* * -109-
1 2 (Kujula Kadphises, A.D. 50-78) (Kaniska, A.D. 187-212) 3 1 1933 41.9 1930 1-30 193-96 197-240 2 1993 3 49 60-157 -110-
4-9 4 (Gandhavati) 67 171 324-56 175-6 Huviska, c.a.d.130-162 389-94 400 4-111-
5 543 196 (Asoka) 6 236 68 5 5 327-8 6 303-40 7-14 -112-
360-1 Antiochus Tulamaya Amtikini 7 8 9 9, 517 7 A. K. Warder 358-9 45-6 10 8 319-20 9 335-6 Prakrit, Aramaic, 18-113-
(446) (574) (845) 10 11 10 513 102 11 (Indus) -114-
(2 B.C.) 12 (A.D. 67) 13 14 7-8 162 101 93 307-11 12 30 859 49-51 13 16-30 14 51-115-
15 ( ) 16 180 10 30 ( ) ( ) (170-190) 222-52 15 550 38 520-24 119-52 16 Parthia, 62 ( ) 222 225-116-
( ) 266-308 401 401-12 ( ) 421-33 83-87 -117-
(cakravartir~jan) 17 akra Vishnu, 18 Dharma, 1:1 39-42 (Buddhagay~) (S~rn~th) 17 59 399-415 25 21 18-118- 88-93
19 20 nirv~na, 21 (svarga) ( ) 22 19 ( ) 480 155-130 B.C. 460 20 334-71 21 12 22 3:184 462-119-
9:272 331 1:1 40 23 28:1546 120 1 35 23 (N~r~yana) -120-
24 25 (502-549) 26 24 1 42-3 44 K~lodaka, 25 6 26 148 4632 474-80 -121-
27 45-51 Dharma-mah~matra, (}jivaka) (Jaina) 27 310-1 366 37-8 368-92 7 8-122-
28 29 30 28 32 46-7 29 327-29 30 708 480-2 535-8 73-5 377-123-
31 788 451-74 (452-65) 114 3036 513 (492) 114 3039 (517) ( 3043) 31 52 916 40 713-124-
32 33 34 31 32 201-2 33 63.3 1993 40 1994 34 1 1980 70-125-
27 35 16:663 341-2 35 50 180 190 365-126-
16:663 345 16:663 345 36 16:663 346 (776) 37 36 deva-loka, 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 37-127-
38 39 (583) 40 (Çrigupta) (Candraprabha Kum~ra) 852 67.1 1996 38 365 39 685-761 40-128-
14:545 849 41 (581-604) 42 35 1099 (Sylvain Lévi) 14:535 819 43 41 51 1976 E. Zürcher Prince Moonlight, Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism, T'oung Pao, LXVIII, 1-3(1982); Eschatology and Messianism in Early Chinese Buddhism, in W. L. Idema ed., Leyden Studies in Sinology, (leiden:e. J. Brill, 1981) 42 100 43 229-30 -129-
44 (Ðamkha) 1:1 41-2 14:453 422 (Ratnagarbha) (Aranemin) 44 154-55 -130-
3:157:2 174-6 16:663 342 45 46 (Louis Dumont) purohita, 45 8:224 471-2 46 483-131-
47 48 47 478 48 (naiskramya) ( 132) 33 928 (srota-~panna) (sakrd-~g~ min) (an~g~min) (arhat) 2:99:33:928 236-132-
(Caesaropapaism) 49 50 51 52 3:157 176-185 49 (Byzantine Empire A.D.324-1453) Caesaropapaism The Cambridge Medieval History(IV): The Byzantine Empire(II), pp.12-3,104-6; A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, vol. 2, pp.148-50. The Crisis of Chinese Conscious-ness, ch. 2, 6.3 1995 50 A. Seidel Anna K. Seidel, Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism: Lao-Tzu and Li Hung, History of Religions 9:2&3, (1969-70), p.221 51 35 33 35 34 65 224 52 219-61 Richard B. Mather, K'ou Ch'ien-chih and the Taoist Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court, 425-51, in H. Welch &A. Seidel ed., Facets of Taoism: Essay in Chinese Religion, pp.103-22 -133-
117 665 728 728 8 148 53 54 292-3 A. Seidel - Anna K. Seidel, ibid, p.234 50 53 A. Seidel A. Seidel, ibid, p.230 54-134- 212 35 814 121 3036 155-62 A. Seidel, ibid
(396-409) 114 3030-1 (453) 114 3036-7 55 56 453 26 1971 Lin Fu-shih, Chinese Shamans and Shamanism in the Chiang-nan Area During the Six Dynasties Period (3rd-6th Century A.D.), Ph.D Dissertation of Princeton Univ., 1994, pp.203-5 55 518 1 1978 25-6 1 1980 7 382 589-99 653-60 56-135-
693 57 (689) 6 121 515 19 1 445 177-8 57-136-
58 59 695 60 (Vairocana) 61 62 63 58 148-9 59 183 4742 93 2981 204-5 60 1597-8 61 384 335 62 1 1980 8 384-5 63 R. W. L. Guisso 726 R. W. L. Guisso, Wu Tse-T'ien and the Politics of Legitimation in T'ang China, p.45 695-761 R. W. L. Guisso, ibid, pp.31-50 -137-
(Max Weber) (Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie) -138-
1979 224 1985 19 1987 1: 6 545 1983 184 535 453 1546 272 1958 1988 1988 1989 1990-139-
663 157 99 1956 1979 1993 1927 1980: 1 1977 41: 9 1930 49 1984 1962 1988 1991 23 1983 23 1983 1992 1962 23 1983 40 1994 26 1971 51 1976 ( ) 1965 1993-140-
1996 1992 1959 1983 1983 1980: 1 1962 1985 1978: 1 1991 1979 1981 1981 1986 (A. K. Warder) 1988 1991 1983 1987 1986 1990 63: 3 1992 67: 1 1996 Ch'en, Kenneth, Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey, (Princeton, 1964) Guisso, R. W.L., Wu Tse-T'ien and the Politics of Legitimation in T'ang China, (Western Washington Univ., 1978) -141-
Hussey, J. M., ed. The Cambridge Medieval History(IV): The Byzantine Empire(II), (Cambridge, 1978) Lin Fu-shih, Chinese Shamans and Shamanism in the Chiang-nan Area During the Six Dynasties Period (3rd-6th Century A.D.), Ph.D Dissertation of Princeton Univ., 1994 Mather, Richard B., K'ou Ch'ien-chih and the Taoist Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court, 425-51, in H. Welch &A. Seidel ed., Facets of Taoism: Essay in Chinese Religion, (New Haven, 1979) Seidel, Anna K. Image of the Perfect Ruler in Early Taoist Messianism: Lao-Tzu and Li Hung, History of Religions 9:2&3, (1969-70) Vasiliev, A. A., History of the Byzantine Empire, (Madison, 1952) Weber, Max, The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, (New York, 1958) Zürcher, E. Prince Moonlight, Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism, T'oung Pao, LXVIII, 1-3(1982) Zürcher, E. Eschatology and Messianism in Early Chinese Buddhism, in W. L. Idema ed., Leyden Studies in Sinology, (Leiden:E. J. Brill, 1981) -142-
The Concept of Cakravartir~jan and its Influence on Medieval Chinese Kingship Kang Le Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Cakravartir~jan is the title given to the ancient India s legendary sage kings, a concept later adapted by Buddhists. After Buddhism s successful conquest of China during the medieval period, Chinese rulers unhesitatedly utilized Buddhism as a resource for claiming legitimacy. The concept of Cakravartir~jan was one of their major appeals to this end. By analyzing the transformation of the original Indian model of one Budda-one Cakravartir~ jan into the Chinese model of Cakravartir~jan is Budda himself, this essay provides a case study for the understanding of the sinicization of Buddhism in medieval China. -143-