Altruism and Confucian-Christian Comparison LAI Pan-chiu [] (stereotyped) (pre-understanding) *** - 168 -
1 2 3 4 Stephen G. Post, Byron Johnson, Michael E. McCullough and Jeffrey P. Schloss, Research on Altruism & Love: An Annotated Bibliography of Major Studies in Psychology, Sociology, Evolutionary Biology & Theology (Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 2003). Jacob Neusner and Bruce Chilton (eds.), Altruism in World Religions (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2005) 2012 4 (2012.07.05) 47-54 2011-169 -
5 6 (variations) - 170 -
7 8 9 10 13 2-8 Karl W. Luckert, Egyptian Light and Hebrew Fire: Theological and Philosophical Roots of Christendom in Evolutionary Perspective (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991). 8-171 -
Orthodox Church, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, (deification, theosis) 11 (grand narrative) 12 (World Christianity) 13 (Augustine, 354-430)(Thomas of Aquinas, 1225-1274) 32 (2010 ) 247-272 Dale T. Irvin, Christian Histories, Christian Traditioning (Maryknoll: Orbis, 1998), esp. pp. 86-99 Lamin Sanneh, Disciples of All Nations: Pillars of World Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); Dale T. Irvin & Scott W. Sunquist, History of the World Christian Movement, Volume I: Earliest Christianity to 1453 (Maryknoll: Orbis, 2001). - 172 -
14 15 (lover) 16 17 4:19 5:5 18 19 124 134 16 Bernard V. Brady, Christian Love: How Christians through the Ages Have Understood Love (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2003), p.83. 17 Bernard V. Brady, Christian Love, p.115. 18 Carol Harrison, Augustine: Christian Truth and Fractured Humanity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 96. 19-173 -
(disorder) 20 21 22 order of love caritas natural love 23 (Etienne Gilson, 1884-1978) 24 (perfectibility) 11 2010 232-248 242-247 20 Bernard V. Brady, Christian Love, pp.99-117. 21 116 22 Stephen J. Pope, The Ethics of Aquinas (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2001)37 11 (2010.11) 155-173 23 Stephen Pope, The Evolution of Altruism and the Ordering of Love (Washington: Georgetown University Press, 1994), pp.50-76. (Etienne Gilson) - 174 -
25 26 (Lutheran) (sola gratia)(sola fide) (justification by faith) 27 28 255 43, 281, 306 (justification by grace through faith) 4 2006 39-57 viii - 175 -
29 1996 xii - 176 -
(covenant) (Hebrew Scripture) 30 31 32 (canon law) 33 30 Walther Eichrodt, Theology of the Old Testament, vols. 1 & 2, translated by J. A. Baker (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1961). 33 2003-177 -
Arts & Humanities Citation Index, 2012 3 17 (Marxism)(Altruism)(topic) 34 (Confucianism) 3 (Christianity) 16 (evolution) 1535 kin selection 35 36 34 Douglas H. MacDonald, Grief and Burial in the American Southwest: The Role of Evolutionary Theory in the Interpretation of Mortuary Remains, American Antiquity 66.4 (2001), pp.704-714. 35 Lee Alan Dugatkin, The Altruism Equation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp.86-106. - 178 -
37 (Leonard Swidler) (ideals) (practice) 38 9 (1998 ) 43-73 2001 135-166 38 Leonard Swidler, After Absolute: The Dialogical Future of Religious Reflection (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), p.43. - 179 -
(typological) 39 (agape) 40 41 42 43 2004 803-810 2007 8-13 2009 111-138 2011) 159-170 ( 2011) 113-131 Yao Xinzhong, Confucianism and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jen and Agape (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1996) 2002 277 2011) (1963) 37-38Wing-tsit Chan, The Evolution of the Confucian Concept Jen, in: Neo-Confucianism, etc.: essays, by Wing-tsit Chan (Hanover, N.H., Oriental Society, 1969), pp.15-18 - 180 -
44 45 (philia)(eros) (storge) 46 47 (splagchnizomai) ( 10:33) ( 9:36) ; 48 (splagchnon) ( 1:18) ( l:8) ( 2:l) 7-10, 16-17 Thomas Jay Oord, Defining Love: A Philosophical, Scientific and Theological Engagement (Grand Rapids: Brazos Press, 2010), pp.31-63. 33 2007 (agape) 63 14:14, 15:32, 18:27, 20:34; 1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22, 7:13, 15:20. - 181 -
(A. N. Whitehead, 1861-1947) (fallacy of misplaced concreteness) 49 (Plato, 424/3-348/7 BCE)(eros) (Aristotle, 384-322 BCE) 50 (Andres Nygren, 1890-1977) A. N. Whitehead, Science and the Modern World (Glasgow: Collins, 1975), p.68. Carter Lindberg, Love: A Brief History through Western Christianity (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2008), pp.1-10; Simon May, Love: A History (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011), pp.14-118; : Bruce Chilton, Altruism in Christianity, in: Altruism in World Religions, pp.53-66; Robert M. Berchman, Altruism in Greco-Roman Philosophy, in: Altruism in World Religions, pp.1-30. - 182 -
51 (Benedict XVI)(Deus Caritas Est) 52 (Paul Tillich, 1886-1965) 53 54 (Stephen Pope) 55 (Colin Grant) 56 1950 1952 2009 2009 Lo Ping-cheung, Ren as a Fundamental Motif and the Promise and Problem of a Contextual Theology of an Agape-Ren Synthesis: A Dialogue with Anders Nygren, in: Christianity and Chinese Culture, edited by Miikka Ruokanen & Paulos Huang (Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2010), pp. 102-119. Stephen J. Pope, The Evolution of Altruism & the Ordering of Love; Human Evolution and Christian Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp.214-249. Colin Grant, Altruism & Christian Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p.xv. - 183 -
57 (Samuel P. Oliner) 58 59 Simon May, Love: A History, pp.95-118. 58 Samuel P. Oliner, Altruism, Intergroup Apology, Forgiveness, and Reconciliation, assisted by Piotr Olaf Zylicz (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 2008), pp.35-62. - 184 -
60 (Samuel Huntington, 1927-2008) (McDonaldization)(hybridization) 61 (Edward Said, 19352003) 62 Richard King 7 Jan Nederveen Pieterse, Globalization & Culture (Lanham: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004), pp.41-58. Edward W. Said, Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995), pp.1 28. - 185 -
63 (Orientalism) (Occidentalism) (representation) 64 Richard King, Orientalism and Religion: Postcolonial theory, India and the mystical East (London: Routledge, 1999). 2010-186 -
(paradigm) (ethos) (inter-religious) (intra-religious) - 187 -
[ASTRACT] This article attempts to analyze and evaluate some of the recently published comparative / dialogical studies in Chinese concerning the Christian and Confucian views of altruism and the related concepts such as ren and agape. It endeavors to point out the methodological characteristics and limitations of these studies, including: stereotyping the objects of comparative studies, neglecting the plurality of positions in a particular religious tradition, and then highlighting the diversity rather than similarity between the religious traditions to be compared. This kind of stereotyped discussion tends to strengthen rather than challenge or criticize some of the pre-understandings of related traditions. These methodological problems are not particular to a few individual scholars, but may reflect the historical and social influences on the Chinese academia as a whole. If these methodological barriers can be overcome, altruism can be a very useful concept, making significant contribution to the comparative studies and dialogue between Christianity and Confucianism as well as the inter-disciplinary studies of altruism. - 188 -