2004 3 39 103 1 (NSC 91-2411-H-001-015) 1 1992 5-39-
(self-adjustment) 2 2 1999 5 257-278 -40-
(c o n s t r u c t) (r e c o n s t r u c t) (memorial narrative) 3 (f r a g m e n t s) 4 (individual memory) (collective memory) (cultural memory) 5 3 Cf. James Olney, Memory & Narrative: The Weave of Life-Writing (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998), p. 21. 4 Stephen Owen f r a g m e n t s Cf. Stephen Owen, Remembrances: The Experience of the Past in Classical Chinese Literature (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University press, 1986), p. 66. 5 (Maurice Halbwachs) (On Collective Memory) (autobiographical memory) (constructive process) (retrieval process) -41-
(1 5 9 1?- 1 6 7 1? ) (1 6 1 9-1 6 9 2) (1 609-1671) (1 5 9 9-1 6 6 9) (1 648-1718) (horizon) 6 (episodic) ( r e c o n s t r u c t i o n ) 2002 42-43 58-60 6 (horizon) (The horizon is the range of vision that includes everything that can be seen from a particular vantage point.) (The concept of the horizon suggests itself because it expresses the wide, superior vision that the person who is seeking to understand must have.) H a n s - G e o rg Gadamer, Truth and Method, translation edited by Garrett Barden and John Cumming (London: Sheed & Ward Ltd., 1975), pp. 269 & 272-42-
7 8 9 (1 535-1 6 1 4) 1 0 11 7 5 8 1 979 4b-5a 9 1 998 7 1-138 1 3 1 998 9 37-120 1 0 1989 3 1471 11 1990 1214-43-
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 12 1470 13 1 985 7-12 1 980 3-6 14 1214 15 1470-44-
1 7 (1 6 4 4) (1 6 4 5) 1 8 1 9 1 6 16 15 1985 118-119 17 1999 366 18 1 708 7 1 0 1989 1-3 39 1 9 1997 413 43 19-45-
2 0 2 1 20 1990 3 21 98-46-
2 2 2 3 22 1997 537 23 536-47-
2 4 2 5 26 24 104-105 25 104 26 1-48-
2 7 2 8 27 (1645) (1646) 104 28 1996 156-49-
2 9 3 0 3 1 29 39 30 31 40-50-
3 2 33 34 35 32 86-87 33 40-41 34 39 35 40-51-
3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 36 41-42 37 28 38 29 39 29-30 -52-
4 0 4 1 (1 6 1 9-1 6 9 2) (1 6 4 4) 40 74 41 76-53-
42 (1 6 4 8) 4 3 (1 6 5 4) (1 662) 44 (1 675) (1 678) 4 5 4 6 4 7 42 1 989 23 43 38 44 63 45 93 46 47-54-
4 8 (8 13-817) (7 96) 49 50 (1 652) 51 4 8 1969 98 49 91 50 97 51 1992 550-55-
5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 52 91-92 53 97-98 54 98 55 56-56-
5 7 5 8 5 9 57 1991 56 176 58 59 1990 19 207-57-
6 1 60 217 61 96-58- 6 0
6 2 (retrospective prose narrative) 6 3 6 4 62 Cf. Georg Misch, A History of Autobiography in Antiquity, translation in collaboration with the author by E. W. Dickes (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), p. 5. 63 Cf. Philippe Lejeune, On Autobiography, edited and with a foreword by Paul John Eakin; trans. Katherine Leary (Minneapolis & London: University of Minnesota Press, 1989), p. 4. 64 55 1990 11 25-59-
(present I) (past me) 6 5 6 6 65 28 66 James Olney, Autobiogra phy and the Cultural Moment: A Thematic, Histor ica l, and Bibliographica l Introduction, in Jame s Olney, ed., A u t o b i o g r a p h y, Essay s The ore tical and Critical (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), pp. 24-25. -60-
(narrative imperative) 67 (1 609-1671) (1 631) (1 653) (1 657) 67 narrative imperative Owen J. Flanagan, Self Expressions: Mind, Morals, and the Meaning of Life (New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), pp. 65-66 -61-
6 8 69 7 0 7 1 68 1 990 42 69 1997 772 70 1 971 5 120 71 1990 1212-62-
7 2 72 728-63-
7 3 7 4 75 7 6 73 1 981 1 9 441 3b-6a 447 9a-10a 74 1318 75 1324 76 1327-1328 -64-
7 7 7 8 7 9 77 1309 78 1355-1360 79 560-65-
8 1 8 2 8 3 8 4 8 0 80 1388 81 1393 82 1982 9 266 83 1397 84-66-
8 5 8 6 8 7 8 8 85 1396 86 1397 87 1400 88 266-67-
8 9 9 0 9 1 89 90 1981 4 80 3a-b 91 1385-1386 -68-
(politics of identification) 9 2 (single self) ( a u t o -b i o l o g y) (a u t o -b i o g r a p h y) 9 3 ( t h e temporality of interpretation itself ) ( t h e e v e n t ) (the memory of the event) (the writing of the [memory of the] event) 94 92 Cf. Andreas Huyssen, The Politics of Identification: Holocaust and West German Drama, in his After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 94-114. 93 Cf. Michael Ryan, Self-Evidence, Diacritics (Summer, 1980): 6. 94 Cf. Nicola King, Present Imperfect Translation: Ronald Fraser s In Search of a Past a n d Carolyn Steedman s Landscape for a Good Wo m a n, in her M e m o ry, Narrativ e, Identity: -69-
9 5 ( 1 5 9 9-1 6 6 9) Remembering the Self (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), pp. 36-42. 95 M.M. Bakhtin, Author and Hero in Aesthetic Activity, in his A rt and Answerability: Early Philosophical Essays, eds. Michael Holquist and Vadim Liapunov; trans. and notes by Vadim Liapunov (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990), p. 158. -70-
(1 6 4 9) (1 654) 9 6 9 7 (1 6 6 5) 98 99 100 (1 6 4 2) (1 6 4 4) 96 3 6 1 996 1 52-153 97 211 98 1 969 1 47 2000 4 4963 99 564-572 100 1999 283-71-
1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 1 101 706 102 24 1938 12 143-144 103 145-72-
1 0 4 1 0 5 106 1 0 7 1 0 8 104 709 105 710 106 725 107 5 108 426-73-
1 0 9 11 0 111 11 2 (1 6 4 9) 11 3 109 427 110 15 111 7 112 805 113 1 981 5 5 5 1 0 a 1965 4 40 9b -74-
11 4 (1 6 4 3) (1 6 4 3-1 6 4 9) 11 5 11 6 117 11 8 11 9 1 2 0 1 2 1 114 805 115 116 5 5 5 10a 117 805 118 908 119 810 120 121 842-75-
1 2 2 1 2 3 122 809 123 827-76-
1 2 4 125 1 2 6 (1 6 4 8) 124 885 125 803 126 145-77-
(1 6 4 2) 1 2 7 1 2 8 1 2 9 1 3 0 1 3 1 127 805 128 879 129 880 130 190 131 881-78-
1 3 2 1 3 3 132 1 990 3 15 1998 234 133 770-79-
1 3 4 1 3 5 1 3 6 134 741 135 742 136 767-80-
1 3 7 1 3 8 (1 6 5 7) 1 3 9 137 285 138 200 139 914-81-
1 4 0 140 913-82-
1 4 1 1 4 2 1 4 3 141 914 14 2 1 995 8 657 143 913-83-
1 4 4 1 4 5 144 964-965 145 315-316 -84-
(1 6 4 8-1 7 1 8) 1 4 6 1 4 7 14 6 1 996 2 147 1994 336-85-
(ternary temporal structure) 148 (fusion of horizons) 1 4 9 148 Cf. King, Present Imperfect Translation, in her Memory, Narrative, Identity, pp. 36-42. 149 ( h o r i z o n ) G a d a m e r (fusion of horizons) Cf. Gadamer, Truth and Method, pp. 273 & 337. -86-
(1680) 150 (1 684) 151 (1 686) 152 153 154 150 1987 30 151 36-44 152 47 153 1 2 1984 255 154 213-310 -87-
1 5 6 1 5 7 1 5 8 (1 6 8 7) 1 5 9 1 6 0 1 6 1 1 5 5 155 7 179 156 11 242 157 2 57-262 1957 271 158 159 11 237 160 271-277 161 10 229-88-
(1 6 8 8) 162 (1 6 8 9) 1 6 3 1 6 4 1 6 5 1 6 6 ( 1 6 9 0 ) (1 6 9 5) (1 699) (1 7 1 8) 162 12 254 163 80-92 164 7 138 165 7 161 166 291-294 -89-
(1 6 4 3-1 6 4 5) 1 6 7 167 111-90-
1 6 8 1 6 9 168 1 169 1-91-
1 7 0 1 7 1 172 1 7 3 170 1 171 2 172 1 173 2-92-
1 7 4 1 7 5 174 1 175 49-93-
1 7 6 (1 7 0 8) 1 7 7 (1 7 0 8) 176 1 177 1-94-
1 7 9 180 1 8 1 (1 8 7 3-1 9 2 9) 1 8 2 1 7 8 178 1-2 179 2-3 180 106 181 106 182 ( 1987 ) 395-95-
1 8 3 1 8 4 1 8 5 1 8 6 1 8 7 1 8 8 183 8-9 184 9 185 1 186 3 187 211 188 210-96-
1 8 9 1 9 0 1 9 1 1 9 2 1 9 3 (1 796-1861) 1 9 4 189 211 190 211 191 211 192 210 193 220 194 8 271-97-
195 195 1 966 2 13 5a-b -98-
-99-
(Fredric Jameson) (The Political Unconscious: N a rrative as a Socially Symbolic Act) 1 9 6 196 Fredric Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981), p. 95. -100-
-101-
( 1 5 9 1? - 1 6 7 1? ) (1619-1692) (1609-1671) (1599-1669) ( 1648-1718 ) (horizon) -102-
Memory and Narrative: Early Qing Dramatists Lament for the Late Ming and Sentiments of Dynastic Changeover WANG Ayling Associate Research Fellow Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica The fall of the Ming was not only a national crisis; it also seemed to contemporaries to mark the dissolution of the Chinese world. The Chinese always experienced complex feelings of being able neither to accept nor reject the Qing, and these contradictory impulses produced the painful and tragic consciousness that was expressed in early Qing drama. This paper takes memory and narrative as points of convergence to explore how these writers employed drama as an intimate vehicle for retaining public and private memories, expressing their lament for the late Ming and their sentiments about dynastic changeover. To expli cat e t he interaction of m e m o r y, h i s t o r i c a l writing and self-narration, it focuses on the plays by Li Yu (1591?-1671?), Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692), Wu Weiye (1609-1671), Ding Yaokang (1599-1669) and Kong Shangren (1648-1718). The issues addressed are: How Li Yu and Wang Fuz hi communicated their national consciousness and mourning for the Ming in drama; how, if writing is a way of self-forgetting or self-extension, the twice-serving official Wu Weiye dramatized his self-justification through the processes of remembering, forgetting and memory rebuilding ; how Ding Yaokang shifted from his lament for the Ming to loyalty to the Qing through the conflict of d o u b l e - c o n s c i o u s n e s s i n private and public arenas; and how Kong Shangren reconstructed his life experiences by memorial narrative with a triple structure from the past to the present, from the present to the past, and the eternal present to demonstrate the formation of cultural and collective memories of the times. Keywords: drama chuanqi Ming loyalists memory narrative Ming-Qing dynastic changeover -103-