA ;, SEA ( ) EIA SEA EIA, EIA SEAEIA : EIA GIS, SEA, ( ) SEA EIA, (, ), SEA : (1 ) (2 ) : a., ; b., ; c. (3 ) SEA,, ( ) ( )
370 4 4 ), ( ) SEA SEA, :, (,, 1998) SEA (, 1989 ), SEA : SEA, ( ) SEA EIA, SEA ( Keinlsch midt and Wanger, 1998 ) ;,,, SEA ; SEA,, SEA, SEA,, SEA, SEA, SEA SEA, ( ) SEA, SEA SEA, SEA SEA SEA, SEA, SEA
13 371 ) SEA SEA, S EA, ; SEA GIS,,,,, ( ) SEA SEA,,, SEA,, SEA,, ( ) SEA SEA,, ( ), SEA,, SEA ; SEA SEA, SEA,, 4 SEA, SEA
372 4 SEA SEA, ( ), SEA EIA,, EIA SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA,, SEA EIA SEA 1. EIA EIA, EIA EIA SEA EIA, EIA SEA EIA, SEA,,,, SEA,, SEA EIA, 2., ; ; SEA 3. SEA SEA EIA EIA,,, SEA EIA SEA,,, SEA
13 373 SEA ( ), SEA 1. SEA SEA 2. SEA, SEA SEA 3. SEA SEA SEA ( ) ( ) ( ) ( SEA ) 4.,,, SEA, GIS,, SEA ( ) SEA, SEA,, SEA,,, SEA 1. SEA SEA SEA, SEA,
374 4 EIA, SEA 2. SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA 3.,, SEA,, - 5 + 5,, SEA, ( ) SEA, SEA,, SEA 1. SEA SEA, SEA, SEA (1 ), SEA, SEA SEA ( Brain - storm) (Delphy),,, SEA, ;,,,,, (, 1984) SEA, SEA
13 375, SEA SEA,, SEA,,, SEA,, SEA SEA ( ), SEA (2 ) SEA (, ), SEA SEA :,, - - ;, SEA, SEA (3 ) SEA, ( ),,,,,,, -,
376 4,,, SEA,,,,,,, 13-2 13-2 2. SEA SEA, SEA SEA, SEA SEA, SEA SEA
13 377 SEA SEA,,, SEA SEA, SEA,, ;, SEA, SEA ; SEA, SEA,, SEA, SEA ( ) SEA,, SEA, SEA SEA EIA,, ; SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA ( ),, SEA 1. SEA,,, ; SEA,,, SEA,, ( )( ), SEA, SEA
378 4. SEA,, SEA SEA, SEA SEA,,,,,,, ;,, 3. :,,,, SEA ;, SEA SEA,, SEA, SEA ( ) SEA, SEA ( ), SEA SEA,, 1., SEA, SEA, SEA,, SEA,,, SEA 2., ( GIS ) ( RS) ( GPS ) ( SL ),, SEA,
13 379, 3. SEA,, SEA, SEA 5 SEA SEA, SEA, SEA, SEA SEA SEA ( ) SEA, SEA,, :, ;, SEA, : (SEA )(SEA) (SEA) ; EIA EIA ; ;, ( ) SEA, :, ;,,,
380 4 SEA,,,,, SEA ( ) 1. SEA SEA, SEA : SEA, SEA,,,,, (,, 1993 ) SEA :,,, SEA 2. SEA SEA ;
13 381 SEA, ;,, ( ) : 1. SEA SEA ; SEA 2. SEA,,, SEA, - (), : G( 1, N) () 3. SEA 13-3 SEA SEA ( ) SEA, : GIS, ( ),,
382 4 3-3 SEA ( ), SEA, SEA SEA, SEA,, SEA : SEA SEA
13 383 ) SEA SEA SEA,,, SEA SEA SEA :, ; ; ;,, SEA SEA, SEA SEA (, 1992; Carson, 1992) SEA SEA, SEA 1. ( ) 2.,,,,, 3. ( ) (1 ) : ( ), ( ),, (2 ) : : (3 ) 4. ; (1 ),,
384 4, (2 ),,,,, (3 ),,,,, 5. SEA : (1) (, 1992 ),,,, (2 ) ( ) ( ), ( ) (, ) ;, ( ) ;, ;,, (3 ) ( ), ;, (4 ),
13 385., SEA 7., 8. 9. : ; ; ;, 10. : ; SEA ; ; SEA, SEA ( ) SEA, SEA SEA, SEA, SEA SEA 1. SEA EIA REA 2. 3. SEA,? 4. SEA
386 4 4 1 ( ),,,,,, 9 15 1. ( CE ) 1978 ( 40CFR/ 1508. 7 ) : ( ),, 2. ( ) ( ),,, 3.,, ( ),
14 387 ( ) ;, ( )() ( ) ; ( ),, CEA, EIA,,,, CEA, CEA,,, CEA,,,,,,, ( ) 1., 8, 14-1;, 14-2
388 4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 4-1, CO 2, 14-2 ( ) [ ], [ ],, PCB,, (, ( ) ), [ ] [ ],, 2., (1 ) ( )
14 389 2 ), ;,,, (3 ),, (4 ) CEA, ( scoping) (5 ),,, (6 ),, ;,, (7 ), ( ), (8 ),,
390 4,,, CEA EIA 1. EIA, CEA (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ; (4 ) 2. EIA, CEA (1 ) ( 4) ; (2 ), ; (3 ) 3. EIA, CEA (1 ), (2 ) (3 ) (4 ) 2 1. 1973 ( NEPA ), 1978 ( USCEQ) ( NE PA)
14 391,,, :, ;, : (1 ) (2 ),,, : ( ),,,, 2. :, ; ; : (1 ),, (2 ) ( ) ( ) : :, :,
392 4 ( ), CO2 CFC, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (3 ), CEAERC ( 1988 ), 14-3,, ( ) ; ( ) ; ( ),, 14-3 CO 2, Cocklin ( 1992 ) ( ),
14 393 ; ( CO2 ),, ;,,,, CEI,, 3. : (1 ), ( ), (2 ), ( ),, (3 ),,, ( CIA),, : CIA, CIA EIA ; CIA, CIA ;
394 4 EIA CIA,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, CIA, ;, CIA,, CIA,,
14 395 1973 ( NEPA ), 1987, ( USCEQ ) ( NEPA ),, CIA 1986,,, CIA, EIA CIA,,,, ;,, CIA EIA, CIA 3 : (1 ), ; (2 ) ; (3 ) ( ) ; (4 ) ( ), A B,,,,
396 4,,,,,, EIS : ( / ) ( ), ( ) ( ) () ( )
14 397,,, ( 14-4) 14-4,,,,,,,,,, /,,
398 4,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ;,,, :,,, ( ), ( ),,
14 399,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, ; ; ;,,,, : (1 ), (2 ) ( ),,, ( ),,,, : ;
400 4 ;,, EIA,,, CIA,, 5,,,,,,,,,,, 1.?? 2. EIA CIA? 3.? 4. 5.?
15 401 5 1 1. ( R), ( P, ) ; ( D) ( R) ( X ): R( x) = P( x) D( x) ( 15-1), n R( x) = P( x i ) D( x i ) (15-2) i = 1, x, R( x) = P( x) D( x) d x (15-3) 0, P( x), ( a), P( x) 1/ a a - 1 ; D( x) ; D( x) ( / a / a)( ) (), R( x) / a / a / a (15-1 ) ( 15-3), ;, ( ),, ( )
402 4. : (1 ) ( ), (, 24 ) ( Pmax ), Pmax 10-6 1/ a; ( PN ) < 10-8 1/ a : Pmax 10-5 1/ a (2 ),, ( P max ) P ma x 10-7 1/ a, PN 10-9 1/ a 3. (1 ) :, ;,, ;,, 10 100,, ; ; ;,, : (2 )
15 403,,,,,,,,, 1. (1 ) ( ),, 1978 3 16,,, ; 25. 7 m 3 130 km 29 km ; 1. 64, 1 5000 t, 210 km, (2 ),,, 15-1, :,,, ;, ;,, E PA ( H azard Ranking System) :
404 4, 15-1 2.,, (1 ),,, (2 ), ;, ;,, 3.,, ;, : (1 ), ; (2 ), ; ( 3),, ; (4 ), ;
15 405 5 ),, 15-2 15-2 ( HMMME ) : 15-1 4.,,,,,, ;, ;,,,, 15-3,,
406 4 5-1 H M M M E 15-3
15 407 1. ( ERA), ( ),,, ERA,,, (),,,,,,,,, ERA,,,,,,
408 4 ERA,, Zn, ERA, 50% 50 % Zn 2. (1 ) (, ),,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, ERA, E RA ERA,,,,,, ERA 15-4 ERA ERA, (2 ),,,
15 409 ERA 15-2,, 2 15-4 : a. A ; B C, B < C b. C ; B c. B, 15-2 A 1 B 2, 2,,
410 4,, -,,,,, (2 ), -, - - EIA E RA 1. EIA,, ;,,, 10 7,,, 10 ( 20 ), 7,, 2. EIA ERA ( ) (
15 411,,, : ; ; ( ) ;, ERA EIA, ERA,, ;,, 3 : ;,,??? (1 ) (,,,,,, ), (2 ),, (3 ),, ;,,
412 4, - -, ERA, - 1. :, ;,, ;,, ;,, 2, 3 4, 1 2., ;,,, : ; ;,,
15 413, 1. P( x), : ; ( ) ( ), 2. F TA ( 1),, q = 1 - e - t, t ( ), (), t, :, ;, : q = 1/ + = + ( 15-4),, ;, = 1/ ; 1, q : T, q= T 2 + T R ( 15-5), T R ( ) T R T, q = T/ 2 (2 ),,,,,, F T,
414 4, F T, i qi,, : Am K j ( j = 1, 2,, k) ; qi i k = 1 - ( 1 - qi ) (15-6) j = 1 i K j F T,, : Am k = ( j = 1 ie j qi ) (15-7) F TA,,,, 10-2 (3 ),, -,,, ( ), : ; ;,, 10% ;, 100%,,,
15 415,,,,, 1. ( ) ( ),, 4,,, 15-5 15-5 2. ( 1),,, z z0 T N, zi ni, N, zi f ( zi ) = ni/ N,,,,
416 4 (2 ),,,, ai bi ci, 10 m 3, 0, 10 m 3 3m 3, 15-6 Ph ( 15-0 )/ 2 = 1, Ph = 20% [ 15-1 ] 15-6 15-6 : 0, 20 m 3, 3 m 3 ; 0, 6 m 3, 3 m 3 Ph = 10 %, Ph = 33. 3%, 3. ( ) i ai, Am, ( ) :, Ei = ai A m ( 15-8) () qi ei = i K j qi A m (15-9),,,,,
15 417 (1 ), :, () ;, ; (2 ), : ; ;,, ( ),, :??? 1.,,, 14 : (1 ),,,, (2 ),, ( ) (3 )
418 4 4 ),,,,,,, 10 5 Pa, (5 ) (6 ),,, (7 ) (8 ),, (9 ),, (10) : (11), (12),
15 419 (13) (14),, 8 ; 4 ; 2 ( ) 2. (),, ;,,, (1 ): Q = Cd A r 1 Q, t/ s; 2( p1 - pa ) g 1 Cd,, 0. 6 0. 64; Ar, m 2 ; 1, t/ m 3 ; p1, pa, Pa ; g, m/ s 2 ; h, m + 2 gh (15-10) (15-10), ( < 12),, (15-11) :
420 4 Fvap Cpl ( T1 - Tb ) Hvapb Fvap ; Cpl, m/ K ; T l, K ; Tb, K ; Hvapb, m( ) (15-11) (15-11), Fvap 0 1,,,, Fvap < 0. 2, Fvap 0. 2, Fvap : Fvap = 0, ; Fvap = 0. 1, 50%, ; Fvap < 1,,, Tb (2 ), :, : pa pa < p1 > p1 2 + 1 2 + 1-1, ; - 1 Q = YCd Ar p1 m 2 R T1 + 2 + 1-1 (15-12) Q, kg/ s ; Cd, 1. 0 ; m ; pa, Pa; p1, Pa;, J/ ( m 2 s 2 ) ;, Pa, 1 m H 2 O = 9.806 kpa
15 421 R, J/ ( mol K) ; T l, K ; Y : : Y = pa p1 1 1 - pa p1 Y = 1. 0-1 2-1 + 1 2 + 1-1 1 2 (15-13),,,,, ; (15-13) ( 3),,,,,,,,,, ( ), Shaw Briscoe( 1978 ) (15-14) : r = 1 t 2 pi, = 8 g m, ( 15-15 ) : m, kg; r = i, kg m - 3 ; r, m; t, s 3 4 t pi, = 32 gm 1 2 1 3 (15-14) (15-15), ( ),
422 4,, r,,,,, 3.,,,,,,,,, ;, Cox Carpenter ( 1980 ),,,,, 15-7, R, H,,
15 423 5-7, 2 L, H,, 15-8,,,, 15-8 4. : ;,,
424 4. ( 1),,, ;, ( ),,, : Rij = 1. 25 10-2 Dij (15-16) Ri j j, i, a - 1 ; 1. 25 10-2, Sv - 1 ( ) - 1 ; Di j ji, Sv a - 1 Rij = 1. 0 - exp ( - Dij Qij ) 70 Ri j ji, a - 1 ; (15-17) Di j ji, mg/ ( kg d ) ; Qi j i, kg d/ mg; 70, a Rij = 1 10-6 Dij/ R f Di j/ 70 (15-18) Ri j j i, a - 1 ; d) ; 1 10-6 i ; Di j j i, mg/ ( kg R f Dij j i, mg/ ( kg d) ; 70, a,,
15 425 N Mi j Ri j N (15-19), : = ( R), 10-5 10-7 (2 ) :, ; ( ), 4,,,,,,,,,,,,,
426 4, ( ),, : (1 ): ;,,,,,, (2 ),, 15-3 10-6 15-3 1.4 0.5 L 1 h 3 h 2 d 6 min 16 km 48 km 1600 km 9600 km /
15 427 15-3 X 40 2 PVC 20 32 km 150 100 8 km 50 X [a] : 1970 15-9 A, 10-4, 10-4 10-8 ; 10-8, 15-9,, 15-9
428 4 3 ),,,,,,, ( ), 1. (1 ),,,,, (2 ),, (3 ) 2., 4 : (1 ) ( 2), (3 ),, (4 ),,,,,
15 429.,,, : ; ; ;, (1 ) : (2 ) :,, r = 0 1000 m ; ; : (3 ),, ( 5% 356 h/ a) : ;, ;, ; 1.?? 2. 3.? 4.? 5.??
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