2000 12 10 4 China s Borderland History and Geography Studies Dec. 2000 Vol. 10 No. 4 ( 210093) [ ] [ ], 1887,,, ;,,, [ ] D829. 333 [ ] A [ ] 1002-6800(2000) 04-0044 - 16 Onthe Historical Watersof Beibu Gulf Shen Guchao (Department of Documentation and Information Science, Nanjing University,Nanjing 210093,Jiangsu,China) Kye words the Historical Waters Beibu Gulf ( Gulf of Tonkin) Maritime Boundary Delimitation Abstract The author attempts to explore and assess the legal issues and historical facts re2 lating tothe historical watersclaimed by Vietnam in delimitating the Beibu Gulf. After analysis of the 1887 Sino - French Convention in two texts and related facts, it has been found t hat, 1) The Sino - French Convention was not intended to establish a maritime boundary. Thered linepassing through the eastern point of Tra - co was a straight line as a geographical shorthand to separate islands near coast area of China and Vietnam ; 2) There is no convincing evidence to prove thatthe part of Bac Bo Gulf appertaining to Vietnam con2 stituted historical waters, because it could not meet the practice of international law, i. e., clearly, effectively, continuously, and over a substantial period of time, exercises sovereign rights with the acquiescence of the community of states. [ ] 2000-01 - 18 [ ] (1953 ),,, ( ) 44
, 1974 8 1977 10,, 1887 6 26, 1982,, 1887, 108 03 13,,,,, 108 3 13,,,1887,?? 108,, 10,, 15,,,,, 108,, 1887,, (,1984 ),117121, 1982 5 [], 1982 5 (,1988 ),413 (,1996 ),8, 1980 12 2 ;, 1992 3/ 4,, 1995 1 45
1887, 1982 5,1887 3 29, 1887 4, 105 43, 105 43, 1887 6 26, 105 43,,, 105 43,,1887, 105 43, 105 43 1890,, () ; (), ; (),,,, 31 33,31, 1982 5 (,1982 ),709710 46
,,,, 1885 6 9,, 6 1887 6 26,,,, 1895 6 26,,,,1885,,,,1887,, ( ), 21 23 ( ),, ( ),,,,, ( ), 3 3,,,,,, 3,, (1885 ), (1887 ), (1886 12 ),,,, 47
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1887 4 17 ),,,,,,,,, ( ),,,, ( ),,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,, (1887 6 23 ),,,4,7,112113,4 (,1935 ),9193 48
1887, 33,,, 1935, 1,,, 3,,,, (,),,, ( ), 17,,, 105 43,, 1886 4 26 17,, ( ),,, fronti re ( ) ;, ;,710, 1995 1 Convention Relative a la Delimitation de la Frontiere entre la Chine et le Tonkin,signee a Pekin le 26 juin 1887. China Maritime Customs,Treaties,Conventions,etc,between China and Foreign States,vol. 1,2 nd edition,shanghai Inspectorate General of Customs,1917,at p. 933-936., Au Kouang - tong,il est entendu que les points contest s qui sont situ s l est et au nord - est de Mon2 ka,audelde la fronti re telle qu elle a t fix e par la commission de d limitation,sont attribu s la Chine. Les les qui sont l est du m ridien de Paris 105 43de longitude est,c est - - dire de la ligne nord - sud passant par la pointe orientale de l le de Tch a - kou ou Ouan - chan (tra - co) et formant la fronti re sont galement attribu es la Chine. Les les Go - tho et les autres les qui sont l ouest de ce m ridien appartien2 nent l Annam. 49
, ( ),,, 105 43 ( ) ;,,,,,,, 1887,,,, 1887 1 26 ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1887 3 31, ;,,1887,, M. D.,63, 98 (,1993 ),11361137,4 1896,2,2,22, 1980 12 2 50
,,, 105 43,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Le m ridien de Paris 105 43 qui passe par la pointe orientale de l Ile tra - co forme la fronti re partir du point ou c est arrete le trac de la Commission. (105 43, ) 33, 105 43,,,,,,,,,? (), (la pointe ori2 entale de l Ile tra - co),?,, ( ),,, ;,,, ( ),,,, 1982,4 51
,, 19, J. R. V.,1898 1899 1930, 1783 1825 1867 1882 1898,, 1887, 1939, ( ) (Brevie Line), 19 ( ) 20,, fronti re 200, (1984 10 12 ) fronti re maritime ( ),, ( ) 1886,,fronti re, (boundary), 49,,,,, 50,,,,,fronti re, Prescott,J. R. V. The maritime political boundaries of the world,london Methuen,1985,P. 225. Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak. The law of the sea and maritime boundary delimitation in South - east Asia. Oxford University Press, 1987 p. 41 ( ) (,1990 ),142 52
boundary,, 1887,, 3,, ( ),, ( ), fronti re,, ( ),Fronti re 3, 1884,,,,,,, 105 43, 1956 11, ( ) ( ), 1961 6, 105 43 ( 108 03 13 ) 1965, 108 03,, 108,, 1919 Drago, 20 80,20, L. H. Bouchez, [], 53
,,, (1) ; (2) ; (3) ( The open exercise of authority), (Continuity of exercise of authority),, (immemorial usage),,,, /,,,,, 1956 1 30 9, 1980 2 2 ( Gulf of Tunis) ( Gulf of Gabes), 1958 2 7, 1973 ( Gulf of Sidra), 296,, 1981, Bouchez,L. H. The Regime of Bays in International Law. Leyden,A. W. Sythoff,1964. Strohl,P. P. 328 Ib.,P. 76 ( ),183 Spinnato, John M. Historic and Vital Bays an analysis of Libya s claim to the Gulf of Sidra. Ocean Development and International Law. V. 13(1) 74 54
,, 108,,,,,, 1887, 1991 1993, 32 2840, 5 (332 1394019 ) (121 349791 ) (121 102006 ) (116 435245 ) / (99 248433 ) 65. 5 %,,1980 1 29, 108 03 13, 1887,, 108, ( ),, 1936 9 22,, 20,20 10 20 20 11, 108,1909 9 10,, ( ),, 1932 4 ( ), 1934 108 ( ) (1991 1993 ), (,1985 ),192193 [], ( ) 55
, 6,5 (Bay of Mondah) (Cape Lopez Bay) ( Pointe Noire and Carisco Bay) ( Estuary of the Gabon),, ( ( Tadjura Gulf),,,1930 6 1, 1912 10 18 1, 2 10 11 1888 3,1926,, 10,,,, 1956 11 ( ) ( ),,, 1974,,,, 1957 1961,,, 1957 1962 3890 ( ), 2148 ( ) 1963,, 12,, 120,, 108? Strohl,P. The international law of bays. Martinus Nijhoff,1963. P. 256258 (,1958 ),6, 240 1, No. 1443 56
,1961,, 108, 108,,, 107,,,?,, 10,,,,, ( Gao Tao) ; (Nightingale Id. ),, James Ste2 nat,, 9, 107 40 108, 1983 2 18,,, 1979 4 26 5 12 1982 11 28,, 1985 11 22, 1986 12 5,94,,678,178184 Letter dated 26 April 1979 from the representative of China to the Secretary - General, Annex. Document S/ 13278 ;Letter dated 14 May 1979 from the representative of China to the Secretary - General, Annex. Document S/ 13318 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary - General for the Law of the Sea. The Law of the Sea - Current Developments in State Practice, New York, United Nations, 1987, p. 147-148 57
, 1982 7 7,,, 1983 12 5,,,1887,,, 108 03 13, 11 M (,1958 ) 21 M, 240 1, No. 1443 31 M (,1984 ) 41 M (,1935 ) 51 M, 61 M (, 1993 ) 71 Z (,1982 ) 81 ( )Z (,1990 ) 91 M (,1988 ) 101 M ( ) 111 M,,678,178184 121 M (,1996 ) 131 J, 1992 Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, The Law of the Sea - Current Developments in State Practice, No. II, New York, United Nations, 1989, p. 84-85 Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, The Law of the Sea - Current Developments in State Practice, No. II, New York, United Nations, 1989, p. 86 Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary - General for the Law of the Sea, The Law of the Sea - Current Developments in State Practice, New York, United Nations, 1987, p. 153 58
3/ 4 141 J, 1995 1 151[] J, 1982 5 161 N,,1980 12 2 171 (1991 1993 )R 181 J, 1982 5 191Historic and Vital Bays an analysis of Libya s claim to the Gulf of Sidra. Spinnato, John M. Ocean Develop ment and International Law. V. 13(1) 201The Law of the Sea and Maritime Boundary Delimitation in South - east Asia. Kit2 tichaisaree, Kriangsak. Oxford U niversity Press,1987 211The Law of the Sea - Current Developments in State Practice. Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary - General for the Law of the Sea. New York, United Na2 tions,1987 1964 221 The Regime of Bays in International Law. Bouchez,L. H. Leyden,A. W. Syt hoff, 231 The International Law of Bays. St rohl, P. Martinus Nijhoff,1963. 59