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empowerment Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995 (Pinderhuges, 1993) (Chesler, 1991; Gartner & Riessman, 1998; Mok, 2001;, 2005) (Adams, 2003 2003) 2003 (NASW, 2001) (Parsons, Guiterrez, & Coz, 1998) 58
(Gutierrez & Nurius, 1994; Simon, 1994) (Yip, 2004) 2004 2008 ( ) 2008 59
2006 ( ) 20 70 2005 & 2006 Patterson 1988 Laub Nagin & Sampson, 1998 Mandelco & Peery, 2000 & 2002 Garmezy, Masten, & Tellegen 1984; Bartone, Ursano, & Wright, 1989 & 2007 60
2006 2008 1 1 5 12 ( ) 61
7 ( ) 1. 5 12 714 522 62
63 2. 1200 2008 11 38 5 12 2003 2004
2009 2004 64
Parsons et al., 1998; 2004 5 12 2006 http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2006-12/01/content_5418488.htm 65
2009 6 18 522 2008 2009 2009 6 30 600 2009 5 12 1 (2002). 2002 (2003). < > 5 70 83 (2004). < > 12 73 78 66
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