The 46th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Application of the Sound Corresponding Rules for Second-language Acquisition A Study in the Consonant Correspondences among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect and Vietnamese Abstract: The development of sounds follows the particular phonetic patterns and directions. Two different languages, for instance, descending from a common ancestor, have related sound corresponding rules no matter how related they are. This paper is aimed to investigate the sound corresponding rules applying in the teaching and learning. Language contact or changes is the main factor to produce some linguistic variations, which the regular corresponding rules cannot account for. However, these linguistic variations would develop some additional rules because the phonological systems of specific languages become stable. The study in Middle Chinese attracts many attentions in the Chinese historical linguistics. In the aspect of phonological theories, modern Chinese dialects have a set of sound corresponding rules with Middle Chinese because these dialects are likely to be derived from the proto-language or from language contact or changes. The study focuses on the consonant corresponding rules among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect, and Vietnamese, the sounds of the latter being influenced by Chinese, and aims to identify a systematic cross-learning method for the linguistic family of Chinese-derived character sounds. The paper is organized into seven sections as follows: 1.Introduction 2.Consonantal system in Middle Chinese 3.Consonantal system in Modern Hakka Dialect 4.Consonantal system in Vietnamese 1
5.Sound corresponding rules of Consonantal and tonal systems among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect, and Vietnamese 6.Application of consonant corresponding rules in language teaching and learning 7.Conclusion This finding helps the learners not only to understand the relationship among Middle Chinese, Modern Hakka Dialect, and Vietnamese, but also to apprehend the sounds of the characters. The method provided in this study can be applied in teaching and learning other Chinese dialects. Keywords: the Sound Corresponding Rules, Second-language Acquisition, Middle Chinese, Hakka Dialect, Vietnamese, Consonant 2
46 () 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3
1. 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 (1) (2) (3) 4
1 1.2.2 (1) (2) (3) 1.2.3 1.3 (1) (2) (3) 1 5
1.4 1.4.1 (1) (2) (3) 1.4.2 Excel (1) (2) 4 5 1.4.3 1.4.4 6
1.5 (1) (2) (3) 2. 2.1 1 2 2 7
(1) (2) 2.2 3. 3.1 (1) tal52 tai52 ti44 tsi44 ki1 kik1 pitak1 piak1 jiau52 (2) kap1 tsam44 kiu52 (3) tsin52 sin11sin11 kiu44kiu52kiu44 3.2 8
2 p p m f v t t n l k k h Ø ts ts s n i 3.3 3 1 2 3 4 5 8 44 31 52 1 11 5 6, 7 4. 4.1 (2011) 9
4 IPA d, gi z j p p p t t t tr c ch c c c, k, q k k th t t b ph f f s s x s kh x x h h h v v v r z 10 g, gh m m m n n n nh ng, ngh l l l (1) tr chs xr d, gi (2) (3) k i, ê, eq u /k/ c (4) ngh i, ê // ng (5) gi a, ô, /j/ d r g, gh 4.2 5 p (p) (b) m (m) f (ph) v (v) t (t) t (th) () n (n) l (l) k (c,k,q) x (kh) (g,gh) (ng,ngh) h (h) Ø c (ch) (x) j (d,gi) (nh) (tr) (s) (r)
4.3 (2011:8) Haudricourt 6 3 ngang () huyn à hi ngã ã sc á nng - - 5. Excel 5.1 5.1.1 3 (2011:38) 11
7 p p m f v t t n l k k h Ø ts ts s 100 16 1 117 5 53 58 13 91 104 131 2 133 8 3 35 46 1 1 29 31 11 38 1 1 51 20 20 40 85 5 1 91 2 71 1 74 4 139 1 144 33 5 38 1 1 221 223 6 48 3 57 2 18 20 1 6 72 4 83 17 3 1 11 32 1 1 306 14 1 1 1 325 5 2 116 21 1 145 3 85 88 2 4 1 37 10 45 99 27 108 135 3 17 2 1 43 66 4 2 103 1 110 27 5 1 4 70 107 54 16 9 4 1 89 4 177 101 1 1 103 1 84 1 86 9 69 10 88 2 2 140 144 15 35 50 30 30 29 1 30 1 17 6 24 3 68 71 3 102 1 106 32 1 33 1 17 18 1 2 20 23 46 2 11 61 1 75 1 1 5 67 74 127 175 153 193 90 98 217 58 225 326 225 38 184 291 306 364 414 88 3572 12
8 % 99 37 37.4 117 p 100 85.5 135 Ø 108 80.0 58 p 53 91.4 Ø 43 65.2 66 104 p 91 87.5 v 17 25.8 133 m 131 98.5 110 Ø 103 93.6 46 f 35 76.1 107 h 70 65.4 31 f 29 93.5 h 89 50.3 177 51 f 38 74.5 f 54 30.5 40 m 20 50.0 103 ts 101 98.1 v 20 50.0 86 ts 84 97.7 91 t 85 93.4 88 ts 69 78.4 74 t 71 95.9 144 s 140 97.2 144 t 139 96.5 50 s 35 70.0 38 n 33 86.8 30 ts 30 100.0 223 l 221 99.1 30 ts 29 96.7 57 ts 48 84.2 24 ts 17 70.8 20 ts 18 90.0 71 s 68 95.8 83 ts 72 86.7 106 ts 102 96.2 32 17 53.1 33 ts 32 97.0 n 11 34.4 18 s 17 94.4 325 k 306 94.2 23 50.0 46 145 k 116 80.0 Ø 20 43.5 88 k 85 96.6 75 s 61 81.3 99 45 45.5 74 s 67 90.5 5.1.2 13
9 409 1 2 412 44 122 1 1 168 562 2 6 570 24 3 154 11 192 2 7 4 564 32 2 46 657 153 2 21 418 1 595 471 471 155 155 4 3 21 300 24 352 455 283 598 589 475 1084 88 3572 10 % 418 70.3 595 412 409 99.3 153 25.7 168 122 72.6 570 562 98.6 192 154 80.2 657 564 85.8 5.1.3 471 471 100.0 155 155 100.0 352 300 85.2 11 546 286 68 2 108 1010 251 168 58 477 349 175 76 600 4 46 333 225 179 787 5 20 371 1 397 13 21 262 1 4 301 1168 670 881 337 225 291 3572 14
12 % 333 42.3 1010 832 82.4 108 10.7 68 6.7 419 87.8 477 58 12.2 524 87.3 600 76 12.7 5.1.4 787 225 28.6 179 22.7 46 5.8 371 93.5 397 25 6.3 262 87.0 301 34 11.3 13 9 778 787 391 6 397 872 138 1010 600 600 477 477 280 21 301 2629 943 3572 14 % 787 778 98.9 1010 872 86.3 477 477 100.0 600 600 100.0 5.1.5 397 391 98.5 301 280 93.0 15 786 1 787 377 20 397 967 43 1010 71 406 477 113 487 600 277 24 301 2591 981 3572 15
16 % 113 18.8 1010 967 95.7 406 85.1 477 71 14.9 600 487 81.2 5.1.6 787 786 99.9 397 377 95.0 301 277 92.0 17 362 4 10 1 9 386 172 2 1 5 180 7 3 257 267 18 4 7 1 291 321 159 1 2 162 5 2 2 121 130 723 15 21 2 685 1446 11 203 3 1 218 76 3 1 1 81 39 14 67 1 121 72 80 7 4 163 2 65 9 2 78 9 4 41 54 133 442 130 1 9 715 10 31 221 262 7 15 96 3 1 2 124 3 11 109 1 1 1 126 4 13 162 1 3 183 6 12 65 2 1 86 1 5 69 1 3 79 31 87 722 8 9 3 860 3 138 3 144 1 87 4 92 1 14 71 86 3 1 32 84 120 68 3 71 4 34 38 3 6 343 199 551 890 544 879 354 703 202 3572 16
18 % 72 44.2 728 693 95.2 718 669 93.2 377 344 91.2 108 61.7 175 48 27.4 163 80 49.1 5.2 5.2.1 860 722 84.0 307 293 95.4 124 105 84.7 84 70.0 120 32 26.7 17
19 m f v t t n l k x h Ø c j 98 1 6 10 1 1 117 6 45 1 5 1 58 89 1 13 1 104 1 124 2 6 133 2 44 46 31 31 1 48 2 51 6 34 40 1 2 84 3 1 91 62 5 1 1 3 2 74 8 129 2 1 4 144 36 1 1 38 1 1 218 1 1 1 223 2 3 8 44 57 1 1 2 5 11 20 1 1 5 76 83 24 1 7 32 1 2 236 8 4 5 3 2 61 3 325 3 134 1 6 1 145 84 2 1 1 88 1 85 1 12 99 1 2 125 7 135 1 49 1 2 9 4 66 3 2 1 102 1 1 110 2 1 3 1 95 3 2 107 1 2 7 2 2 158 4 1 177 100 2 1 103 7 69 7 3 86 84 1 3 88 134 3 1 2 1 3 144 49 1 50 1 29 30 1 2 3 24 30 3 1 1 1 4 14 24 3 1 1 3 63 71 4 1 2 1 90 3 5 106 1 1 27 4 33 16 2 18 1 45 46 2 60 1 1 1 6 1 1 2 75 69 1 1 1 1 1 74 198 133 177 86 411 315 227 65 225 338 152 93 273 133 111 59 187 80 177 132 3572 18
20 % 88 84 95.5 117 98 83.8 99 85 85.9 58 45 77.6 135 125 92.6 104 89 85.6 66 49 74.2 133 124 93.2 110 102 92.7 46 44 95.7 107 95 88.8 31 31 100.0 177 158 89.3 51 48 94.1 103 100 97.1 40 34 85.0 86 69 80.2 91 84 92.3 88 84 95.5 74 62 83.8 144 134 93.1 144 129 89.6 50 49 98.0 38 36 94.7 30 29 96.7 223 218 97.8 30 24 80.0 57 44 77.2 24 14 58.3 20 11 55.0 71 63 88.7 83 76 91.6 106 90 84.9 32 24 75.0 33 27 81.8 7 21.9 18 16 88.9 325 236 72.6 46 45 97.8 61 18.8 75 60 80.0 145 134 92.4 74 69 93.2 5.2.2 21 319 54 32 6 1 412 9 157 2 168 549 4 2 7 8 570 32 24 136 192 1 3 556 10 86 1 657 3 49 13 17 391 119 3 595 449 1 10 11 471 11 7 137 155 2 154 5 1 178 12 352 331 263 1243 583 406 437 309 3572 19
22 % 24 12.5 412 319 77.4 54 13.1 32 7.8 168 157 93.5 570 549 96.3 192 136 70.8 32 16.7 5.2.3 556 84.6 657 556 84.6 595 86 14.5 471 449 95.3 155 137 88.4 352 178 50.6 23 730 131 16 5 128 1010 170 306 1 477 524 73 2 1 600 14 210 343 218 2 787 206 181 6 1 3 397 133 165 3 301 1777 1066 371 225 133 3572 24 % 343 43.6 730 72.3 1010 131 13.0 128 12.7 306 64.2 477 170 35.6 524 87.3 600 73 12.2 787 218 27.7 210 26.7 206 51.9 397 181 45.6 165 54.8 301 133 44.2 5.2.4 20
25 22 765 787 384 13 397 608 402 1010 462 15 477 376 224 600 293 8 301 2145 1427 3572 26 % 224 37.3 608 60.2 1010 402 39.8 477 462 96.9 600 376 62.7 5.2.5 787 765 97.2 397 384 96.7 301 293 97.3 27 811 188 11 1010 327 11 139 477 354 220 26 600 779 4 4 787 332 1 64 397 229 1 71 301 2832 425 315 3572 28 % 811 80.3 1010 188 18.6 477 327 68.6 139 29.1 5.2.6 354 59.0 600 220 36.7 787 779 99.0 397 332 83.6 301 229 76.1 21
29 345 18 8 1 11 3 386 160 5 7 1 6 1 180 155 2 1 4 162 291 10 3 4 3 10 321 23 232 1 2 6 3 267 10 118 2 130 984 385 20 8 32 17 1446 5 2 175 9 22 5 218 1 66 2 9 3 81 62 2 13 1 78 8 6 127 9 13 163 2 1 11 31 11 65 121 1 5 3 9 36 54 17 3 325 174 73 123 715 8 16 1 229 8 262 5 1 6 1 110 1 124 4 5 74 3 86 8 1 2 12 8 152 183 2 3 5 14 102 126 3 4 10 62 79 27 8 29 23 445 328 860 1 1 136 6 144 81 11 92 67 4 71 7 113 120 1 7 78 86 1 37 38 2 1 299 249 551 1028 398 375 205 849 717 3572 22
30 % 175 101 57.7 728 660 90.7 321 291 90.7 472 413 87.5 388 316 81.4 397 350 88.2 307 284 92.5 377 303 80.4 244 228 93.4 163 127 77.9 6. (1) (2) (3) 6.1 23
31 m f v t t n l k x h Ø c j p 94 1 15 15 1 1 127 p 101 58 9 5 1 1 175 m 1 127 18 2 5 153 f 1 100 2 2 1 3 5 79 193 v 2 34 1 2 1 16 29 5 90 t 1 3 85 1 2 6 98 t 69 133 2 2 1 1 3 4 2 217 n 1 45 1 4 1 1 5 58 l 2 1 1 216 1 1 2 1 225 k 1 2 230 8 4 12 2 2 1 61 3 326 k 1 94 114 1 7 5 2 1 225 28 1 1 8 38 h 2 1 1 1 3 21 3 144 1 4 1 2 184 Ø 1 29 3 2 3 1 10 12 101 99 29 1 291 ts 110 10 3 1 1 97 3 81 306 ts 94 87 1 2 6 40 80 54 364 s 2 178 133 2 1 3 2 12 2 3 6 70 414 1 114 1 40 1 129 88 198 133 177 86 411 315 227 65 225 338 152 93 273 133 111 59 187 80 177 132 3572 6.2 6.2.1 (1) p (127) 4 p (78.7%) (6.3%) (10.2%) p (b) 5 74.0% (94/127) 6 f (ph) 15 4 5 6 31 24
15 t (t) (2) p(175) 81.2% (80.2%) (96.2%) (63.7%) (36.3%) 83.0% (85.4%) (95.2%) p f (ph) p (b) 57.7% f (ph) 33.1% p f (ph) (52.9%) (b) (79.7%) (b) (62.8%) f (ph) (30.2%) t (t) 9 t (th) 5 (3) m (153) m (85.6%)(13.0%) m (m) (93.2%) v (v) (85.0%) m m (83.0%) v (11.8%) 6.2.2 (1) f (193) f (52.8%) (42.0%) f (ph) 69.5% h (h) 92.7% f f (ph) (51.8%) h (h) (40.9%) 7 (2) v (90) v (30.0%) (22.2%) (23.3%) (18.9%) 7 f x 25
v v (74.2%) (92.6%) h (h) v v (v) (37.8%) (32.2%) h (h) (17.8%) 8 6.2.3 (1) t (98) t (86.7%) () (92.3%) t () (86.7%) (2) t (217) t (64.1%) (32.7%) (55.4%) (30.2%) (70.4%) (28.2%) () (89.6%) t (th) (83.8%) t () (61.3%) t (th) (31.8%) t(th) (62.0%) () (90.1%) () (60.0%) t(th) (32.3%) (3) n (58) n (86.2%) n (n) (85.7%) n n (n) (77.6%) (4) l (225) l (98.2%) l (l) (97.8%) l l (l)(96.0%) 6.2.4 (1) k (326) k (93.9%) k (c, k, q) (72.6%) j (gi) (18.2%) k k (c, k, q) (70.6%) j (gi) (17.8%) iêuiôcii ia c, k, q 4.1 (3) (2) k (225) 8 x 26
k (51.6%) (37.8%) (71.7%) (23.4%) (53.4%) (19.3%) x (kh) (89.6%) k (c, k, q) (95.5%) k x (kh) (50.7%) k (c, k, q) (41.8%) x (kh) (63.9%) k (c, k, q) (80.4%) x (kh) (59.6%) k (c, k, q) (36.2%) (3) (38) (97.4%) (ng, ngh) (85.9%) (nh) (12.1%) (ng, ngh) (73.7%) (nh) (21.1%) 9 6.2.5 (1) h (184) h (86.4%) (11.4%) h (h) (89.1%) (kh) (92.4%) h h (h) (78.3%) x (kh) (11.4%) 10 (2) Ø (291) (37.1%) (35.4%) (14.8%) (92.6%) j (d) (92.7%) v (v) (74.2%) (34.7%) j (d) (34.0%) v (v) (10.0%) 6.2.6 (1) ts (306) ts (91.8%) t (t) (97.1%) c (ch) (84.9%) (tr) (83.9%) ts t (t) (35.9%) c (ch) (31.7%) (tr) (26.5%) 11 9 10 k t 11 ts t ts t c (ch), (tr) 27
(2) ts (364) ts (88.19%) t (th) (80.2%) t (t) (95.5%) (tr) (91.6%) (x) (81.8%) (s) (66.2%) t (t) (25.8%)t (th) (23.9%) (tr) (22.0%) (s) (14.8%) (x) (11.0%) 12 (3) s (414) 6.2.7 s (93.7%) t (t) (94.3%) (s) (88.7%) t (th) (86.8%) t (t) (43.0%)t (th) (32.1%) (s) (16.9%) 13 (1) (88) 6.2.8 (95.5%) (ng, ngh) (85.9%) (nh) (12.1%) (nh) (97.8%) n (n) (85.7%) (ng, ngh) (45.5%) (nh) (33.0%)n (n) (15.9%) 14 12 t (th) t (t) 13 t (t) t (th) (s) 14 ( ) (ng, ngh) n n (n) (nh) 28
32 () (ng, ngh) 73.7 (nh) 21.1 p (b) 74.0 h (h) 78.3 h f (ph) 52.9 x (kh) 11.4 k, t (b) 79.9 Ø 34.7 p (b) 62.8 Ø j (d) 34.0 f (ph) 30.2 v (v) 10.0 m m (m) 83.0 t (t) 35.9 ts, t f (ph) 51.8 f ts c (ch) 31.7 f t h (h) 40.9 x, (tr) 26.5 v (v) 37.8 Ø t (t) 25.8 v Ø 32.2 Ø h (h) 17.8 x, t (th) 23.9 t () 86.7 ts t (th) 62.0 (tr) 22.0 t () 90.3 (s) 14.8 () 60.0 t (th) 32.3 n n (n) 77.6 s l l (l) 96.0 k (c, k, q) 70.6 k ( iêu, iôc, j (gi) 17.8 ii, ia-) x (kh) 63.9 k (c, k, q) 80.4 k x (kh) 59.6 k (c, k, q) 36.2 (x) 11.0 t (t) 43.0 t (th) 32.1 (s) 16.9 (ng, ngh) 45.5 ( ) (nh) 33.0 n (n) 15.9 n (1) a. b. 29
c. (2) a. x h (h) b. f f (ph) c. v v (v) (3) k j (gi) a. k iêuiôcii ia- j (gi) b. k k (c, k, q) (4) (ng, ngh) (nh) (nh) (5) h h a. k t x (kh) b. k t h (h) (6) ts t (t) (tr) c (ch) ts t ts a. ts t t (t) b. t c (ch) (tr) (7) ts t (th) t(t) a. ts t (t) b. ts t (th) (8) s 30
t (t) (s) t (th) a. s t (t) b. s t (th) (s) (9) a. ( ) (ng, ngh) b. (nh) c. n n (n) 6.3 6.3.1 (1) (198) (94.4%) p (85.5%) p (87.5%) (95.1%) (87.2%) p (75.9%) p (89.5%) (2) m (133) m (93.2%) m (98.5%) m m (95.5%) 6.3.2 (1) f (177) f (94.9%) f (77.9%) p (91.4%) f f (70.0%) f f (51.2%) p (36.2%) 15 15 f p p f f 31
(2) v (86) v (96.5%) (65.2%) v (25.8%) v (50.0%) m (50.0%) v v (39.5%) (33.7%) m (20.9%) 6.3.3 (1) t (411) t (89.3%) s (97.2%) ts (98.1%) ts (78.4%) s (11.4%) s (70.0%) ts (30.0%%) t s (51.3%) ts (36.8%) 16 ts (52.0%) s (29.3%) (2) t (315) t (87.6%) ts (97.7%) t (95.9%) s (86.8%) t ts (36.6%)t (29.5%) s (26.3%) 17 s (81.3%) (3) (227) (93.8%) t (93.4%) t (96.5%) t (83.9%) t (91.0%) (4) n (65) n (92.3%) n (71.4%) (15.7%) n n (69.2%) (21.5%) (5) l (225) l (96.9%) l 16 ts t ts s s 17 ts t ts t t s 32
(99.1%) l l (96.0%) 6.3.4 (1) k (338) k (94.7%) k (94.2%) k (96.6%) k k (86.8%) k (86.4%) (2) x (152) x (88.2%) k (80.0%) h (14.5%) x k (75.0%) h (13.8%) (3) (93) (91.4%) (82.8%) (43.0%) (30.1%) 6.3.5 (1) h (273) h (89.1%) h (56.0%) f (28.5%) v (7.4%) h h (52.7%) f (28.9%) v (5.9%) ô, o 18 (2) Ø (133) (94.0%) (80.0%) v (20.0%) (75.9%) v (21.8%) ô, o, u 19 6.3.6 (1) c (111) c (84.9%) ts 18 h x f v h 19 v 33
(96.2%) c ts (87.4%) (2) (59) (45.8%)(11.9%) (10.2%) (10.2%) ts (97.5%) k (80.0%) s (81.3%) ts (67.8%) s (20.3%) 20 (3) j (119) j d gi j (d) (85.7%) (93.6%) j (d) (83.2%) j (gi) (86.8%) k (94.2%) j (gi) k (85.3%) (4) (80) (56.3%) (15.0%) (8.8%) (8.8%) (50.0%) (43.5%) (82.8%) n (53.1%) (34.4%) (80.0%) (36.3%) (36.3%) 6.3.7 (1) (177) (42.9%) (24.9%) (16.4%) (93.4%) (92.0%) ts (86.7%) ts (89.7%) ts (75.3%) ts (78.4%) (2) (132) (47.7%) (18.2%) (10.6%) (8.3%) s (95.8%) ts (85.5%) s (53.0%) ts (40.9%) 21 20 s ts 21 s ts 34
6.3.8 p 75.9 p 89.5 m m 95.5 f v t t n f 70.0 33 ( ) f 51.2 f p 36.2 p v 39.5 Ø 33.7 m 20.9 s 51.3 s, ts 36.8 ts, t ts 52.0 s 29.3 ts 36.6 t 29.5 s 26.3 s 81.3 t 83.9 t 91.0 n 69.2 21.5 l l 96.0 k x h Ø k 86.8 k 86.4 k 75.0 h 13.8 43.0 () 30.1 h 52.7 f 28.9 v 5.9 Ø 75.9 v 21.8 c ts 87.4 ts 67.8 j (d) Ø 83.2 j (gi) k 85.3 xu-, x ( ô-, o-, u- ) s 20.3 36.3 Ø 36.3 ts 75.3 ts 78.4 s 53.0 ts 40.9 (1), t,, k, a.() b.() 35
(2) a. f f 22 b. f p p (3) t a. t ts t ts b. t s s c. t ts s (4) a. b. (5) h f v a. h x f v b. h x h (6) v ô-, o-, u- a. ô-, o-, u- v b. ô-, o-, u- (7) 22 p, p 36
a. s b. ts 7. (1) (2), c, k, q (3) 37
http://2.vndic.net/index.php?word=%e4%bb%81%e5%be%b7&dict=hans_ viet 1955 2011 1988 version 1.0 Beta http://nguyendu.com.free.fr/langues/hanviet.htm 2004 http://dict.variants.moe.edu.tw/main.htm 2012 http://dict2.variants.moe.edu.tw/variants/ 2013/4/17 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e8%b6%8a%e5%8d%97%e8%af%ad 2013/4/17 http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e6%bc%a2%e8%b6%8a%e9%9f%b3 2011 http://xiaoxue.iis.sinica.edu.tw/ccr/ 2006http://www.hanviet.org/ 2002 38