* 42 3 2018 5 Vol. 42No. 3 May 2018 79 Population Research 2010 60% 210000 Time Allocation on Housework and Care among Urban Couples in China He Guangye Jian Minyi Wu Xiaogang Abstract Based on the analysis of data from China Family Panel Survey CFPS in 2010 this article investigates the pattern of time allocation between partners of married couples in urban China.We employ the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations SURE model to examine how relative income of husbands and wives may affect their time spent on housework and caring work the method of which takes account of the potentially associated between the unobserved gender role expectation and the division of household labor between the couple which have been largely neglected in previous studies. We separate work days from holidays and housework from family care in the empirical analysis.results show that gender display pattern in time allocation is less pronounced in housework than in family care.on work days wives earnings contribution is positively associated with husbands housework time but negatively associated with their own housework time.on holidays wives earnings and husbands housework time show a curve-linear relationship with a first increasing and then declining.as to family care wives earnings contribution is not significantly associated with husbands caring time.there is a clear pattern of gender display on both work days and holidays for wives their caring time would first decrease and then increase with their earnings after their earnings reach 60 percent of their husbands.to understand women s living conditions in China we call for further exploration of potential mechanisms and forces that drive the long-term change and continuity of the traditional gender practices. Keywords Housework Family Care Time Allocation Gender Disparity Authors He Guangye is Junior Research Fellow School of Social and Behavior Sciences Nanjing University. Email hgy.gloria@ nju.edu.cn Kan Man-Yee is Associate Professor Department of Sociology University of Oxford Wu Xiaogang is Professor Division of Social Science The Hong Kong University of Science & Technology. * 17CRK024
80 42 1 Whyte Parish 1984 1980 2009 2015 He Wu 2017 2003 Wu Zhou 2015 Shelton John 1996 2003 2006 2014 2015 Yu Xie 2012 3 2010 1 2 2 Becker 1991 time availability Bianchi et al. 2000 Cooke Baxter 2010 2005 Perrucci et al. 1978
3 81 Manser Brown 1980 Mc Elroy Horney 1981 / Greenstein 2000 South Spitze 1994 Brines 1994 Greenstein 2000 3 3.1 2010 CF- PS 25 CFPS 18 ~ 59 18 ~ 54 3536 3.2 1 = 0 =
82 42 1 1 = 2 = 0 ~ 6 3 = 7 ~ 14 4 = 15 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 2 1 = 2 = <75 3 = > = 75 1 = 2 = <75 3 = > = 75 1 = 0 = 1 = 0 = 1 3.3 Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations SURE Srivastava Giles 1987 t k HTime 1 = X 1 β 1 +ε 1 HTime 1 t 1 X 1 t k β i k 1 k ε 1 t 1 HTime 2 = X 2 β 2 +ε 2 HTime 2 t 1 X 2 t k k ε 2 SURE Ω = Var ε 1 ε 2 [ ] = E ε [ 1 c' ] 1 c' 2 [ ] = E ε 1ε' 1 ε 1 ε' [ 2 ] ε 2 ε 2 ε' 1 ε 2 ε' 2 ε 2 ε' 1 = 0 SURE OLS Ω OLS SURE GLS GLS β 2 1 2 Gupta 2006 2007 Gupta Ash 2008 Killewald Gough 2010
3 83 Table 1 1 Descriptive Statistics of Selected Variables / 0.84 1.14 2.31 1.70 / 0.66 1.17 1.66 2.30 / 1.12 1.30 2.62 1.70 / 0.91 1.52 1.89 2.41 40.89 8.70 38.95 8.64 0.21 0.41 0.29 0.45 0.39 0.49 0.36 0.48 0.24 0.43 0.21 0.41 0.16 0.37 0.14 0.35 0.44 0.50 0.47 0.50 1 = 0.74 0.44 0.54 0.50 8.33 4.73 4.11 7.52 0.17 0.38 0.31 0.27 1 = 0.79 0.41 1 = 0.02 0.15 0.72 0.45 <75 0.23 0.42 > = 75 0.04 0.20 0.78 0.42 <75 0.19 0.39 > = 75 0.03 0.17 0.13 0.34 <7 0.25 0.44 7~ 14 0.26 0.44 > = 15 0.35 0.48 1.31 0.71 N 3183
84 42 4 4.1 2 3 SURE 1 23 Breush-Pagan 0.01 0.001 1 4.2 2 9 2 3 2 U 68% 4.3 30 1 13 15 0 ~ 6 2 20 1
3 85 Table 2 2 SURE SURE Model Predicting Housework Time of Husbands and Wives 1 2 3 1 2 3 0.084-0.176 * 0.057 0.076 0.318 * 0.722 * -0.758 *** -0.807 * 0.159 0.282 0.210 0.374-0.451 0.055 0.261 0.345 1 = -0.639 *** -0.632 *** -0.632 *** -0.023-0.040-0.040 0.051 0.051 0.051 0.068 0.068 0.068 1 = 0.101 * 0.090 0.084-1.233 *** -1.206 *** -1.205 *** 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.066 0.067 0.067-0.020 *** -0.011-0.012-0.001-0.022 * -0.022 * 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.006 0.000-0.003-0.015 *** 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.007 0.007-0.021-0.020-0.020 0.151 ** 0.149 ** 0.149 ** 15 + 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.003-0.002-0.006-0.101-0.090-0.089 0.069 0.069 0.069 0.091 0.091 0.091 0~ 6-0.013-0.012-0.012-0.269 ** -0.271 ** -0.271 ** 0.075 0.075 0.075 0.099 0.099 0.099 7~ 14-0.115-0.116-0.119 * -0.069-0.067-0.067 0.060 0.060 0.060 0.079 0.079 0.079 R- 0.119 0.12 0.121 0.306 0.308 0.308 431.297 433.44 436.846 1406.586 1417.631 1417.667 0.050 0.052 0.052 0.051 0.051 0.100 0.053-0.073 0.068 0.085 0.316 0.910 ** -0.649 ** -0.980 * 0.188 0.333 0.236 0.419
86 42 2 1 2 3 1 2 3-0.664 * 0.370 0.308 0.387 1 = -0.138 * -0.130 * -0.130 * 0.105 0.086 0.086 0.060 0.061 0.061 0.076 0.076 0.076 1 = 0.111 0.099 0.091-0.450 *** -0.422 *** -0.418 *** 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.074 0.075 0.075-0.012 * -0.002-0.003 0.002-0.018-0.017 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.010 0.005-0.002-0.007-0.015 ** -0.001 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.008-0.084 * -0.083 * -0.084 * 0.094 0.090 0.090 15 + 0.041 0.041 0.041 0.052 0.052 0.052-0.086-0.090-0.096-0.139-0.131-0.127 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.102 0.102 0.102 0~ 6-0.014-0.013-0.014-0.210-0.210-0.210 0.088 0.088 0.088 0.111 0.111 0.111 7~ 14-0.074-0.075-0.079-0.002 0.000 0.002 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.089 0.088 0.089 R- 0.052 0.052 0.054 0.127 0.128 0.129 173.935 176.270 181.186 461.459 469.313 470.361 0.101 0.103 0.103 0.101 0.103 0.103 *** p<0.001** p<0.01 * p<0.05 Breusch-Pagan 1 55% 55% 1 60%
3 87 Table 3 3 SURE SURE Model Predicting Caring Time of Husbands and Wives 1 2 3 1 2 3 0.181 ** 0.097 0.059 0.103 0.513 ** 0.056-0.275-1.515 ** 0.163 0.289 0.284 0.504 0.511 1.385 ** 0.267 0.466 1 = -0.498 *** -0.490 *** -0.490 *** 0.079 0.063 0.063 0.052 0.053 0.053 0.091 0.092 0.092 1 = -0.028-0.043-0.037-1.080 *** -1.061 *** -1.044 *** 0.051 0.052 0.052 0.089 0.090 0.090-0.017 *** -0.004-0.003 0.004-0.007-0.005 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.012 0.006-0.004 0.000-0.040 *** -0.031 *** -0.022 * 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.033 0.033 0.033 0.227 *** 0.222 *** 0.223 *** 15 + 0.036 0.036 0.036 0.062 0.062 0.062-0.045-0.054-0.050-0.299 * -0.298 * -0.286 * 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.123 0.123 0.123 0~ 6 0.691 *** 0.693 *** 0.693 *** 2.114 *** 2.116 *** 2.116 *** 0.077 0.077 0.077 0.134 0.134 0.134 7~ 14 0.190 ** 0.188 ** 0.191 ** 0.514 *** 0.513 *** 0.522 *** 0.061 0.061 0.061 0.107 0.107 0.107 R- 0.123 0.123 0.124 0.307 0.307 0.309 447.402 447.956 452.126 1411.685 1411.757 1424.539 0.214 0.216 0.214 0.214 0.216 0.214 0.154 * 0.062 0.076 0.109 0.463 * 0.203-0.438-1.698 ** 0.211 0.376 0.301 0.535
88 42 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 0.291 1.408 ** 0.347 0.494 1 = -0.079-0.072-0.072 0.102 0.082 0.082 0.068 0.068 0.068 0.097 0.097 0.097 1 = -0.052-0.066-0.062-0.581 *** -0.557 *** -0.539 *** 0.066 0.067 0.067 0.094 0.095 0.095-0.017 ** -0.005-0.005-0.003-0.020-0.018 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.013 0.003-0.005-0.003-0.034 *** -0.023 * -0.013 0.004 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.140 * 0.135 * 0.136 * 15 + 0.046 0.046 0.046 0.066 0.066 0.066-0.071-0.079-0.077-0.440 *** -0.437 *** -0.424 ** 0.091 0.091 0.091 0.130 0.130 0.130 0~ 6 1.120 *** 1.122 *** 1.122 *** 2.531 *** 2.533 *** 2.533 *** 0.100 0.100 0.100 0.142 0.142 0.142 7~ 14 0.255 ** 0.253 ** 0.255 ** 0.623 *** 0.623 *** 0.632 *** 0.079 0.079 0.079 0.113 0.113 0.113 R- 0.119 0.120 0.120 0.287 0.288 0.289 431.853 432.694 433.492 1282.774 1285.292 1296.702 0.284 0.286 0.285 0.284 0.286 0.285 *** p<0.001** p< 0.01 * p< 0.05 2 Breusch- Pagan 5 2010 SURE
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