* social norm signal (manners) (fart) (breast) (high heels) skirt 1
...3...5...6...9...9...12...13...13...16...16...19...20...24 2
--Italo Calvino< > Eric Posner Law and Social Norm social norm -- signal good type bad type separating equilibrium 1 repeated game 2 low discount rate high discount rate -- 3
3 pooling equilibrium normative Eric Posner internal collective good / external collective good/bad 4 Eric Posner 5 6 Eric Posner, Law and Social Norm 18-202000Cambridge: Harvard University Press Eric Posner, Law and Social Norm 172-72000Cambridge: Harvard University Press Eric Posner, Law and Social Norm 22-32000Cambridge: Harvard University Press 6 James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory 258 (1990) Belknap of Harvard University Press 4
symbol transformation 7 norm entrepreneur 8 / / Eric Posner Eric Posner Norbert Elias The History of Manners foot bandage Eric Posner, Law and Social Norm 312000Cambridge: Harvard University Press Eric Posner, Law and Social Norm 176-72000Cambridge: Harvard University Press 5
9 10 18 social pressure The feeling of shame is clearly a social function molded according to the social structure. 11 1560 12 Nobert Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 151(1982)New York : Pantheon Books Elias See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 158-9 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 138-9 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 91 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books 6
17 19 13 14 15 The History of Manners 99% See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 120 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 123-4 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books Elias 7
... 16 Elias 17 18 Eric Posner J.S.Mill self-regardingother-regarding other-regarding Richard A. Epstein soft externality hard externality Mill See Richard A. Epstein, Surrogacy: The Case For Full Contractual Enforcement, 81 Va. L. Rev. 2305, 2335-8 (1995.11.) See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 126-8 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 57(1982)New York : Pantheon Books 8
20 19 20 19 9
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : 10
21 59 10 9 59 10 23 68 5 25 80 1 16 80 1 26 80 11
lady first -- 22 // 23 XX Affirmative Action << >> lady lady first 23 James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory 248 (1990) Belknap of Harvard University Press 12
24 over-inclusive -- make wind Barking dogs never bite. Silent fart always smells. 13
Act of God A A A good old days Elias 14
16 17 18 25 Elias 26 See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 131-3,135 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books 26 < > 15
/ 27 28 29 30 31 ( ) Naomi Wolf See Naomi Wolf, BEAUTY MYTH( << >>P.131, 157-81992 ) < >1998 16
32 Discovery T-shirt leg-coverings 1300 16 -- kilt 1890 33 34 transvestite 35 << >>< >22-25 << >> P.78 (1991) Anne Hollander, SEX AND SUIT << >>P.41-621997 Anne Hollander, SEX AND SUIT << >>P.1201997 Anne Hollander Anne Hollander, SEX AND SUIT << >>P.421997 17
36 37 Elias frontier of shame Posner -- Vern L. Bullough & Bonnie Bullough, SEXUAL ATTITUDES: MYTHS & REALITIES << >>P.1002000 Hollander Anne Hollander, SEX AND SUIT << >>P.2071997 18
38 39 (Fetishism) 40 41 Erich Fromm<< >>P.261995 Fromm Posner See James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory 231 (1990) Belknap of Harvard University Press << >>P.150-1(1990) 40 P.2342001 Naomi Wolf See Naomi Wolf, BEAUTY MYTH( << >>P.169-70 1992 ) 19
42 16 43 44 45 ( ) 46 19 1934 47 60 48 49 ( ) uncivilized 50 See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 164 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 177 (1982)New York : Pantheon Books Marilyn YalomBREAST << >> P.65~P.215~2000 1. ( ) 2. 3. Alan Hyde, BODIES OF LAW 142 (1997) Princeton University Press Reena N. Glazer 1936 See Reena N. Glazer, Women s Body Image And The Law, 43 DUKE L.J. 113,at 119 Marilyn Yalom, BREAST << >>P. 235 R. Keesing << >>1989 Elias civilized (uncivilized) 20
51 83 52 / 53 male human animals 1. 2. 54 55 See Elias, THE HISTORY OF MANNERS 59(1982)New York : Pantheon Book Richard Posner THE PROBLEMATICS OF MORAL AND LEGAL THEORY 19-231999 Belknap moral Bullough 19 Vern L. Bullough & Bonnie Bullough, SEXUAL ATTITUDES: MYTHS & REALITIES << 21
Pareto Improvement ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 56 ( ) erectile capacity develop 57 58 59 >>P.3182000 Reena N. Glazer, Women s Body Image And The Law, 43 DUKE L.J. 113,at 129 Reena N. Glazer, Women s Body Image And The Law, 43 DUKE L.J. 113,at 130 Reena N. Glazer, Women s Body Image And The Law, 43 DUKE L.J. 113,at 134 22
60 Alan Hyde Anna-Liza Kozma image Michelle J. Anderson delightfully imperfect variations of their sisters torsos 61 groin 62 Alan Hyde, BODIES OF LAW 142 (1997) Princeton University Press Reena N. Glazer See Reena N. Glazer, Women s Body Image And The Law, 43 DUKE L.J. 113, at 125-6 23
free-riding prisoner s dilemma 24