2006 5 May12006 2 Studies in Q ing H istoryno12 19 [ ] 19 ( ),, () ( ),, 19,, ( GDP),,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2006) - 02-0060 - 15 The Educa tiona l Industry of Hua ting - L ou Area in the Early N ineteen th Cen tury The education in p re - modern China has been seen lim ited to a small part of the total population and thus can hardly have been regarded as an industry1 But the author of this article challenges this conventional wisdom1 Taking the area of Huating - Lou ( the two Q ing counties of Huating and Lou) as a case, the author hasmade an analysis of the major types of school in this area and their functions, the size of education ( the number of students and teachers in schools of different types), the investment in education, and the position of education as an industry in tocal economy1 The author concludes that considering the number of individuals emp loyed in education and its share in the total emp loyment, as well as the a2 mount of investment and its share in total investment, education had become an important industry by the m id - nineteenth century1,,, ( GDP),,, 20, 19, 20,,,,,,, [ ] 2005-10 - 15 [ ] (1949 ),, ; 100084 60
,,,,,,,, 19,,, 19, 19,,,,, 19,, ( ),, (),, 1:,,,,,,,, (1) :, (, ), (), (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,, ; gλξ (3) :,,,,, gλψ,, gλζ, 19, ( ),,, 13,,,, gλ{ 2 :, 61
,,,,,,, gµω,, :,,, :, ;, gλ,, ;, ( ), ( ),, ( ),, gλ}, 1 :,,,,,, 2 :, gλ () gµυ,,,, ( ), 62 3 :, ( ), gµϖ,,,, gµξ,, gµψ, : ;,,,,,,,, gµζ,, gµ{,,, gµ, 1 000-2 000 gµ} gµ,, 1-2 gνυ, gνϖ, gνω,, 2-3 2-3,,,,, 3,, gνξ,,,,,,
, gνψ :, :, gνζ,,,,,, gν{,,, ;,,, gν :,,,,,,,,, gν},, gν,,, gου, 115,,, 1 : 3 7 6 115, :,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) 19,,,,,, gοϖ 19,,,,, gοω,, gοξ,,,,,, gοψ 19, 40, 25 gοζ ; 63
24, 32, 22 gο{, 128, 104 gο, (Joseph Marrie Am iot), 20 gο}, 2 000 gπξ,,,, gπψ, gπζ, 2 500 100: 1,,,, 1, ; 12 800 ( ), 3-4 gπ{ 4, 19 2 ( ), 3 200, 3, 2, 2, 4 ( ) ; 11, gο ( ), ( ) 19 19, 70, 50 gπυ ; 170, 1, 3 3 ( ) 3, 2, 1 3, 12 ( 4 ), ( ),,,, 19 30% gπ 19 10 38 gπ} 56 gπ, 38, 182915 30%, 818, 4 400 (18 ), 3, 13 200, gθυ,,,, gθϖ, 19 3 000 gθω, 1: 4, (W illiam A1 P1 Martin) (), 2 000,, 1-2% gπϖ :, 1 000-1 500 gπω, 1 350, 750, 10 200,, 10, 1 000, 1 800, 5 000 64
, 216 gθξ 19 4 000, 1 000,, gθζ gθψ 5 000, 2 19 3 3 ( ) 128 (2 500) 3 104 3 3 (170) 4 000 3 200 750 12 800 3 000 1 000 1 000 10 200 5 000 5 000 26 000 3 19 19?,?, : (1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ), 1 (1) :, 49, 35,,, ;, 2 966 gθ{ ; gθ, 5 8801 854 15 gθ}, 390, 780 ( ) (2) :, : 45, 200, 45 39, 60, 40 gθ 1, 2, 443, 125 1823-29, 125 144 587 (3) : 3, 7 ; 2, 2, 12, 4, 712 ; 9718 gρυ (4) :,, 4 gρϖ 64, 256 940 780, 1 720 ( ), 1 720 2 65
,,,,,,,,,, gρω 717, 502, 514 gρξ 1 733 (015/ ), 1 733 867, gρψ, 2 306 0144 gρζ 1 733 763,,,, 1 560, 1 700 :,,, gρ{, ( ),,,, 1 700,, 1 500 gρ, 817 gρ}, 5 087 1 000 gσ 817 gρ, gσυ,, gσϖ,,, 66 34 gσω,, 11 374, 5 461 1 700, 5 500, 7 200 ( ) 19, gσξ, 11,,, (),,, gσψ, 2 500,, gσζ,, 120, 8, 24 gσ{, 5: 1 144, ( 1: 1500), 96,, 350,,,, 1 000,, 500,, 34, 3 12, 408, 2 400
, ( ) gσ},,,,, gσ 400, 307,,,, 1117, 82618,,,,, gτυ, ;,, gτϖ 16 800, 5 280, 12 9234 061, 504 19,,, 406,,, 10 627, 10,,, 350, 1 400,, ),,,,,,, (:, ;, ),, gτω,, 360 60 gτξ, 30, 20 396 60 gτψ, 390 260 320( 480 ), 19 1 208 982, 215, 19 21, 2 130, 1 054, 1 048, 35, 141 482 gτζ, 1 048 2 788 ; 141 482, 129 gτ{ ; 2 917 gτ gτ}, 685,, 3 602, 020 325, 12 gτ,, 9 110 gβκυ,, gβκϖ, 1 093,, 4 695 (4 700) (,, gβκω,,, () 3 800, 4 700 900,, 67
( ),,, 19, 112 ( ), 19,, 11 ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, gβκξ, 19 (Martin M iller), 215-1215 gβκψ 19 34,, 85, 425 gβκζ,,,, gβκ{,,,,, 19 18 19 ;,,,, gβκ, 40, 19 18 gβκ}, 40, 19, 34, 50 gβκ,, 60 000-80 000, 50-67, gβλυ ( ) 100, 50 gβλϖ, 50 gβλω, 50 gβλξ 19, 50 115, gβλψ, 100, 50 gβλζ 5 000, 3 000,, 1002 000 ( ),, 50, 5 000 45, 782 21, ( ), 1 800, 112 19 115 gβλ{, 4, 216 68
3 19 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 5 100 3 2 000 3 000 1 000 1 000 5 000 100 50 50 300 000 50 000 50 000 407 000, 19 117 gβλ,, 2 ( ) 5 000, 1,, 45 112, 46 19 19, ( ) 19, 19,, : 1823-29, 26, ( GDP) 790 gβλ} : 1 19 (), 4 000, 119% 216, (56) 416%, 6-16(1417) 1717%, 1930 1 333, (5 ) 217% gβλ 4 19, 1 2,, 113, 3 ; 113, 7 ; 2 500 gβµυ, 6 ; 300 gβµϖ, 115, : 13 000 3 39 000 13 000 7 91 000 2 500 6 15 000 300 115 450 28 800 145 450, 5 19 30%, 10, 1415, 115 1950 15116 gβµω 2 19 46, GDP (790) 716%, 018, GDP (14 ) 517%, 1995 GDP 69
, 2141% gβµξ, 1993 10177 gβµψ, GDP ( 2 653 gβµζ ) 014%, 19, 20 ( ), 1,, 66, 163 gβµ{, gβµ,,, 19, gβµ}, :,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, gβµ,,,, gβνυ,, 2, 1823-29, gβνϖ,,, gβνω, gβνξ, gβνψ 19 gβνζ 10, ( 26 ) 38%,,, ( ), gβν{,, gβν, gβν},, ( ) gβν,, :, ( GDP),,,, (, 2005 8 1-2 ), 70
gβµξ gβµψ:, 20046 gβλ gβµω gβµζ Angus Maddison: Chinese Econom ic Per2 formance in the Long Run, Development Centre of The Ogranisation for Econom ic Co - Operation and Develop2 ment ( Paris), 1998, Tables 3-7, 3-9, C - 4, D - 1, C - 5 : :, () 20034,, 1725, 1725,,,,,,, ( 1912 ) 3 ( 1914 ), 1959,, 1998,, -, gπ gσωgβκ} gβλ () gβλ} gβνζ 1823-29, 43 gτω 17 25 375, ; ( ) 106 gλϖ gλξ gο :, () 1984, 104 ; 105 ; 89 gλω,, 24 gλψ 69, 10 gλζ Angela Leung: Elementary Education in the Lower Yangtze Region in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centu2 ries, in Papers in Social Sciences ( Taipei), No194-5 gλ{ : (1), (2) 16,,,, ( : % %, 28,, 1997 ) gλ :, 18, () 2002, 545 gλ},, gλ :, ( ) 2004, 55 gµυ,, gµϖ 15,,,,,, 25,,, :, gµω : : (2005 8 1-2 ) gµξ, : % % gµψ gµζ:,, 27, 56 gµ{, : gµ :,,,,,, :,, () 1985, 668 gµ} :,,,, :,, (), 1936, 0986, 1 gµ, 1 140-1 170 ( : < >, :, <> 1999 71
) gνυ,,,, ( : % % ( Evelyn Rawski), ( Evelyn Rawski: Education and Popular L iteracy in Ch ing China, University of M ichigan Press, (Ann A rbor, 1979, 23 ),,, ( : % %, <> 2000, 92 ) 1-2 ( :, 55 ) gνϖ, gνω,,, ( 21 ) gνξ gν gπψ :, () 1998, 216-217 ; 317 ; 259 gνψ,, () 1979, 1089 gνζ gν{:, () 1989, 172 gν} gν :, 55 gου25, ( ), 382, gοϖ 1, 5, 3, 17, gοω 1 gοξ,, :, (), gοψ gο} gπϖ gπω : % %, () 1991,, 82-84 ; 108 ; 101 ; 100 gοζ 17 : :,, ; 72, gο{ 31 ( 8 ), 14, 14, ; 16, 11 ; 10, 10, 16, 11 ; 102 gο 6 gπυ 5:,, (4 ) ;,, gπξ gπ{ gρ gσ gβκξ gβκψ gβλυ gβλϖ :, 2001, 108 ; 108 ; 39 ; 93-94 ; 101 ; 101 ; 100 ; 101 gπζ,, ( 1),, ( 1 : ),, 19 : % %, 99 gπ} ( : :, 1700-2000, <> 2000, 75-76 ), 1792-1867 10 3712 () 3615 () J1 C1 Yuan ( : % %, 105 ), 1365-1849 20 3717 () 3917 (), 38 ( 2 ) gθυ,, ( 8 ), gθϖ1802-184140, 100, 3-4 ( :, 89, 100 ), 2, 5 ; 3, 715 ; 5, 1215
gθω 12 800, 10,, 2 560, 3 000, 85%, gθξ,,, ( ), gθψ:,, <> 1980, 28 :, 89 gθζ ( :, 106 ), gθ{ 17, 5 gθ 24 1: 1727, 3 1: 1510: % %, : 5, (),, 1991 gθ} 1124, 15 gθ 25 :, ( ) 1996, 541 gρυ gρϖ 6 gρωgτζ 30 gρξ 31, gρψ14 15 16 2195 2163 2141, 2166 gρζ 21 15 970 739, 314 610 ; 114 576, 118 903 (113 321, 5 582 ), 0112, 0112 14-16, 0112 0132, 0144 gρ{, 30 16 gρ} 45, 200, 39, 60 172 gρ 7 ; 12, 712 ; 817 gσυ :, ( ) 2003, 118 gσϖ:,, :,, 90 113 gσξ 7 :,, gσψ gσζ gβκϖ 8 gσ{ gβκω gβκ 7 gσ},,, 20 3024,,, gσ : ( 11 ), :, () 1980, 491 gτυ :,, 489-490 gτϖ:,, () 1998, 350-351 gτξ12%, 50060 gτψ31: 1510, 41: 1420 1: 1500 gτ{14 15 16 1: 1133 1: 1083 1: 1100 gτ, gτ} 5 gτ 31 gβκυ 13 14 15 1: 1065 1: 1040 1: 1065 1: 1133 1: 1100, gβκζ, 85 gβκ{ :, (), 19894 gβκ,, 73
19, gβλω,, (, 895, ) 12 18, 7, (, <> 1971, 12),, 1215, 8 (: ),, 12(1 /5, 214 ) 1414,, 1813, 916 gβλξ, 5: 1 gβλψ ( 1823-29), 50 22, 415,, 11 ( 1823-29 4),, ( ) 50 gβλζ, 19,, gβλ{,,, gβµυ, gβµϖ gβµ{ 13 gβµ 5, 293 542 1791 gβµ} :,,,, (, :, 88 ), gβµ 8, :, 90 (, ),, gβνυ,, ( ), ( ), gβνϖ gβνω, gβνξ :, 1550-1850, <> 2000, 137 gβνψ, (:, <> 1996 8, <> 20002 ),, gβν{ gβν 1,, :, : ( 1 ), () 2005,, gβν} ( over - commercialization), Mark Elvin: The Pattern of the Chinese Past, Stanford University Press ( Stanford), 1973, 277 gβν : 12,,,,?,,,, 74