A Study on the Relationship between Tourist s Vacation Lifestyle and Preference for Destination Choices
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( 91.2.17) ( ) 90 ( ) ( ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( ) R8925008 ( ) ( ) ( http: //nr.stic.gov.tw/theses/html/authorize.html ) (106-36) 106 1702 ( :02-27377746) 85 4 10 ( ) 89.11.21 85.4.19 (85) 712 -iv-
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ABSTRACT In the field of the consumer behavior, few study focus on the relationship between consumer behavior and preference of product choice. Therefore, the objections of this study are to understand the differences between tourist s destination choice preference and vacation market segmentation and to test the relationship between vacation lifestyle and destination choice preference. 358 questionnaires from Da-Ho were used in this study. The study methods are confirmatory factor analysis, cluster analysis, exploratory factor analysis, one-way ANOVA, Chi-square test, and LISREL. The findings were as follows: 1.The part of vacation life-style, it could be classified as family, escape, social, weekend, and enjoy lifestyles. According to 5 vacation lifestyle, it could be classified as 3 groups including high-class group, weekend group, and homebody group. 2.The part of tourist s destination choice preference, it could be classified as parent, recreation, special product of the area, outdoor, and art destination. 3.Homebody group is prefer parent, outdoor, and art destination rather than the other groups. 4.The segment market of parent destination is escape, social, and enjoy lifestyle. 5.The segment market of recreation destination is escape. 6.The segment market of special product of the area destination is escape. -vi-
7.The segment market of outdoor destination is enjoy lifestyle. 8.The segment market of art destination is not. keyword Vacation Lifestyle, Preference of Destination Choices, LISREL -vii-
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-ix-... iii...v...vi... viii...ix...xi... xii...1...5...5...7...15.20...30...35...39
-x-...41...48...50...53...63.69...84...93...95...95...97...103...107 84 89...107 2002...108...112 LISREL...113...116
2-1...8 2-2...16 2-3...17 2-4...18 2-5...19 2-6...24 2-7...25 2-8...26 3-1 ()...38 3-2 ()...39 5-1...73 5-2...74 5-3...76 5-4...77 5-5...79 5-6...83 -xi-
2-1...15 3-1...31 3-2...32 3-3...33 3-4 LISREL...47 4-1...49 4-2...52 5-1...54 5-2...55 5-3...57 5-4 (1)...60 5-5 (2)...61 5-6 (1)...61 5-7 (2)...62 5-8...64 5-9...65 5-10...67 5-11...68 5-12...71 5-13...71 5-14...82 -xii-
5-15...86 5-16...87 5-17...88 5-18...89 5-19...90 5-20...90 5-21...91 5-22...92 -xiii-
1 ( ) ( ) (destination) 2 1 Kolter(1997) 2 (destination) - 1 -
- 2 - (destination attributes) ( 1993 1993 1996 2001 2001 2000) ( 1994) ( 1994 1994 1999 1999) ( 2000 1994) (1993) 65% (Kotler, 1992) ( 1994 2001) Kotler (1992)
(lifestyle) (activity) (interest) (opinion) (Kotler1992) ( 2001) (2002) - 3 -
( 2001 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000) LISREL LISREL ( 2001) ( 1999) ( 1993) - 4 -
? 1. 2. 3. 4. (destination approach) - 5 -
8489 1986 2,100 1996 4,100 10 1998 2000 9,600 ( ) ( 2000) - 6 -
(consumer decision making) (Mowen, 1987) (Kotler, 1997 Engel et al., 1995) (2-1) (problem recognition) (information search) (alternative evaluation) (purchase) (post-purchase evaluation) - 7 -
( 2001) 2-1 Kotler (1997) (impression) (Fesenmaier, 1988Um & Crompton, 1992) (input factor) - 8 -
( 2001) ( 2001) () 1. Thach & Axinn (1994) / (2001) 2. (setting attributes) (1991) (1986) (1994) 3. (1995) - 9 -
4. (1996) 5. Telisman-Kosuta(1989) () (package) ( 2001) 1. (1)Hu & Ritchie (1993) (pattern) (universal importance) - 10 -
(2)Rapoport (1977) (perceptual group) (associational group) Kaplan & Kaplan (1989) (formal organization) (spatial configuration) Gabr(1993) ( 1999) (3)Thach & Axinn (1984) (core) (augmented) (basic core requirement) 2. (1993) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3. - 11 -
(1) (1994) (2)Gunn(1988) (Attraction Clusters) (Service Commumity) (Curculation Corridors) (Linkage Corridors) 4. (1) (1995) (2)Peterson(1983) - 12 -
1.Um & Crompton (1992) (need satisfaction dimension) (social agreement dimension) (travel ability dimension) 2. (1987) 3.Brunson & Shelby (1990) (necessity attributes) (experience attributes) - 13 -
(amenity attributes) Brunson & Shelby(1990) Um & Crompton(1992) (1987) 1. 2. 3. 4. () (Moutinho, 1988Gartner,1989 Pyo,Mihalik, & Uysal, 1989Fakeye & crompton, 1991Crompton, Fakeye & Lue, 1992Hu & Ritchie, 1993Ewart & Holenhorst, 1994 Thach & Axinn, 1994 1995 1996Lue, crompton, & Stewart, 1996 2001 2001-14 -
- 15-1997 1993 1994) 2-1 2-1 / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /
(Kotler1992) 1. 2. 3. 4. (2-2) 2-2 Kotler (1992) - 16 -
Kotler ( ) (black box) (2-3) 2-3 Kotler (1994) Harris(1984) (1994) - 17 -
(2001) 2-4 (1984) - 18 -
2-5 Woodside & Lysonski (1989) (1984) (2-4) Woodside & Lysonski(1989) - 19 -
(2-5) (Kotler 1992) (Life Style) 1960 ( 2000) - 20 -
( 1993) ()Lazer (1963) ()Andreason (1967) ()Engel, et al.(1987) ()Demy (1974) - 21 -
( )Hawkins, Best, & Coney(1992) ( ) (1988) (Pattern) () (2000) ( & 2001) - 22 -
(Demographics) (Social Class) (Psychological Characteristics) Well & Tigert(1968) Engel, et al. (1984) (2-6) - 23 -
2-6 Engel, et al. (1984) - 24 -
Lazer (1963) (2-7)Hawkins, et al.(1992) (2-8) 2-7 Lazer (1963) - 25 -
( ) 2-8 Hawkins, et al. (1992) () - 26 -
(Wind & Green, 1974) 1. (General Lifestyle Research) Wells & Tigert (1971) AIO SRI VALS VALS2 Plummer(1974) 2. (Specific Lifestyle Research) / (2002) () ( 2001) Wind & Green(1974) 1. 2. AIO 3. - 27 -
4. 5. AIO Reynolds & Daeden (1974)AIO 1. (Activity) 2. (Interest) 3. (Opinions) () Plummer1974 1985 1985 1992 1993 1994 2000 2002 AIO Plummer(1974) - 28 -
(2002) 5 15-29 -
3, 4 200197 11 105 8 9 3 4-30 -
28 6 18 61.37 3-1 3-1 30-31 -
358 3-2 5 : 3-2 (2002) 5 (3-2) - 32 -
5 15 * 3-3 % X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 0.829 3.001 20.004 0.589 0.492 0.701 1.921 12.804 0.653 0.465 0.616 1.426 9.505 0.582 0.579 X10 0.684 1.350 9.002 X11 0.522 X12 0.505 X13 0.567 1.130 7.533 X14 0.483 X15 0.466 58.847 * (2002) - 33 -
- 34 - () () () () 6 6-18 18 () 7 ( ) () () ( + + ) ( ) ( + ) () 20,000 20,001-40,000 40,001-60,000 60,001-80,000 80,001-100,000 100,001-120,000 120,001-140,000 140,001-160,000 160,001 9
( ) () () () () - 35 -
1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 - 36 -
- 37-2-5 ( ) 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 4-12
- 38-4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 4-21 4-22 4-23 4-24 4-25 3-1 ()
3-2 () ( ) - 39 -
30 15 (2002) 200212627 224 25 4-40 -
18 SPSS 10.0 p - 41 -
(analysis of interdependence) (confirmatory factor analysis) (2002) 5 ( )15 (exploratory factor analysis) (principal component analysis) K-means LISREL ()LISREL LISREL - 42 -
Jareskog & Sorbom (1995) Beck & Bargmann (1966) (covariancestructural analysis) LISREL (path analysis) LISREL (fit indicators) (modification indicators) ( 1999) LESREL LISREL 1. 2. 3. LISREL (path analysis) 6 LISREL (path analysis) (factor analysis) ( 1995) 6 1. 02. 03. - 43 -
1. (measurement error) (recursive) (residuals) (reciprocal causation) 2. 3. (second-order factor model) 4. ( )LISREL LISREL (Manifest Variable ) (Latent Variable ) LISREL (Measurement Model) ( 2002) LISREL 1. (Structural Equation Model) - 44 -
.. ( ) ( ) 2. (Measurement Models) x y (1) (Measurement Model for X) X. x x x (2) (Measurement Model for Y) - 45 -
y. y y y y () (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1993)LISREL 2 ( Chi-square) Goodness-of Fit Index (GFI)Goodness-of Fit Index (GFI) Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) 3-4 (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1989 2001 2001) 1. ( 2, Chi-square) 2. (Goodness-of Fit Index, GFI) GFI 0 1 GFI GFI 0.9-46 -
3.Bentler (1990) (Comparative Fit Index, CFI) NFI 0.9 4. (Root Mean Square Residual, RMR) RMR 0.05 3-4 LISREL 2 GFI CFI RMR > 0.9 > 0.9 < 0.05 2001-47 -
510 152 (29.8%) 358 ( 4-1) 61.2% 20-29 30-39 80% 20 18 20 38.5%32.2% 58.9% 36% ( ) 55.2% 26.8% ( ) 9.9% - 48 -
4-1 219 61.2 147 41.1 139 38.8 207 57.8 2 0.6 20 4 1.1 2 0.6 20-29 143 40.1 30-39 142 39.9 181 50.5 40-49 56 15.7 6 86 24.2 50 11 3.2 6-18 67 18.8 18 20 5.6 9 2.6 18 2 0.6 65 18.7 2 0.6 134 38.5 112 32.2 20,000 9 2.6 28 8.0 20,001-40,000 76 21.3 40,001-60,000 127 35.7 211 58.9 60,001-80,000 74 20.8 129 36.0 80,001-100,000 38 10.7 9 2.5 100,001-120,000 19 5.3 7 1.9 120,001 13 3.7 2 0.6 11 3.1 26 7.3 62 17.3 35 9.9 114 31.8 196 55.2 116 32.4 95 26.8 ( ) 35 9.8 3 0.8 (8 2.2 ( 12 3.4 358 358 57.8% 41.4% 50.5% 6 24.2% 6-18 18.8% - 49 -
40,001-60,000 35.7% 20,001-40,000 21.3% 60,001-80,000 20.8% 31.8%32.4% 17.3% ( ) ( ) (4-2) () 2-3 33% 4-5 24% 46.9% 1 30.4% 28.4% 25.3% 23.6% 1001~2000-50 -
42.5% 2001~3000 26.8% 38% 24.9% 22.3% e 43.7% 21.5%16.6% 0.9% 20 39 6 40,001-60,000 20,001-40,000 60,001-80,000 ( ) 64.2% 2-3 4-5 1001~2000 2001~3000-51 -
4-2 1 () 55 15.3 131 38 2-3 118 33 36 10.4 4-5 86 24 86 24.9 6~10 71 19.9 77 22.3 10 28 7.9 15 4.3 168 46.9 1000 32 9.4 1 109 30.4 1001~2000 152 44.7 2 53 14.8 2001~3000 96 28.2 3 22 6.1 3001~4000 35 10.3 4 3 0.9 4001~5000 19 5.6 5 3 0.9 5001 6 1.8 21 5.9 4 0.9 90 25.3 37 8.6 101 28.4 187 43.7 84 23.6 92 21.5 36 10.1 71 16.6 13 3.7 37 8.6 11 3.1 4 0.9 358 358-52 -
358 K-means 358 (varimax) (2002) 5-2 1 0.50 57.8 Cronbach - 53 -
- 54-0.50 0.71 Bartlett s 824.369p0.001 Kasiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO) 0.762 (2002) 5-1 8 25 30 34 20 17 16 32 9 23 37 14 11 6 21 0.812 0.759 0.718 0.756 0.746 0.698 0.727 0.682 0.655 0.751 0.682 0.650 0.782 0.716 0.544
5-2 Cron-b ach s á % 8. 0.812 25. 0.71 1.93 12.9 0.759 30. 0.718 34. 0.756 20. 0.746 0.63 1.82 12.1 17. 0.698 16. 0.727 32. 0.682 0.56 1.73 11.6 9. 0.685 23. 0.751 37. 0.57 1.63 10.9 0.682 14. 0.650 11. 0.782 6. 0.716 0.50 1.54 10.3 21. 0.544 57.8 () 12.9% - 55 -
() 12.1% () 11.6% () 10.9% () 10.3% - 56 -
K-Means K-Means ( 5-3) 116 (32.4%) 137 (38.3%) 105 (29.3%) 5-3 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 0.12* -0.39 0.39-0.79 0.42 0.32-0.01-0.12 0.17 0.12 0.62-0.94 0.71-0.27-0.44 116(32.4%) 137(38.3%) 105(29.3%) 358(100%) * K-Means () - 57 -
(5-4 5-5) (5-6 5-7) () 2 (5-4 5-5) (5-6 5-7) - 58 -
() 3 (5-4 5-5) 6-18 (5-6 5-7) - 59 -
(1) 2 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 0.59 a 72(63.7) b 79(59.0) 62(60.8) 41(36.3) 55(41.0) 40(39.2) 3.98 69(61.6) 84(63.2) 52(51.0) 43(38.4) 49(36.8) 50(49.0) 8.38 ( ) 16(14.5) 32(24.4) 24(24.0) 41(37.3) 53(40.5) 37(37.0) 39(35.5) 39(29.8) 32(32.0) 14(12.7) 7(5.3) 7(7.0) 23.84** 46(40.7) 63(47.4) 34(33.3) 14(12.4) 9(6.8) 10(9.8) 6 33(29.2) 33(24.8) 16(15.7) 6-18 14(12.4) 19(14.3) 33(32.4) 18 6(5.3) 9(6.8) 9(8.8) 5.54 6(5.3) 12(9.2) 7(6.9) 15(13.3) 13(33.9) 9(8.8) 59(52.2) 72(55.0) 59(57.8) 33(29.2) 34(26.0) 27(26.5) 9.88 () 27(23.9) 23(17.1) 22(21.5) 34(30.1) 42(31.3) 35(34.3) 33(29.2) 49(36.6) 30(29.4) 13(11.5) 12(9.0) 9(8.8) ( ) 6(5.3) 8(5.9) 6(5.9) 1. **P<0.05 2. a Pearson Chi-Square 3. b ( ) - 60 -
(2) F ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 32.56(7.3) a 33.77(7.9) 36.24(8.6) 6.03** ( ) 9.7(3.9) 9.2(3.6) 9.3(3.9) 0.96 1. **P<0.05 2. a ( ) (1) F ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 4.9(3.87) a 5.4(4.77) 4.2(4.41) 1.46 1.03(1.33) 0.83(0.99) 0.78(1.06) 2.09 ( ) 2.77(1.2) 2.22(1.01) 2.42(1.35) 7.08** 1.**P<0.05 2. a ( ) - 61 -
5-7 (2) 2 ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 30.81 a ** 9(8.2) b 5(3.75) 6(5.9) 42(37.8) 23(17.2) 23(22.5) 31(27.9) 45(33.6) 23(22.5) 19(17.1) 35(26.1) 28(27.5) 10(9) 27(20.1) 22(21.6) 12.03 45(41.7) 51(40.2) 31(30.7) 10(9.3) 12(9.4) 14(13.9) 31(28.7) 29(22.8) 24(23.8) 16(14.8) 30(19.6) 25(24.8) 6(5.6) 5(4.0) 7(6.9) 1. **P<0.05 2. a Pearson Chi-Square 3. b ( ) - 62 -
358 (varimax) 20 5-9 1 0.45 53.08 Cronbach 0.55 0.76 Bartlett s 1545.80 (p<0.001)kasiser -Meyer -Olkin (KMO) 0.78 () () () () () - 63 -
- 64-5-8 6 17 9 22 12 19 25 23 21 30 24 15 28 29 26 27 3 1 5 11 0.721 0.714 0.664 0.619 0.589 0.488 0.713 0.670 0.663 0.510 0.467 0.754 0.742 0.605 0.783 0.721 0.548 0.698 0.686 0.576 () 14.34% ()
11.74% () 9.43% 5-9 6. 17. 9. 22. 12.0.589 19. Cron- bach s á 0.721 0.714 0.664 0.619 0.488 25. 0.713 23. 0.670 21.0.663 30.0.510 24. 0.467 % 0.76 2.87 14.34 0.66 2.34 11.74 15. 0.754 0.61 1.86 9.43 28.0.742 29. 0.605 26.0.783 27. 0.721 3.0.548 0.58 1.80 9.02 1. 0.698 0.55 1.71 8.56 5. 0.686 11.0.576 53.08-65 -
( ) 9.02% () 8.56% 5-10 4.86 4.85 4.37 3.79-66 -
5-10 6. 4.97 6 17. 4.47 9. 5.47 22. 4.28 4.86 12. 5.09 19. 4.88 25. 3.80 5 23. 3.25 21. 3.45 3.79 30. 3.91 24. 4.56 15. 3.72 3 28. 4.20 4.37 29. 5.20 26. 4.52 3 27. 4.73 4.85 3. 5.29 1. 4.31 3 5. 4.49 4.19 11. 3.78-67 -
5-11 (F=2.94p<0.1) (F=7.21p<0.05) (F=3.35p<0.05) 5-11 F ( 1) ( 2) ( 3) 4.73(0.72) a 4.89(0.72) 4.96(0.66) 2.94* 3.87(0.79) 3.76(0.80) 3.73(0.74) 1.09 4.43(0.77) 4.34(0.80) 4.33(0.86) 0.53 4.65(0.68) 4.94(0.69) 4.95(0.78) 7.21** 4.19(0.66) 4.10(0.86) 4.37(0.83) 3.35** 1.*P<0.1 **P<0.05 ***P<0.01 2. a ( ) 5-11 4.96 4.95 4.37-68 -
LISREL () ( 1 2 3 4 5) () ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) 3-2 - 69 -
X Y ( 1 ~ 5 ) ( 1 ~ 5 ) 5-12 Cronbach 0.5 4.96 4.66 4.86 4.85-70 -
5-12 a 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E 1. 3.51(1.26) 0.71 1.00 2. 3.94(1.23) 0.63 0.31*** 1.00 3. 4.66(1.09) 0.56 0.20*** 0.17*** 1.00 4. 4.96(0.97) 0.57 0.35*** 0.25*** 0.32*** 1.00 5. 4.46(1.18) 0.50 0.09 0.16*** 0.13** 0.08 1.00 A. 4.86(1.03) 0.76 0.52*** 0.37*** 0.20*** 0.27*** 0.05 1.00 B. 3.79(1.19) 0.66 0.15*** 0.21*** 0.23*** 0.16*** 0.35*** 0.32*** 1.00 C. 4.37(1.08) 0.61 0.03 0.17*** 0.20*** 0.06 0.25*** 0.18*** 0.37*** 1.00 D. 4.85(0.93) 0.58 0.27*** 0.49*** 0.04 0.18*** 0.06 0.29*** 0.17*** 0.27*** 1.00 E 4.19(1.10) 0.55 0.16*** 0.17*** 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.36*** 0.25*** 0.16*** 0.29*** 1.00 1. **P<0.05 ***P<0.01 2.a ( ) 5-13 2 df GFI CFI RMR 1 1 303.40*** 174 0.93 0.91 0.052 2 2 264.47*** 155 0.93 0.90 0.052 3 3 178.60*** 120 0.95 0.94 0.049 4 4 184.69*** 120 0.95 0.94 0.049 5 5 167.77** 120 0.95 0.95 0.047 1.*P<0.1 **P<0.05 ***P<0.01-71 -
(5-12) 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.3 5-13 5-1 1 RMR 1 ( 1 ~ 5) ( 1 ) (5-14) - 72 -
5-13 5-2 2 RMR - 73 -
2 ( 1 ~ 5) ( 2 ) (5-14) - 74 -
5-13 5-3 3 3 ( 1 ~ 5 ) ( 3 (5-14) - 75 -
5-13 5-4 4-76 -
4 ( 1 ~ 5 ) ( 4-77 -
5-14 5-13 5-5 5 5 ( 1 ~ 5 ) ( 5 5-14 - 78 -
- 79 -
( 5-1) () (2000) (2000) (1994) - 80 -
( ) (2001) - 81 -
5-14 4-1 0.71 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 0.21 * 0.11 * -0.15-0.04 * 4-6 0.01 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 -0.16 * 0.20-0.03-0.57 4-11 -0.16 * 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 -0.04 * 0.10 0.05 0.54 4-16 0.01 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 0.82-0.18 0.08 0.00 * 4-21 0.23 4-22 4-23 4-24 4-25 1.*P<0.1 0.23 0.17-0.21-0.02-82 -
5-6 - 83 -
358 & (2002) 5 1 0.50 57.8 Cronbach 0.50 0.71Bartlett s 824.369(p0.001)Kasiser-Meyer -Olkin (KMO) 0.762 K-Means K-Means () - 84 -
() () - 85 -
- 86-5-15 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9
5-16 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 (varimax) 20 1 0.45 53.08 Cronbach 0.55 0.76Bartlett s 1545.80 (p<0.001)kasiser -Meyer -Olkin (KMO) - 87 -
0.78 4.86 4.85 4.37 3.79 (F=2.94p<0.1) (F=7.21 p<0.05) (F=3.35p<0.05) LISREL ( 1 ~ 5 ) - 88 -
( 1 ~ 5 ) () 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 5-18 () 5-19 - 89 -
4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 () 5-20 4-11 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 - 90 -
( ) 5-21 4-16 4-17 4-18 4-19 4-20 () 5-22 - 91 -
4-21 4-22 4-23 4-24 4-25 - 92 -
- 93 -
- 94 -
- 95 -
- 96 -
1. (1992) 2. 84 89 3. (2000) 2000 4. (1998) 5. (2002) 6. (2000) --- 7. (1993) 8. (2001) 9. (1995) 1(1)pp.25-39 10. (2001) - 97 -
11. (2001) 12. (1997) 13. (1996) 14. (2001) 15. (1995) 3pp.9-19 16. (2000) 13(1)63-86 17. (1999) 18. (2000) 19. (2001) 20. (1999) 21. (2000) - 98 -
22. (2001) 7(1)23-34 23. (1991) 24. (1985) 25. (1993) : 26. (1994) 27. (2001) 28. (2001) 29. (1986) 30. (1999) 12(3)1-20 31. (1994) 32. (1994) 33. (1992) - 99 -
34. (1999) 35. (2000) 36. (2001) 37. (1999) 12(4)43-60 38. (2000) 39. (1994) 40. (2000) - 41. (1985) 42. (2001) 43. (2000) 44. (2000) - 100 -
45. (1998) --- 46. (1994) 7(4)11-30 47. (1996) : 48. (2001) 49. (1987) 6(3)53-75 50. (1993) 51. (2000) 52. (1993) 6185-194 53. (2001) 14(3)57-80 54. (2002) - 101 -
55. (2000) 2001 56. (2000) 57. (2000) 58. (1994) 7(2)69-85 59. (1994) 7(1)105-119 60. (2000) ICP 8 79-102 61. (1980) 62. 2001 5 60-69 - 102 -
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