1989 5 1991 22

[] 1985 46 219 220

3 1972 308

Business Today1987 5 372

Rkh8fd R. NelsonCovernment and Technical Progress1987PP.39.

9.9 7.3 4.4 2.0 8.9 5.7 4.9 2.0 7.7 6.3 6.0 2.0 7.8 9.5 5.7

/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. 3.

[] 1987 7 1

37 22 15

1992 11 157

1965 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.5 1966 2.8 2.1 1.8 1.5 2.3 1967 2.8 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.3 1968 2.8 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.3 1969 2.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 1970 2.6 1.9 2.1 1.8 1971 2.4 1.9 2.2 1.9 2.1 1972 2.4 1.9 2.2 1.9 1973 2.3 1.8 2.1 1.9 1974 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.2 1975 2.2 1.8 2.2 2.0 1976 2.2 1.8 2.1 2.0 1977 2.2 1.8 2.1 1.9 2.2 1978 2.1 1.8 2.2 1.9 1979 2.2 1.8 2.4 2.0 1980 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.1 2.4 1981 2.4 2.0 2.5 2.2 1982 2.5 2.1 2.6 2.4 2.2 1983 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.5 1984 2.6 2.2 2.5 2.6 1985 2.8 2.3 2.8 2.8 2.3 1987 2.8 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.3 1988 2.7 2.3 2.9 2.9 2.2 1989 2.7 2.3 2.9 3.0 2.0 1990 2.7 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

1960 13523 8738 65 4516 33 149 1 120 1970 26134 14892 57 10444 40 461 2 337 1975 35213 18109 51 15820 45 749 2 535 1980 62593 29451 47 30911 49 1323 2 908 1981 71840 33465 47 35944 50 1520 2 971 1982 79328 36505 46 40096 51 1702 2 1025 1983 87178 40667 47 43514 50 1864 2 1133 1984 101139 45641 45 52204 52 2104 2 1190 1985 113818 52120 46 57977 51 2376 2 1345 1986 119529 54273 45 61056 51 2790 2 1410 1987 125352 57904 46 62642 50 3200 3 1606 1988 133741 61499 46 66953 50 3473 3 1816 1989 140486 62688 45 71767 51 3948 3 2083 1990 145450 64000 44 74700 51 4450 3 2300

1960 13523 1726 13 10509 78 646 5 4 1970 26134 4079 16 18067 69 2335 9 6 1975 35213 5354 15 24187 69 3409 10 6 1980 62593 7632 13 44505 71 6060 10 6 1981 71840 8425 12 51810 72 6819 9 7 1982 79328 9141 12 57995 73 7288 9 6 1983 87178 10582 12 63403 73 7781 9 6 1984 10113 11572 11 74800 74 8617 9 6 9 1985 11381 12945 11 84239 74 9686 9 6 8 1986 11952 13535 11 87823 73 10926 9 7 9 1987 12535 13413 11 92155 74 12153 10 5 2 1988 13374 14281 11 97889 73 13465 10 6 1 1989 14048 15121 11 101599 72 14987 11 6 6 1990 14545 0 16100 11 104200 72 11000 11 6 1955 1960 1970 1980 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 48 52 33 22 30 30 31 29 28 1 3 10 7 6 7 3 4 4 49 55 43 29 36 37 34 33 32

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 R&D 26134 100 35213 100 62593 100 108800 100 145450 100 3549 14 4608 13 8079 13 13325 12 21920 15 5720 22 7865 22 14050 22 23900 22 33895 23 16865 64 22742 65 40464 65 71575 66 89635 62

1976 7358 29769 37127 1977 8936 38273 47209 1978 10725 43263 53988 1979 10627 41787 52414 1980 12860 51715 64575 1981 12153 55398 67551 1982 17094 61219 78313 1983 20143 61764 81907 1984 24951 68371 93322

1979 1982 1986 1. 19.79 1. 22.24 1. 31.484 2. 17.19 2. 15.20 2. 30.76 3. 13.60 3. 16.75 3. 23.68 4. 9.80 4. 13.38 4. 19.15 5. 6.40 5. 7.67 5. 10.95 6. 5.45 6. 10.38 7. 5.25 7. 10.12 8. 4.59 8. 9.74 9. 4.36 9. 8.38 10. 4.15 10. 7.66 90.58 75.24 162.20 (%) (%) 40.8 44.9 12.5 13.1 10.5 10.1 8.2 6.5 3.0 3.2 5.8 5.4 6.0 5.4 6.6 6.8 10.5 8.0

(1) 15.8 (2) 14.5 (3) 12.3 R&D (%) (4) 12.0 (5) 11.7 (6) 11.4 (7) 11.3 (8) 10.9 (9) 10.8 (10) 10.7 1958 1 100 SS1 1965 100 1000 MS1 1973 100 10 LS1 1978 10 100 ULS1 1987 100 VLS1

(in)(mm) 1970 2 (50mm) 2 1973 3 (75mm) 0.2(1975 ) 1975 4 (100mm) 1979 5 (125mm) 1985 8 (200mm) 0.005(1984 )

(1780 1910 (1911 1945 ) (1768 ) (1897 ) ( 1908 ) (1870 ) (1938 ) (1941 ) (1918 ) (1934 ) (1948 ) (1937 ) (1936 ) (1913 ) (1920 ) (1942 )

(1946 1975 ) (1957 ) (19955 ) (1946 ) (1956 ) (1951 ) (1948 ) (1958 ) (1965 (1969 ) (1969 ) DNA (1953 ) (1971 ) (1971 ) (1951 ) (1973 ) (1960 ) CAD CAM (1975) CBE (1966 ) (1958 ) (1972 ) (1973 ) (1975 ) (1951 )

1976 (1976 ) (1977 ) (1979 ) (1983 ) (1983 )

1946 1948 1949 1951 1954 1956 IBM 1959 1971 250 1972 IBM 10 1975 1.3 1976 1977 1982 1 1

1975 42269 13457 14302 9286 5224-6.0 3.5 9.5-10.7-13.8 1977 57052 20172 19225 13518 4182 18.8 19.6 22.5 15.1 12.6 1978 69459 25697 21837 17076 4849 21.7 27.4 13.6 26.3 15.9 1979 84138 32412 25734 21243 4749 21.1 26.1 17.8 24.4-2.1 1980 100169 38996 30772 25561 4840 19.1 20.3 19.6 20.3 1.9 1981 116709 47225 35659 28771 5054 16.5 21.1 15.9 12.6 4.4 1982 127735 54301 39130 29513 4791 9.4 15.0 9.7 2.6-5.2 1983 138723 57468 42119 33875 5261 8.6 5.8 7.6 14.8 9.8 1984 193095 68328 47494 42979 5992 39.2 18.9 12.8 26.9 13.9 1985 201407 73210 52315 38854 5700 4.3 7.1 10.2-9.6-4.9 1988 200667 78748 63705 50988 7226-0.1 2.2 5.0 9.5 8.2 1989 205372 80616 63606 54937 6213 2.3 2.4-0.2 1.1-14.0 1990 211471 83350 66575 55164 6382 2.9 3.4 4.7 0.1 0.4 1977 1982 1984 122188 187896 210400

1975 2123 3732 1622 1976 2814 5035 2051 1977 3579 6026 2392 1978 5254 7111 2747 1979 6908 8976 3782 1980 8077 00730 4513 1981 10786 14015 4298 1982 11356 14853 7008 1983 12702 16749 7519 1984 17159 18878 10240 1988 28126 25696 (NA) 1989 29072 24925 (NA) 1990 30575 25580 (NA)

1992 11 1 40

1970 1975 1980 1984 1985 1984 1985 1990 1841 1618 1483 1416 1402 1440 1426 1332 20312 26823 34665 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 12390 21200 35300 45850 49069 193779 207289 256000 2953 5500 10475 16000 17245 73868 78425 90100 684 731 765 631 653 655 677 616 19182 25548 33748 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 11175 19520 32491 42093 45501 186151 199978 250900

CNC FMC FMS CIM ISDN

%( (%)( (%)( %( ) ) ) (%) 1950 8785 46.6 6201 45.3 50838 28.6 16.0 800 76.3 26.671 50.9 1955 10617 39.4 7191 38.0 44528 21.9 13.5 716 52.2 33574 43.5 1960 9007 26.0 6225 26.8 39402 18.1 13.4 786 47.6 34798 33.1 1965 11926 26.2 8248 26.1 47804 19.5 18.4 1105 45.4 38495 25.6 1970 11931 20.1 8514 20.6 55580 21.5 18.8 823 28.0 47529 21.1 1975 10581 16.4 7452 16.5 58633 21.3 22.7 898 27.0 41309 15.6 1980 10080 14.6 6870 75270 19.9 (NA) 804 1985 7925 12.1 5040 80390 18.4 (NA) 1136 1990 8846 20.6 42420 (NA) 43890 12.5 5480 (NA) 19.0 (NA) 977 (NA) (NA) 13.0 1993 8800 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) 14.2 ( ) 16.4 ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 3

Business Today5thed.1987pp.158 Business Today5thed.1987pp.49

1980 1983 1985 1986 1987 21.4 22.2 21.4 18.3 17.2 13.3 17.6 18.7 15.7 15.6 17.9 18.3 17.9 15.5 15.3 10.0 8.9 7.9 6.8 6.9

[] W. 1987 9

GCP(%) (%) 68.0 76.0 54.0 53.0 56.0 63.0 58.0 55.0 1990(10 ) 1982 1990 (%) 78 20 (content) ( ) 162 45 71 46 92 56 99 9 6 6 17 1972 3411 971 1889 551 1977 7476 1992 4474 1010 1982 21810 8186 10099 3526 9

1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969-1.5-14.8-1.8 4.1 0.6 8.7 8.1 3.8 3.9-1.3 6.7 2.1 1.8-0.2 6.0 2.3 2.5 5.8 4.0 5.3 5.9 5.9 2.7 4.4 2.6 1945 1955 1.5 1971 1953 1973 3.5 1975 1953 1963 3.1 1979 1963 1973 4.1 1983 1973 1993 2.3 1987 1973 1983 1970 1972 1973 1974 1976 1977 1978 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 2.0 1991 1992 1993 1994-0.3 3.0 5.7 5.5-1.4-1.3 4.8 4.6 5.2 2.1-0.2 1.9-2.5 3.6 6.4 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.9 2.5 0.8-1.2 2.6 2.8 3.1 1983 1993 2.7 1953 1993 2.8

[] 1992 146

47 1975 570

1950 1960 1970 1980 1986 46.1 40.6 36.0 33.7 29.1 44.9 38.9 34.7 31.3 27.4 53.4 58.8 63.1 64.2 69.9 55.1 61.1 65.3 68.7 72.7

1929 1933 1933 1945 1945 1953 1953 1960 1961 1963 1963 1968 1969 1974 1974 1976 1977 1980 1980 1988 1988 1992 1993 % % 1933 24.9 1929 3.2 1934 10.0 1944 1.2 1949 7.9 1953 2.9 1958 7.5 1960 4.8 1961 7.1 1963 5.7 1964 4.8 1968 3.4 1973 6.1 1970 3.9 1975 9.0 1976 7.5 1980 7.8 1979 5.6 1982 10.1 1981 7.6 1992 7.0 1993 6.8 1993 6.4 1994 6.6 1995 6.1

[] 1985 59 60

1965 1980 1990 1965 1980 1990 1965 1980 1990 GDP GDP 30 19 17 29 37 38 41 44 45 70 68 12 16 18 22 5 4 3 40 36 34 55 60 63 14 7 38 35 48 58

[] 1989 648

1992 3 45