1980 1984 1989 1992 1992 1995 200% 2000 7,288.6 3,701.1 World Trade Organization WTO WTO
1995 WTO 20 2000 1 10 98 WTO multinational enterprises
MNE 1996 20 1996 500 1980 1980 1990 1992
1996 1980 Hymer Industrial Organization Approach Vernon Product Cycle Hypothesis Factor Endowment Theory Internalization Theory Dunning Eclectic Theory 1960 1960
1. Hymer 1960 2. the product cycle Hymer Vernon 1966 Vernon new products mature products standardized products 3. Kojima 1978 Kojima
1 2 Kojima trade oriented market oriented 4. Buckley and Casson 1976 5. Dunning 1981 Dunning 1998 20 intellectual capital alliance capitalism 1990
Knowledge-facilitating FDI 1995
1995 1996 1997 1996 1996 4 1 1998 2000 9 ( ) 10% 50%
( ) 25% ( ) ( ) A B ( ) WTO WTO
1979 1999 2000 22 4,000 7,288.6 3,701.1 1999 238.63 1999 15.6% 2000 12 13 2000 IT Intel Microsoft IBM Dell IT IT 2000 1999 %
http://www.moftec.gov.cn 1979 1983 77.4 18 1984 26.5 12.6 1985 59.3 123.8 16.6 31.7 1986 28.3-52.3 18.7 12.7 1987 37.1 31.1 23.1 23.5 1988 53 42.9 31.9 38.1 1989 56 5.7 33.9 6.3 1990 66 17.9 34.9 2.9 1991 120 81.8 43.7 25.2 523.6 233.4 1992 581.2 384.3 110.1 151.9 1993 1,114.4 91.7 275.2 150 1994 826.8-25.8 337.7 22.7 1995 912.8 10.4 375.2 11.1 1996 732.8-19.7 417.3 11.2 1997 510.0-30.4 452.6 8.5 1998 521.0 2.2 454.6 0.4 1999 412.4 403.9 2000 630.0 407.7 7,288.6 3,701.1 / 1999 % 341,538 100.00 6,137.17 100.00 3,076.31 100.00 184,824 54.12 3,109.57 50.67 1,547.94 50.32 28,702 8.40 526.1 8.57 256.48 8.34 18,769 5.50 351.34 5.72 248.86 8.09 43,516 12.74 437.74 7.13 238.63 7.76 8,500 2.49 333.49 5.43 148.20 4.82 2,031 0.59 204.05 3.32 93.95 3.05 12,726 3.73 163.20 2.66 88.37 2.87 2,554 0.75 161.41 2.63 75.84 2.47 2,128 0.62 93.35 1.52 48.11 1.56 6,418 1.88 93.09 1.52 36.36 1.18 1,583 0.46 51.13 0.83 35.82 1.16 722 0.21 40.70 0.66 22.01 0.72 4,351 1.27 70.65 1.15 20.49 0.67 3,864 1.13 57.96 0.94 18.04 0.59 18,937 5.54 397.92 6.48 177.16 5.76
http://www.moftec.gov.cn 1999 762 147,170 456 76,095 312 44,600 121 32,605 123 14,380 130 32,221 12,042 2,533,180 744 97,638 144 23,701 32 13,177 83 9,752 156 12,890 49 13,884 867 175,874 136 27,449 737 146,533 19 26,383 312 47,587 92 14,819 99 17,833 17 2,804 156 30,453 51 23,695 485 90,447 500 74,333 369 127,421 181 64,423 922 394,271 218 86,701 88 36,170 372 114,174 116 163,519 77 130,057 66 123,030 29 105,416 27 13,477 9 4,102 27 7,325 12 4,241 10 17,992 10 17,992 247 109,619 169 106,734 71 65,627 2 4,333 669 417,785 464 313,371 1,474 301,680 61 37,952 205 111,401 2000 7 31
Bartik 1985 1982 Conditional Logit Model CML Culem 1988 1969 1982 Coughlin Terza and Arromdee 1991 1981 1983 International Trade
Administration ITA Koechlin 1992 1966 1985 23 Wheeler and Mody 1992 1982 1988 42 Woodward 1992 Conditional Logit Model CML 1980 1989 1994 Conditional Logit Model CML
Maekawa 1997 Conditional Logit Model CML 1986 1996 Yamori 1998 1990 1994 2000 1988 1997 Conditional Logit Model CML
1999 28,702 526.1 256.48 1999 18,769 351.34 248.86 1999 43,516 437.74 238.63 2000 7 1,299.9 2000 1 7 66.69 44.29 5.79 2.9 103.2 1999 Chang 2001 16
WTO 1994 Conditional Logit Model http://www.moftec.gov.cn
1996 2000 2001 381~406 1995 1996 1994 150 2000 1996 2000 WTO 89 163~190 2000 Conditional Logit Model 2000 Bartik, Timothy J. 1985, Business Locations Decisions in the United States: Estimates of the Effects of Unionization, Taxes, and other Characteristics of States, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 3(1):14-22. Buckley, Peter J. Mark Casson 1976, The Future of the Multinational Enterprise, New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers. Chang, Pei-chen 2001, The Rise of High Technology Industry in China--A Formidable Challenge to Taiwan's Economy, China Perspectives, forthcoming. Coughlin, Cletus C., Joseph V. Terza, and Vachira Arromdee 1991, State Character and the
Location of Foreign Direct Investment within the United States, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 73: 675-683. Coughlin, Cletus C. and Eran Segev 2000, Foreign Direct Investment in China: A Spatial Econometric Study, The World Economy, 23: 1-23. Culem, C. C. 1988, The Locational Determinants of Direct Investments among Industrialized Countries, European Economic Review, 32: 885-904. Dunning, John H. 1979, International Production and the Multinational Enterprise, London: George Allen and Unwin. Hymer, Stephen H. 1976, The International Operations of National Firms: A Study of Direct Investment, PH.D. Dissertation, MIT 1960, Published by MIT Press, Cambridge M.A. Koechlin, T. 1992, The Determinants of the Location of USA Direct Investment, International Review of Applied Economics, 6(2): 203-216. Kojima, Kiyoshi 1978, Direct Foreign Investment: A Japanese Model of Multinational Business Operation, New York: Praeger Publishers. Vernon, Raynond 1966, International Investment and International Trade in the Product Cycle, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 80: 190-207. Wheeler, David and Ashoka Mody 1992, International Investment Location Decision: The Case of U.S. Firms, Journal of International Economics, 33: 57-76. Woodward, Douglas P. and Robert J. Rolfe 1993, The Location of Export-oriented Foreign Direct Investment in the Caribbean Basin, Journal of International Business Studies, 24(1): 121-144. Yamori, Nobuyoshi 1998, A Note on the Location Choice of Multinational Banks: The Case of Japanese Financial Institutions, Journal of Banking and Finance, 22: 109-120.