Working Paper Series No.20 2002 6
1997 1978-2000 28.1% 15.9% 2000 63.8 50% 80 90 1997 1
1997 8.74 71.39% 9 83.4% 30 2% 4.51 51.63% 4.23 48.37% 106.7( 2.1) 2.1-0.5 100 110 110 105 0.2 20 105 8 10 100 2.1 2
2.1 () % / (=100) 873772239 51.63 48.37 106.7 16.98 6.56 10.42 1926.07 3797563 50.27 49.73 101.1 8.02 5.34 2.68 3561.94 3755220 50.65 49.35 102.6 2999.68 51712750 50.92 49.08 103.8 13.85 6.55 7.30 2054.95 22209252 51.54 48.46 106.4 16.59 6.25 10.34 1557.19 12836803 52.28 47.72 109.6 16.09 6.43 9.66 1602.34 21571889 51.41 48.59 105.8 12.15 6.19 5.96 2149.98 13093053 51.77 48.23 107.4 12.53 5.60 6.93 2125.56 15808115 51.67 48.33 106.9 12.40 5.05 7.35 2181.86 3992873 49.28 50.72 97.2 5.60 7.00-1.40 4846.13 53348829 51.00 49.00 104.1 12.11 6.58 5.53 3029.32 33803872 51.63 48.37 106.7 12.09 6.58 5.51 3462.99 48823872 52.15 47.85 109.0 16.00 6.50 9.50 1607.72 24481571 51.40 48.60 105.8 13.22 5.94 7.28 2492.49 29622249 52.31 47.69 109.7 17.53 7.02 10.51 1869.63 68739938 50.74 49.26 103.0 10.60 6.76 3.84 2086.31 74509613 51.52 48.48 106.3 14.28 6.44 7.84 1579.19 37553197 52.06 47.94 108.6 16.08 6.93 9.15 1863.62 48588567 52.10 47.90 108.8 12.81 7.20 5.61 1792.25 48495923 51.38 48.62 105.7 18.05 6.09 11.96 3183.46 35392759 53.00 47.00 112.8 16.83 6.82 10.01 1703.13 4175161 51.92 48.08 108.0 20.08 5.88 14.20 1746.08 23760597 52.29 47.71 109.6 67218789 51.83 48.17 107.6 16.68 7.35 9.33 1453.42 29289380 52.31 47.69 109.7 22.05 7.69 14.36 1276.67 33266087 51.47 48.53 106.1 20.87 7.94 12.93 1229.28 2068941 49.05 50.95 96.3 24.70 8.50 16.20 1353.26 26997244 51.74 48.26 107.2 14.99 6.51 8.48 1165.10 19394634 51.76 48.24 107.3 17.43 6.64 10.79 1100.59 3243666 50.92 49.08 103.7 21.89 7.20 14.69 1173.80 3707048 51.20 48.80 104.9 19.03 5.25 13.78 1397.80 8512784 51.16 48.84 104.8 19.45 6.60 12.85 1290.01 (1997) (1997) (Gary S. Becker and Migel Tomes, 1976) 2-3 2.1, 30 15 30% 60 10% 0-14 65 15-64 3
53.1% 10.1% 43.0% 0-4 65 ( 2.2) 4
2.2 100 870900 445459 425440 100.0 51.1 48.9 104.7 0-4 63454 34748 28706 7.3 7.8 6.7 121.0 5-9 98276 52033 46243 11.3 11.7 10.9 112.5 10-14 82710 43049 39661 9.5 9.7 9.3 108.5 15-19 65711 34012 31699 7.5 7.6 7.5 107.3 20-24 73274 36815 36459 8.4 8.3 8.6 101.0 25-29 88386 44331 44055 10.1 10.0 10.4 100.6 30-34 82818 41694 41124 9.5 9.4 9.7 101.4 35-39 50323 25570 24753 5.8 5.7 5.8 103.3 40-44 62425 31766 30659 7.2 7.1 7.2 103.6 45-49 48235 24695 23540 5.5 5.5 5.5 104.9 50-54 36783 19038 17745 4.2 4.3 4.2 107.3 55-59 31450 16378 15072 3.6 3.7 3.5 108.7 60-64 29359 15073 14286 3.4 3.4 3.4 105.5 65-69 23144 11379 11765 2.7 2.6 2.8 96.7 70-74 16755 7739 9016 1.9 1.7 2.1 85.8 75-79 10281 4444 5837 1.2 1.0 1.4 76.1 80-85 5251 1969 3282 0.6 0.4 0.8 60.0 85-89 1768 576 1192 0.2 0.1 0.3 48.3 90-94 409 133 276 0.0 0.0 0.1 48.2 95+ 89 22 67 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.8 1997 1997 26-35 26-35 39.4% 26-35 30% 26-35 22.36% 18-25 26.37% 50 50 61 8.25% 2.3 2.3 % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 15 1.04 1.11 1.34 0.96 0.46 0.24 16-17 2.53 2.64 2.47 3.28 2.28 1.26 18-25 20.45 20.88 17.98 26.37 23.48 15.19 26-35 29.53 28.72 31.12 22.36 29.47 39.40 36-45 20.61 20.06 21.19 17.77 19.31 27.33 5
46-50 8.39 8.47 7.41 10.33 9.65 7.45 51-55 5.68 5.84 5.30 7.00 6.12 3.73 56-60 4.78 4.97 4.95 5.45 4.32 2.44 61 6.97 7.30 8.25 6.48 4.93 2.97 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 15 0.83 0.89 1.08 0.73 0.37 0.21 16-17 2.33 2.43 2.29 2.93 2.17 1.21 18-25 20.19 20.68 17.52 26.67 23.45 14.45 26-35 29.13 28.41 30.27 23.11 29.60 37.54 36-45 20.31 19.72 21.58 16.09 18.25 27.18 46-50 8.38 8.41 7.55 9.95 9.31 8.02 51-55 5.88 6.00 5.42 7.20 6.39 4.41 56-60 5.14 5.31 5.21 5.90 4.76 3.11 61 7.80 8.14 9.07 7.40 5.69 3.87 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 15 1.27 1.35 1.62 1.21 0.55 0.28 16-17 2.75 2.87 2.67 3.66 2.39 1.32 18-25 20.75 21.11 18.49 26.03 23.51 16.08 26-35 29.98 29.07 32.05 21.52 29.34 41.64 36-45 20.94 20.43 20.75 19.63 20.45 27.51 46-50 8.41 8.54 7.25 10.76 10.01 6.76 51-55 5.46 5.66 5.16 6.79 5.82 2.91 56-60 4.38 4.59 4.65 4.94 3.83 1.63 61 6.05 6.38 7.35 5.46 4.09 1.88 (1997) 80 80 46% (Lin,1992) 80 80 90 3.1 4.34 2.09 2.25 48.22%51.78% 93.1 4.25 97.9% 95.00% 56.79% 3.49% 0.69% 0.57% 0.24% 6
3.1 33.1 75.16% 52.46% 7
3.1 % 433506420 424995486 8510934 100.00 100.00 100.00 408576452 403743085 4833367 94.25 95.00 56.79 15676675 14835077 841598 3.62 3.49 9.89 2545082 1040082 1505000 0.59 0.24 17.68 3885386 2934206 951180 0.90 0.69 11.18 2822825 2443036 379789 0.65 0.57 4.46 209040134 203602227 5437907 48.22 47.91 63.89 198114302 195294270 2820032 48.49 48.37 58.35 4179663 3685302 494361 26.66 24.84 58.74 1812207 729216 1082991 71.20 70.11 71.96 3010989 2242876 768113 77.50 76.44 80.75 1922973 1650563 272491 68.12 67.56 71.75 224466286 221393259 3073027 51.78 52.09 36.11 210462150 208448815 2013335 51.51 51.63 41.65 11497012 11149775 347237 73.34 75.16 41.26 732956 310866 422090 28.80 29.89 28.04 874397 691330 183067 22.50 23.56 19.25 899771 792473 107298 31.88 32.44 28.25 (1997) 3.2 84.70% 15.30% 93.59% 6.41% 2/5 29.59% 23.18 18.54% 12.13 8
3.2 % 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 87.18 88.93 99.55 76.15 68.02 65.79 4.83 3.74 0.23 6.84 12.41 18.15 3.79 3.37 0.12 7.20 9.86 8.91 4.21 3.96 0.10 9.81 9.71 7.16 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 82.91 84.70 99.36 67.09 55.66 61.96 6.46 5.32 0.32 9.78 17.66 19.74 5.18 4.73 0.18 10.16 13.82 10.34 5.46 5.25 0.14 12.97 12.85 7.95 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100 91.91 93.59 99.75 86.21 81.46 70.41 3.03 2.00 0.13 3.58 6.71 16.22 2.24 1.86 0.06 3.92 5.55 7.18 2.81 2.55 0.05 6.30 6.29 6.2 (1997) 1996 669.4 15.56% 37.04 447.2 61.20% 35.51% 40% 80-90% 50 2-3 3.3 10-15% 38-45% 92.32% 7.68% 17.56% 82.44% 29-37% 65% 35% 3 4-6 7-9 10-12 65% 35% 9
10
3.4 % 1397267 52995516 34400923 18594593 100.00 64.91 35.09 310282 23202254 15538875 7663379 100.00 66.97 33.03 511943 19092320 11884662 7207658 100.00 62.25 37.75 190121 4059378 2723470 1335908 100.00 67.09 32.91 384921 6641564 4253916 2387648 100.00 64.05 35.95 1397267 52995516 34400923 18594593 100.00 64.91 35.09 1129326 41733482 25093130 16640352 100.00 60.13 39.87 87886 8252152 7387523 864629 100.00 89.52 10.48 23876 745440 640824 104616 100.00 85.97 14.03 112236 1388676 762893 625783 100.00 54.94 45.06 22015 387341 216896 170445 100.00 56.00 44.00 21928 488425 299657 188768 100.00 61.35 38.65 1397267 52995516 33500923 19494593 100.00 63.21 36.79 22974 1309372 100583 1208789 100.00 7.68 92.32 47610 2272523 1611834 660689 100.00 70.93 29.07 7746 378069 311685 66384 100.00 82.44 17.56 279336 16038793 10238630 5800163 100.00 63.84 36.16 1039601 32996759 21238191 11758568 100.00 64.36 35.64 1392591 52910302 34341749 18568553 100.00 64.91 35.09 3 63116 1300686 850917 449769 100.00 65.42 34.58 4-6 191583 4211908 2840022 1371886 100.00 67.43 32.57 7-9 254854 7350510 5220289 2130221 100.00 71.02 28.98 10-12 883038 40047198 25430521 14616677 100.00 63.50 36.50 (1997) 11
4.1 1 1-6 6 1 1-6 6 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 58.9 54.7 49.7 46.5 69.3 71.4 41.1 45.3 50.3 53.5 30.7 28.6 15 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 16-17 3.8 3.0 2.1 2.0 2.5 3.8 18-25 30.6 20.8 17.2 14.9 21.8 37.7 26-35 26.6 29.5 29.1 28.0 33.5 31.1 36-45 13.4 19.8 21.7 22.1 22.6 15.2 46-50 5.4 7.8 9.4 9.8 8.0 5.1 51-55 3.8 5.2 6.5 6.9 4.6 2.9 56-60 3.6 4.5 5.5 6.1 3.1 1.8 61 11.1 8.1 7.5 9.3 3.3 1.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 15 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.3 16-17 3.1 2.7 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.5 18-25 28.8 20.7 16.9 14.3 20.1 31.9 26-35 30.0 30.5 27.5 25.2 34.3 33.7 36-45 15.8 19.8 21.1 20.8 23.1 17.7 46-50 5.9 7.6 9.5 10.0 8.4 6.1 51-55 3.8 5.0 6.9 7.8 5.0 3.5 56-60 3.0 4.3 6.3 7.2 3.3 2.2 61 8.4 8.4 8.9 11.8 3.4 1.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 15 2.3 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.4 16-17 4.9 3.3 2.2 2.0 3.7 7.1 18-25 33.3 21.0 17.5 15.5 25.4 52.3 26-35 21.7 28.2 30.6 30.4 31.9 24.6 36-45 9.9 19.8 22.3 23.2 21.4 8.8 46-50 4.6 8.1 9.3 9.7 7.0 2.6 51-55 3.8 5.5 6.1 6.2 3.9 1.3 56-60 4.4 4.7 4.8 5.1 2.6 0.8 61 15.1 7.7 6.1 7.0 3.0 1.0 1% 4.1 1 58.9% 1 6 6 49.7% 1 41.1% 1 6 6 50.3% 4.1 35 15 1.5 15 3.0 2.2 12
1 4.1 1 46.5% 1 6 6 71.4% 1 53.5% 1 6 6 28.6% 1/2 25 2 25 Joseph Stiglitz 1998 (2001) 4.2 11 8.9 23.6% 6.6 17.3 38.2% 40.3 16.5 2.4 1.4 9.1 15.4% 66.1% 33.9% ( 5.1) 78.48% 45.94% 44.90% 17.06% 8.25% 3.95% 17.49% 5.1 11.33% 1 15 3859 5534 13
22.35% 14
(David Dollar, Roberta Gatti, 1999 worldbank 2001) 5.1 % 433506420 424995486 8510934 100.00 100.00 100.00 75044234 74342074 702160 17.31 17.49 8.25 197786063 195250185 2535878 45.62 45.94 29.80 142433744 138612683 3821061 32.86 32.62 44.90 16604317 15520945 1083372 3.83 3.65 12.73 1355147 1106703 248444 0.31 0.26 2.92 282915 162896 120019 0.07 0.04 1.41 209040134 203602227 5437907 100.00 100.00 100.00 24879622 24525499 354123 11.90 12.05 6.51 90228001 88669069 1558932 43.16 43.55 28.67 81462166 78954057 2508109 38.97 38.78 46.12 11339830 10595543 744287 5.42 5.20 13.69 914719 735841 178878 0.44 0.36 3.29 215835 122218 93617 0.10 0.06 1.72 224466286 221393259 3073027 100.00 100.00 100.00 50164612 49816575 348037 22.35 22.50 11.33 107558101 106581116 976985 47.92 48.14 31.79 60971578 59658626 1312952 27.16 26.95 42.73 5264487 4925402 339085 2.35 2.22 11.03 440428 370862 69566 0.20 0.17 2.26 67080 40678 26402 0.03 0.02 0.86 (1997) 12.6% 23.3%10.7 4.4% 11.7% 7.3 18.98% 32.95% 10.23% 17.15% 3-4 (1995) 30% 12.5% 20% 15
16 1954 1980 1985 2000 ( 1995) 80 1984 15 1996 30 ( 1999) ( ) (2001) 2000 30 60.5% 37.7% 25.1% 49.5% 23% 45.5% 30.9% (2000)
17 Marlen, 1998 26 10 52% 90 20
18 7-22% 24%
19
1995 ( ) 2001 2001 1 2001 2001 3 1999 ( ) 184 (1166 ) 2000 2000 9 ( ) 2001 13 320 321 2001 1 2 Gary S. Becker and Nigel Tomes, 1976, Child Endowment and the Quantity and Quality of Children, Journal of Political Economy, 1976, Vol.84, No.4. Lin, Justin Yifu, 1992, Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in China, American Economic Review 82, No.1: 34-51. David Dollar, Roberta Gatti, 1999, Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women?, Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, Working Paper Series, No. 1, May 1999, The World Bank Development Research Group/Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network.. Joseph Stiglitz 1998 Gender and Development: The Role of the State Gender and Development Workshop, Washington, D.C., April 2, 1998. Worldbank,2001 Engendering Development Washington, D.C.,2001. Marie Randriamamonjy, 2000, Visibility of the Role of Rural Women through an Analysis of Gnederdisaggregated Census Data, http://www.fao.org/sd/wpdirect/wpre0134.htm Maelen Arkesteijn, 1998, Women and Food Security: Overview and Situation in China, http://www.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/sustdev/wpdirect/wpan0022.htm 20