2001 I (Carol Gilligan) (In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women s Development) (Lawrence Kohlberg) 1 2 (ethics of care) (deontology) (teleology) (utilitarianism) (ethics of justice) 1 Baier 1987, Benhabib 1992, Held 1999Noddings 1984 2 Card 1990, Friedman 1987, Hampton 1993, Hoagland 1990Houston 1990-1 -
3 4 5 (ends in themselves) (categorical imperative) 6 7 3 Baier 1987Gilligan and Wiggins 1988, pp. 134-137 4 5 Mendus 1992Schröder 1997 6 (principle of universalizability) (Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, 1785) (moral law) (formula) (Metaphysics of Morals, 1797-1798) (empty formalism) Wood 1999 7 Baron 1997, Nagl-Docekal 1997, Sedgwick 1990Wood 1999-2 -
2001-3 - (impartiality) (supererogatory) 8 II - (super-ego) 8 Baron 1995, 1997, Herman 1993, O Neill 2000Sherman 1997
9 (1) (heteronomous morality)(2) (individualistic, instrumental morality)(3) (interpersonally normative morality)(4) (social system morality)(5) (morality of human rights and social welfare)(6) (morality of universalizable, reversible, and prescriptive general ethical principles) (pre-conventional level) (conventional) (post-conventional) (1) (2) (3) 9 Kohlberg 1984, pp. 44-52 Reed 1997-4 -
2001-5 - (4) (5) (an end in itself) (6) (the moral point of view) (implicitly) (sequential) (irreversible)
- 6 - (themes) (moral concern) (ethics of rights) (a problem of interpretation) 10 10 Gilligan 1982, p. 2
2001 III (connectedness) (interdependence) (a problem of attachment) 11 (detachment) (powerlessness) 12 11 Gilligan 1987 Held 1995, p. 35 12 Chodorow 1978-7 -
- 8-13 (responsibilities) (Heinz dilemma) 14 13 Gilligan 1982, pp. 10-22 14 Kohlberg 1984, p. 640
2001 15 16 17 (logical deduction) (fracture) 18 15 Gilligan 1982, p. 26 16 Ibid., p. 28 17 Ibid., p. 29 18 Ibid., p. 31-9 -
- 10 - (absolutist) 19 19 Darwall 1998, chapter 19
2001 C A C C A (moral perceptions) 20 21 22 (Nel Noddings) 20 Nagl-Docekal 1997, pp. 110-114 (moral universalism) 21 [ ] [ ] (A 51/B 75)Frankena 1973 (p. 65) 22 Herman 1993, pp. 81-83Wood 1999, section 3.4, Duty and Love - 11 -
23 24 (Martha C. Nussbaum) 25 IV 23 Noddings 1984, p. 137 24 Nussbaum 2000 25 Nussbaum 1999 The Feminist Critique of Liberalism, pp. 75-76 - 12 -
2001 (Annette Baier) (John Rawls) (the first virtue of social institutions) 26 27 (formal goods) 26 Rawls 1999, section 1 27 (principle of equal liberty) (difference principle) (principle of fair equality of opportunity) - 13 -
28 29 (unifying) (comprehensive doctrine) 30 28 Baier 1987 Held 1995, p. 51 29 Calhoun 1988 30 Rawls 1996-14 -
2001 (Marilyn Friedman) [ ] 31 32 33 34 31 Friedman 1987 Held 1995, p. 71 32 Held 1999Tronto 1993 33 O Neill 1989, chapter 12: The Great Maxims of Justice and Charity 34-15 -
35 (rational beings) 36 (Bernard Williams) Williams 1981 Persons, Character and Morality Stocker 1976 35 Darwall 1977 (recognition respect) (appraisal respect) 36 Korsgaard 1996, p. 275; Wood 1999, chapter 4 (distinction between persons) Rawls 1999, p. 24-16 -
2001 (positive) (negative) (humanity) 37 38 39 (beneficence) [ ] [ [ ] 40 37 humanity Menschheit (rational nature) 38 4:429 Kants Schriften Kants Schriften 39 Korsgaard 1996, pp. 193-194. 40 4:430-17 -
- 18 - (perfect) 41 (imperfect) (Spielraum, latitude) 42 (higher-order) 43 41 (27:384) 42 6:227 43 6:454
2001 V (practical) (pathological) 44 45 46 (duties of love) (accessory) [ ] / 44 4:399 (Critique of Practical Reason) 5:83 45 6:480-481 46 6:448-449 (general injustice) (Lectures on Ethics) 27:416 [ ] 6:454 Wood 1999, pp. 7-8 - 19 -
47 48 (prudential judgments) (paternalistic) 49 50 (self-love) (the dear self) 51 47 6:454 48 4:393 49 50 6:449 51 4:407-20 -
2001 52 53 54 (a) (b) (a) (b) (a) (a) (b) (b) 55 (Johann C.F. Schiller) 56 52 27:670 53 4:398 54 4:398-399 55 4:398 56 Wood 1999, p. 28-21 -
- 22 - (the virtuous) (good will) / 57 / (A) / / 57 MacIntyre 1997 (p. 192) Wood 1999 pp. 26-27, 28
2001-23 - (B) (B) (A) (A) (B) (B) / / / (B) 58 59 58 6:449 (mutual love) Wood 1999, p. 398, note 18 59 Held 1999Noddings 1984
- 24-60 61 (deformations) 60 4:405 61 Wood 1999
2001-25 - (justice reasoning) (egocentrism) (selfless) 62 (other-regarding) 63 64 62 Gilligan 1987 Held 1995, p. 43 63 Ibid. 64 ibid. Gilligan 1983
- 26 - VI
2001 Antony, Louise, and Charlotte Witt, eds., 1993, A Mind of One s Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Baier, Annette, 1987, The Need for More than Justice, in Marsha et al. 1987, reprinted in Held 1995. Baron, Marcia, 1995, Kantian Ethics Almost Without Apology, Cornell University Press. ---------------, 1997, Kantian Ethics and Claims of Detachment, in Schott 1997. Benhabib, Seyla, 1992, The Generalized and the Concrete Other: The Kohlberg- Gilligan Controversy in Moral Theory, in Benhabib, Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics, New York: Routledge, 1992. Calhoun, Cheshire, 1988, Justice, Care, Gender Bias, The Journal of Philosophy 85: 451-463. Card, Claudia, 1990, Caring and Evil, Hypatia 5: 101-8. ---------------, 1999, ed., On Feminist Ethics and Politics, University Press of Kansas. Chowdorow, Nancy, 1978, The Reproduction of Mothering, University of California Press. Darwall, Steven, 1977, Two Kinds of Respect, Ethics 88: 36-49. ---------------, 1998, Philosophical Ethics, Westview Press. Frankena, William, 1973, Ethics, 2 nd edition, Prentice-Hall. Friedman, Marilyn, 1987, Beyond Caring: The De-Moralization of Gender, in Marsha et al. 1987, reprinted in Held 1995. Gilligan, Carol, 1982, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women s Development, Harvard University Press. ---------------, 1983, Do the Social Sciences Have an Adequate Theory of Moral Development?, in N. Haan, et al., Social Science As Moral Inquiry, Columbia University Press. ---------------, 1987, Moral Orientation and Moral Development, in Kittay et al. 1987, reprinted in Held 1995. ---------------, and Grant Wiggins, 1988, The Origins of Morality in Early Childhood Relationships, in Gilligan, Ward and Taylor 1988. - 27 -
---------------, Jenny Victoria Ward, and Jill McLean Taylor, eds., 1988, Mapping the Moral Domain: A Contribution to Women s Thinking to Psychological Theory and Education, Harvard University Press. Hampton, Jean, 1993, Feminist Contractarianism, in Antony and Witt 1993. Hanen, Marsha, and Kai Nielsen, eds., 1987, Science, Morality and Feminist Theory, University of Calgary Press. Held, Virginia, ed., 1995, Justice and Care: Essential Readings in Feminist Ethics, Westview Press. ---------------, 1999, Liberalism and the Ethics of Care, in Card 1999. Herman, Barbara, 1993, The Practice of Moral Judgment, Harvard University Press. Hoagland, Sarah Lucia, 1990, Some Concerns about Nel Noddings Caring, Hypatia 5: 109-114. Houston, Barbara, 1990, Caring and Exploitation, Hypatia 5: 115-119. Kant, Immanuel, Immanuel Kants Schriften, Ausgabe der königlich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1902-. Kittay, Eva Feder, and Diana T. Meyers, eds., 1987, Women and Moral Theory, Rowman and Littlefield. Kohlberg, Lawrence, 1984, The Psychology of Moral Development: Essays on Moral Development, vol. 2, Harper and Row. Korsgaard, Christine, 1996, Creating the Kingdom of Ends, Cambridge University Press. Mendus, Susan, 1992, Kant: An Honest But Narrow-Minded Bourgeois?, in H. Williams 1992. Nagl-Docekal, Herta, 1997, Feminist Ethics: How It Could Benefit from Kant s Moral Philosophy, trans. Stephanie Morgenstern, in Schott 1997. Noddings, Nel, 1984, Caring: A Feminist Approach to Ethics and Moral Education, Berkeley: University of California Press. Nussbaum, Martha C., 1997, The Feminist Critique of Liberalism, The Lindley Lecture, University of Kansas Press, reprinted in Nussbaum 1999. ---------------, 1999, Sex and Social Justice, Oxford University Press. ---------------, 2000, Brave Good World, The New Republic, Dec. 4. O Neill, Onora, 1989, Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press. ---------------, 2000, Bounds of Justice, Cambridge University Press. - 28 -
2001 Rawls, John, 1996, Political Liberalism, revised edition, Columbia University Press. ---------------, 1999, A Theory of Justice, revised edition, Harvard University Press. Reed, Donald R. C., 1997, Following Kohlberg: Liberalism and the Practice of Democratic Community, University of Notre Dame Press. Schott, Robin May, 1997, ed., Feminist Interpretations of Immanuel Kant, Pennsylvania State University Press. Schröder, Hannelore, Kant s Patriarchal Order, trans. Rita Gircour, in Schott 1997. Sedgwick, Sally, 1990, Can Kant s Ethics Survive the Feminist Critique?, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 71: 60-79; reprinted in Schott 1997. Sherman, Nancy, 1997, Making a Necessity of Virtue, Cambridge University Press. Stocker, Michael, 1976, The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories, Journal of Philosophy 73: 453-466. Tronto, Joan C., 1993, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care, New York: Routledge. Williams, Bernard, 1981, Problems of the Self, Cambridge University Press. Williams, Howard, ed., 1992, Essays on Kant s Political Philosophy, University of Chicago Press. Wood, Allen, 1999, Kant s Ethical Thought, Cambridge University Press. - 29 -