カテゴリー Ⅰ 日本建築学会計画系論文集第 82 巻第 741 号,2989-2999,2017 年 11 月 J. Archit. Plann., AIJ, Vol. 82 No. 741, 2989-2999, Nov., 2017 DOI http://doi.org/10.3130/aija.82.2989 中国 徽州地方の宗祠建築の研究 歙県を中心とする宗祠遺構の空間構成 RESEARCH OF ANCESTRAL HALL ARCHITECTURE IN HUIZHOU AREA, CHINA The spatial structure of Ancestral Hall remains in She County 張葉茜 *, 杉野丞 **, 沢田多喜二 *** ****, 曹毅 Yeqian ZHANG, Noboru SUGINO, Takiji SAWADA and Yi CAO In this research, the object is She County in Huizhou Area to clarify formation and distribution of Ancestral Hall architecture in Lineage Settlements (Villages), spatial structure and architectural qualities about Ancestral Hall Architecture. First, consider formation process and division status of 240 Ancestral Hall Architecture with development of Lineage Settlements from historic side by analyze local records and genealogy in this area. Second, analyze distribution status, plane format and structure format of 191 Ancestral Hall remains by collect photographs and floor plans which been registered on local Heritage Council. Third, consider feature of spatial structure by classify Ancestral Hall systematic and make drawing of 16 typical Ancestral Hall Architectures. Huizhou Area, Lineage Settlements(Villages), Ancestral Hall Remains, Plan type, Spatial structure. * ** *** **** 愛知工業大学工学部生産建設工学専攻博士後期課程大学院生愛知工業大学工学部建築学科教授 工博愛知工業大学工学部建築学科非常勤講師愛知工業大学工学部生産建設工学専攻博士後期課程大学院生 Grad. Student, Dept. of Production and Construction Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology Prof., Dept. of Architecture, Aichi Institute of Technology, Dr.Eng. Lect., Dept. of Architecture, Aichi Institute of Technology Grad. Student, Dept. of Production and Construction Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology 2989
Fig.1.1 Perimeter map of Huizhou N 閔 江 福 州 Fig.1.2 Boundary map of 6 countiestable Number of remains Fig.2.1 Drawing of Tangyue Village in She County Fig.2.2 Drawing of Yuliang Village in She County Fig.3 Lineage picture of Huang clan in Tandu Village 2990
Fig.4 Drawing of Ancestral Hall Architecture of Huang clan in Tandu Village (sentence in picture was written by author) 2991
N ᚩ ᚩ ܪ ଈ ʚ җο ൲ 厑 Ṁ 䞉チ ɥᝅ䠄 㛛䠅 ᮾ᪉ 䠏㼗㼙ᡤᅾ ศᨭ 䞉 䙳 呎 䠄ጞ㑄 䠅 䠄 䠅 䠖㻥㻝㻚㻡 ᨭ 䞉ᝡ ᇽ䙮 䠄㔠ᕝ㛛䠅 ଞ 䠄ᮾᒣ䞉㑥 䞉ብ㔛䞉 䞉 䞉 බ㛛䠅 ඕЭ䠄 㛛䠅 Э 䠄㑥 㛛䚸㑥 ศ㛛䠅 ศᨭ 䞉 ᚨᇽ䙴 ᨭ 䞉ᩔᮏᇽ䙫 җ 䠄ᮾ 㛛 䠅 䠖㻝㻟㻚㻤 䠄༡ 䠅 ᭗ 䠄㒆 㛛䠅 ᨭ 䞉㻌 ᛮᇽ㻔㑇 䠅 ο ⱥ ᬛ ⱥ 䠄ඖᮎ䠅 厑 㒔 䠄ጞ㑄ᆅ䠅 䠄ḟ 䠅 ࠉ ࠉ 䠄すඵ㛛 䠅 ࠉ ࠉ ࠉ ࠉ 䠖㻞㻝㻚㻝 ࠉ ᢎ ᢎ ࠉᢎ அ ಙ ࠉୠ 勖 ኈ ኈ ኈ ኈ ᕴ 勖 ᚨ ᚨ 㔜 ᨭ 䞉ᝡ ᇽ䙱 ز 䠄ር㢌㛛䠅 ᙱ ᚩ 䠄㛗 䠅 ᨭ 䞉 ឡᇽ䙰 ᚩ ศᨭ 䞉ᩔ ᇽ䒪 ᨭ 䞉ග ᇽ䠄㑇 䠅 බ 䠄 䠅 呎 ᾏ 㐨 ᘅ ❺ Ᏻ 㢧 ᚨ 咁 ࠉၿ ヲ 咂 呎 ኳ ኳ ᚨ ᨭ ὴ 㑥 㑥 ᮾ 㑥 㒆 ር ብ ࠉ ᒣ 㢌 㔛 ศ 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 ඡ䠄 㔛㛛䠅 ᨭ 䞉㻌㞼 ᇽ䙭 ᨭ 䞉ᜠᇽ䙬 䞉 ᮏᇽ䠄㑇 䠅 䠄 ᅾ㞟 ఫᏯ䠅 䠄Ἠ 㛛䠅 ๓ ᨭ ᩔ ᮏ ᇽ Fig.5 ᒡ す ၈ ᶍ 㒃 㥁 Ώ ር ᮾ す 㟷 ᒣ ᮾ 㔠 ᴥ ᇧ ᮾ 㢌 Ἠ 㢌 Ἃ ග ᝡ 咁 㯪 ᛮ ឡ ᇽ ᇽ ᇽ ヲ 咂 ᇽ ᇽ ᇽ 㐍 ᝡ 㞼 ᩔ ぶ 㞥 ᜠ ኈ ᇽ ᇽ ᇽ ᇽ ᇽ ᇽ Lineage picture of Xu clan in Xu Village ȵ ᇛ咁 ᮾᮾ 㛛 㔛 咂 ᚯṀ ᕞ ᗓᇛ ᇛ ር 㧗 ር Ἑ 㝧 㢌 ๓ ಎɦ䠄 Ꮿ㛛䠅 ᨭ 䞉ᩔ ᇽ䠄㑇 䠅 䠄 ᅾチ Ꮫ 䠅 ᚩ ᮾ 㻌㻌㻌 㞟 ⴠ 㟷 㔠 Ἠ Ἃ ᒣ 㔛 බ ᕝ Ꮿ ሐ 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 㛛 䙫㑥 㛛䞉ᩔᮏᇽእほ 䙬 㔛㛛䞉ᜠᇽእほ㻔Ⲩᗫ㻕 䙭 Ꮿ㛛䞉㞼 ᇽෆほ㻔ಟ 䠅 ύ Ụ Fig.7 Distribution map of Xu clan relocation in She County ȵ 䙮㔠ᕝ㛛䞉ᝡ ᇽෆほ㻔ಟ 䠅 䙯Ἃሐ㛛䞉ぶ ᇽእほ㻔Ⲩᗫ㻕 䙰ብ㔛㛛䞉 ឡᇽෆほ 䙱㑥 㛛䞉ᝡ ᇽእほ 䙲Ἃሐ㛛ᨭὴ䞉 ᨻᇽእほ 䙳㔠ᕝ㛛ᨭὴ䞉 ෆほ 䙴㑥 㛛 ᨭ䞉 ᚨᇽእほ 䒪㑥 㛛ᬛᨭ䞉ᩔ ᇽእほ ᨭ 䞉 ᇽ䠄㑇 䠅 Table1 Statistics of remains & ruins of Ancestral hall Architecture in Xu Village=2014 16casesȵ ᪘䞉ᨭὴ 㢮ᆺ ᘓ ᖺ௦ ᡤᅾᆅ ᖹ㠃ᙧᘧ ᘓ 㠃 Ἠ 㐍 㛫 㻟㻝㻜㻜䟝 ᮏᇽ ᮇ ᪘ 㑥 㛛㻔㑥 ศ㛛㻕 ᩔᮏᇽ 㻝㻡㻞㻞㻙㻢㻢 ๓ 㐍 㛫 㻣㻢㻢㻚㻥㻥䟝 㔛㛛 ᜠᇽ 㻌 Ἠ 㐍 㛫 㻣㻜㻜䟝 Ꮿ㛛 㞼 ᇽ 㻝㻢㻜㻡 ᴥ 㐍 㛫 㻠㻡㻞㻚㻝㻞䟝 㔠ᕝ㛛 ᝡ ᇽ 㻝㻡㻟㻢 㔠 㐍 㛫 㻠㻝㻟㻚㻤䟝 Ἃሐ㛛 ぶ すἋ 㐍 㛫 㻪㻟㻥㻝㻚㻝䟝 ᛮᇽ ᮎ 㧗㝧 㐍 㛫 ᨭ 㒆 㛛 ብ㔛㛛 ឡᇽ 㻝㻡㻞㻞㻙㻢㻢 ᮾ 㐍 㛫 㻞㻣㻟㻚㻡㻠䟝 㑥 㛛 ᝡ ᇽ ᮇ ᮾ 㐍 㛫 㻞㻢㻜㻚㻝㻣䟝 Ἠ 㛛 ᩔ ᇽ 㻝㻡㻡㻣 ᇧ㢌 㐍 㛫 㟷ᒣ㛛 ᇽ 㟷ᒣ㢌 㐍 㛫 ᮾ ᮾᒣ㛛 ග ᇽ Ἃሐ㛛䞉ᨭὴ ᨻᇽ すἋ 㐍 㛫 㻞㻢㻟㻚㻟㻠䟝 㔠ᕝ㛛䞉ᨭὴ 㔠 㐍 㛫 ศᨭ 㑥 㛛䞉 ᨭ ᚨᇽ 㻝㻡㻣㻟㻙㻝㻢㻝㻥 ๓ 㐍 㛫 㻝㻠㻟䟝 㑥 㛛䞉ᬛᨭ ᩔ ᇽ ๓ 㐍 㛫 㸸㻌# "!!! ۑ! # &! $!!! Fig.6 2992 㻥㻝㻚㻡 㻡㻡 㻝㻢 㻞㻥㻚㻣 㻞㻝㻚㻡 㻡㻠㻚㻢 㻝㻥㻚㻟 㻞㻜㻚㻡 㻥㻚㻢 㻞㻚㻡 㻤㻚㻜㻡 ޛ 䠄㟷ᒣ㛛䠅 䕿 䕿 Photo1 Ancestral Hall remains Xu clan in Xu Village, She County ȵ 䙯 ᨭ 䞉ぶ 䕿 䕿 ඍ䠄Ἃሐ㛛䠅 䙲ศᨭ 䞉 ᨻᇽ ᙱඍ䠄Ἃሐ㛛䠅 Layout drawing of Xu Village in She County except Shangtian Familyȵ チẶ ᪘㞟ⴠ 㑇ᵓ Ỉ 䞉 ᆅ 䛾㑇ᵓ ᒣᓅ䞉 㝠ᆅᙧ ௦ᘓ 㑇ᵓᪧ ᕝ % 㐨
N Distribution map of Ancestral Hall remains in She County Fig.8 Vice-Table. Numbers of Ancestral Hall remains in She County.240cases Table2 Plan types of Ancestral Hall remains in She County 2993
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Table3 % *+) # ## 0*+ $ * * List of Ancestral Hall remains in She County 191casesȵ ᨭ ) %! % *+) # ## 0*+ $ * * ᑓ &)+!" *!)"% 0*+ $ * * Graph1 Dimension analysis of Ancestral Hall remains 䐳㻌 $*!(+/,% 3+& 2+!/02 "!/$/ 䐴㻌5HPDLQV RI 4ƯQJ '\QDVW\䠄 "!/$/!!!! * * 哉 咁 咂 哉 咁 咂 * * * * * * * *!! 䚷䡔䠄 䠅 * * * * * * * * * *!! 䚷䡔䠄 䠅 $-0' * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 哉!.,+0!&$ 䡔!!"!!!! $ %!! # $ # 1$.!&$ #(*$+/(,+!+#.!0(,,% #$-0'!+# %.,+0&!0$䠄 "!/$/!$ 㐍 㛫 㐍 㛫 㐍 㛫 㐍 㛫 㐍 㛫 ௦㑇ᵓ $*!(+/,% 3+& 2+!/02 "!/$/ Ύ௦㑇ᵓ5HPDLQV RI 4ƯQJ '\QDVW\ FDVHV (&+ )!//(%("!0(,+ (*.$! (&+ )!//(%("!0(,+ (*.$! * "!/$/ "!/$/ * "!/$ * "!/$/ * * "!/$/ "!/$/ * * "!/$ "!/$/ * * "!/$/ "!/$/ * "!/$/ "!/$ * * "!/$ * "!/$ 㐍 㛫 "!/$/ ᐙ $"#0 % *+) # ## 0*+ $ * * 㐍 㛫 "!/$/ "!/$/ 㐍 㛫 ᅄ㐍 㛫 ᅄ㐍 㛫 㐍 㛫 "!/$/ "!/$/ * * * "!/$/ * * * * "!/$/ "!/$ "!/$/ "!/$/ "!/$ "!/$/ "!/$ * * * * * * * "$ - ) "$ %*"&%ᖹᆒᑍἲ ) - ) ) ᖹᆒ㠃 ᨭ ᐙ ᑓ!,%"+ & )&%+ % '+! "* + )* +!,%"+ & ) "* (, ) + )* * * /') ** 0 +! &+!" +0'."## *!&."% # % )."% "% " #&. 2995
Fig.9Plan drawing of representative case of Ancestral Hall remains in She County 16cases 2996
Table4 List of representative case of Ancestral Hall remains in She County 16cases Fig.10 Sectional view of Dunben Tang & Dunlun Tang Central-bay sectional view & Side-bay sectional view 2997
( )() The Department of Architecture of Southeast University: Series of the Ancient Architecture in Huizhou Yuliang Village, Southeast University Press, 1998. 8 (in Japanese) The Department of Architecture of Southeast University: Series of the Ancient Architecture in Huizhou Tangyue Village, Southeast University Press, 1999.8 (in Japanese) Chen, Z. and Li, Q.: Chinese Heritage and Vernacular Architecture Wuyuan, Tsinghua University Press, 2010. 1 (in Japanese) Li, Q. and Chen, Z.: Zongci, SDX Joint Publishing, 2006.9 (in Japanese) Huangshan City Anhui Province Cultural Committee: Huangshan City Huizhou Ancient Architecture protection project directory, Huangshan Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics Publishing, 2014.2 (in Japanese) Xu, C. (compile), and Shi, G. (revise): She Xian Zhi, total 16 volumes, The 26 th year of Republic of China, 1938 (in Japanese) Huang, X. (rewrite), and Huang, Y. (proofread): Tandu Huangshi Zupu, total 12 volumes, Longqing years of Ming Dynasty (compile), 1567-1572, Yongzheng 9 th year of Qing Dynasty (proofread), 1731 (in Japanese) Xu, J.: Xu Village, Fudan University Press, 2013. 9 (in Japanese) Ji, C.: Yuanye, Chongzhen 7 th year of Ming Dynasty, 1634 (in Japanese) Beijing Institute of cultural relics: Chinese Ancient Architecture Dictionary, Cathay Bookshop, 1992. 12 (in Japanese) About Fig.1.1, Fig.1.2, Fig.2.1, Fig.2.2, Fig.3, Fig.4, Fig.5, Fig.6, Fig.7, Fig.8, Fig.9, Fig.10, Pho.1, Tab.1, Tab.2, Tab.3, Tab.4, because many proper nouns involve. If translate them into English, will confuse the meaning in Pinyin of Chinese and Romanization of Japanese. 2998
RESEARCH OF ANCESTRAL HALL ARCHITECTURE IN HUIZHOU AREA, CHINA The spatial structure of Ancestral Hall remains in She County Yeqian ZHANG *, Noboru SUGINO **, Takiji SAWADA *** and Yi CAO **** * Grad. Student, Dept. of Production and Construction Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology ** Prof., Dept. of Architecture, Aichi Institute of Technology, Dr.Eng. *** Lect., Dept. of Architecture, Aichi Institute of Technology **** Grad. Student, Dept. of Production and Construction Engineering Course, Graduate School of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology In this research, about Ancestral Hall Architecture in She County, formation and division of Ancestral Hall in Lineage Settlements, further spatial structure and architectural qualities of Ancestral Hall Architecture has been investigated. The result is summarized as follows.. About lineage settlements, according to inflow of immigrants, single-lineage and multi-lineages these two types of villages existed from Tang and Song dynasty until Ming dynasty. In both types villages, Ancestral Hall for worship Lineage First Ancestor or First Immigration Ancestor, Branch-Ancestral Hall for worship The Ancestor of A branch, Worthies-Shrine for worship specific person, lot of these Ancestral Hall Architectures have been built, and some of remains in country side were left.. About Ancestral Hall Architecture, when entering the Ming Dynasty, because inheritance and branching of lineages and dispersion of the Lineage Settlements to neighboring areas, Total-Ancestral Hall, Head-Ancestral Hall, Major Branch-Ancestral Hall, Minor Branch-Ancestral Hall and Family-Ancestral Hall has been created, they can be classify into four types which is Ancestral Hall System (Total-Ancestral Hall, Head-Ancestral Hall), Branch -Ancestral Hall System (Branch-Ancestral Hall, Major-Branch-Ancestral Hall, Minor-Branch-Ancestral Hall), Family-Ancestral Hall System and Worthies-Shrine System.. About Ancestral Hall Architecture, in Ming and Qing dynasty ling up Entrance-hall, Sacrificial-hall, Memorial-hall and Courtyard to creating one space-unit called JIN, the Basic type 3JIN-type was formed. Once more, from small type 1JIN3KEN to large type 5JIN7KEN various types appeared in same time. After, Ancestral Hall System using 3JIN5KEN, Branch-Ancestral Hall System and Family-Ancestral Hall System using 3JIN3KEN or 2JIN3KEN, plane format follow Ancestral Hall Architecture's classify became to settle. From these scale and size, scale of building can be change by increase and decrease number of depth (JIN) and intervals between two pillars (KEN). And, compare Ancestral Hall Architecture in Ming and Qing dynasty, remains in Ming dynasty were larger, in Qing dynasty both of Ancestral Hall and Branch-Ancestral Hall using relatively smaller scale of plane format than Ming dynasty. The reason is in Ming Dynasty Ancestral Hall Architecture was built only by powerful lineage, but in Qing dynasty Ancestral Hall Architecture was built by branched lineage more than powerful lineage.. About Frame format, because Entrance-hall Sacrificial-hall and Memorial-hall constitute Ancestral Hall Architecture are using common, constructive structure is same no matter scale is large or small. Format of Entrance-halls have including Side-side Space, Wall-side Space, Side-central-side Space. Sacrificial-halls have including Side-central-side Space, Side-central-side-side Space. Memorial-hall constitute by Side-central-side Space. Most of Side and Central Space using Post & Lintel Construction by Central-bay sectional view, and Mixconstruction which combining Post & Lintel Construction and Column & Tie Construction's feature has been used by Side-bays sectional view. Central pillar, KOYAURA is hanging over the ceiling, and Bracket Sets or Decorative Brackets has been used on Eave Column. Besides, by using Less-column-made or Shift-column-made in front or back colonnade of Entrance-hall, Sacrificial-hall and Memorial-hall, high continuity space can be created by Central-yard. (2017 年 2 月 9 日原稿受理,2017 年 7 月 20 日採用決定 ) 2999