/12/02 1

91-1.1- -01 ( )

6 26 7 9 31 8 8 10 17 11 4 2002/12/02 1

.. 4.. 4.. 5.. 7. 15. 18. 21. 24. 34. 48. 84.. 107.. 125.. 151.. 194. 195. 196. 196 2

197 198 199. 200 201 202 202 203 204. 205. 206 206 207 208 209 210 210 211 214 215. 215 216 218 3

...... 4

. 5

6

. 6 26 09 30-12 00 10 1012 12 00-13 00 13 00-15 00 15 00-16 00 7 9 08 30-08 30-09 00 09 00-10 00 20 10 00-12 00 12 00-13 00 13 00-15 00 15 00-16 00 20 16 00-18 00 18 00-18 30 18 30-19 30 19 30-7 10 07 30-08 00 08 00-12 00 12 00-13 00 13 00-14 00 20 7

14 00-16 00 16 00-17 00 7 15 13 00-13 00-14 30 14 30-15 30 20 15 30-17 30 17 30-18 00 18 00-19 00 19 00-7 16 07 00-07 30 07 30-09 10 09 10-10 00 20 10 00-12 00 12 00-13 00 13 00-14 00 14 00-15 00 15 00-15 10 15 10-16 00 16 00-17 30 17 30-18 00 18 00-19 00 19 00-7 17 07 30-08 00 08 00-08 30 08 30-09 30 20 09 30-09 40 8

09 40-12 00 12 00-13 00 13 00-14 30 7 23 07 45-6 45 7 35 08 00 22 08 00-08 30 08 30-10 00 20 10 00-12 00 12 00-13 00 13 00-13 30 13 30-15 30 15 30-18 30 18 30-19 30 19 30-7 24 08 00-08 30-09 30 20 09 30-11 30 11 30-12 30 12 00-13 00 13 15-15 50 7 30 07 30-07 50-07 30-09 30 09 30-10 30 20 10 30-12 30 12 30-13 30 13 30-16 30 9

10 16 30-17 30 20 17 30-18 00 18 00-19 00 19 00-7 31 07 30-08 00 08 00-10 00 10 00-12 00 12 00-13 00 13 00-14 00 20 14 00-16 00 16 00-17 30

1. 2. 3. (WWF-IUCN 1989 The Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy ) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) ( 11

12 ) ( ) (

13 ) ( ) ( ) ( )

89 90 91 92 ( ) ( ) 14

... 1545 Padua 1552 1500 1570 1590 Padua Leiden (1587) Heidelberg (1593) Oxford (1621) Uppsala (1665) Edinburgh (1670) Chelsea (1673) 1600 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Missouri Botanical Garden The New York Botanical Garden (1735) (1764) (1774) (1786) (1817) (1819) (1821) (1822) 15

2000 95 55 ( ) 4.5 750 56 1992 (BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International) 1987 100 450 ( ) American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA http://www.aabga.org/) Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET http://www.sabonet.org/) 16

WWF-IUCN 1989 The Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ( ) 45 1988 1993 (180 ) (110 ) 108 55.5 17

. 1. 2. 3. 18

(in situ conservation ) (ex situ conservation ) WWF-IUCN 200 500 4. 19

5. WTO CITES CITES Scientific authority CITES CITES 6. 20

... 21

( ) 22

23

. ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 1 2. 8 3. 2 ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 24

2. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 1. 700 2. 500 3. 90 4. 5. 6. 7. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 25

( ) ( ) 1. ( ) 2. 3. 4. 5. 1,500 6. ( ) 1. 2. (1) (2) 300 (3) 3,000 (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) 26

( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) 2. 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) ( ) 27

(7) 4. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 1. 87 925 13 77 2. 3. 269 4. 5. 7 5-6 6. 150 14055 2 7. 64 260 70 624 8. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 28

( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 29

6. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( ) ( ) 1. 2. ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 60ha 500 5,000 30

3. (1) (2) (3) (4) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 31

3. 4. 5. ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 32

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 33

. 1988 1993. 34

1989 The Botanic Gardens Conser vation Strategy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.. ----91 6 26 8.2 1. 35

2. 3. 4. 5. 8.2 ----91 7 9 10 100 50 500 91 36

1. 2. 3. 4. ----91 7 9 400 2800 1. 2. 3. 4. 91 1. 2. 37

91 3. ----91 7 10 90 200 600 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1. 2. 3. 700 38

4. ----91 7 15 505 130 91 1. 2. 3. 4 5 ----91 7 16 39

22 1. 2. 3. ----91 7 16 8.3 6.4 40

( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) 1. 6.4 2. 41

----91 7 17 8.5 155 1. 2. 3. ----91 7 23 11.8 180 90 91 92 95 1. 42

2. ----91 7 23 9 11 60 20 1. 2. ----91 7 23 260 30 43

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 1.5 2. 3. ----91 7 30 1906 1945 1968 72 1. 44

2. 3. ----91 7 30 1. 2. 3. 45

4. ----91 7 31 124m 25,000m 2 91 1. 2. 3 400m 2 3.. 1. 46

2. 21 3. 4. 47

( ). ( ) 1545 Padua 1552 1500 1570 1590 Padua Leiden (1587) Heidelberg (1593) Oxford (1621) Uppsala (1665) Edinburgh (1670) Chelsea (1673) 1600 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Missouri Botanical Garden The New York Botanical Garden 48

(1735) (1764) (1774) (1786) (1817) (1819) (1821) (1822) 2000 95 55 ( ) 4.5 750 56 1992 (BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International) 1987 100 450 ( ) American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta (AABGA http://www.aabga.org/) Southern African Botanical Diversity Network (SABONET http://www.sabonet.org/) 49

WWF-IUCN 1989 The Botanic Gardens Conservation Strategy (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ( ) 45 1988 1993 (180 ) (110 ) 108 55.5 50

51 1. 2. 3. (in situ conservation )

52 (ex situ conservation ) WWF-IUCN 200 500 4.

5. 6. 1. 2. 3.. 53

1. 8 1921 17 2. i. ii. a. 50-70 b. c. d. e. f. g. 3. 8 54

1. 409.5 25 1991 1993 400 2. i. 700 ii. a. 500 b. c. 128 3. 55

( ) 1. 2. i. 1.5 1970 57 / 1000 ii. iii. iv. 56

3. 1. 72 460 72 20 2. i. 1.4 62 2.5 ii. 57

iii. 1.6 1.6 iv. 1 30 30 v. 50 0.5 vi. 0.3 35 35 25 vii. 0.3 44 44 26 viii. 133 ix. 58

60 15 x. 35 0.7 xi. 0.2 22 2000 100 xii. 10000 600 80 0.2 44 3. 59

1. 1950 11.8 2 35 1 5 2. i. 0.8 28 28 28 10 ii. 1.2 56 iii. 10-50 30 25 60

iv. 1 25 25 v. 37 1 3. 300 100 90 12 4. 91 37 9740 5. i. 61

ii. iii. 1. ( ) 3 2. i. ( ) 8.3 1909 a. 5 (Hevea) 26 b. 37 62

10 c. 10 0.5 ii. ( ) 6.4 4.6 a. ( ) ( ) b. 1200 63

iii. a. 1 100 b. 1 3. 1. 64

( 10 ) ( 3 ) 2. i. 6 300 50 / ii. iii. iv. 50 v. vi. 65

vii. 3. 1.5 4. 3 5. 1. 15 66

28 11% 2. i. 3 7 1. 2. 3. 7 2 3 3 0.3 3 ii. iii. iv. 1. 2. 67

3. 4. v. vi. 3. 4. 68

5. 10 1. 2. 3. 1. 60 30% 18 2. i. ii. / iii. iv. v. 0.5 vi. vii. viii. 2.5 ix. 69

x. i. / ii. 2.5 iii. 0.5 500 iv. 1.2 3. 11 19 60 4. 70

5. 1. 91 6. 60 1. 10 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 2. i. 71

20 ii. 55 91 6 iii. ( ) 91 6 24 50-60 (4 3m 2 ) 50 700 iv. v. vi. 72

8 3. 50 4. 5. 6. 1. 414 40 8 1 2. i. 73

ii. iii. iv. 200 ( ) v. 26 3. 74

4. 2-3 5. 1. 60ha 500 5,000 2. 3. 1. 25 75

(150 ) (200 ) 10 ( ) (100 ) 10 i. ii. (Tropical Agro-Botanic Garden) 20 2. 3. 76

4.. ( ) 20 10 77

35 25 44 26 1000 800 100 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4.. 78

. 5. 6. ( ) 1. 500 2. 500 79

3. WWF-IUCN 200 ( http://seed.agron.ntu.edu.tw/link/link5.htm#c4) 80

45 50 ( ) 1. 81

2. 3.. 82

83

84

2002/9/8 85

1097.9 400 870 355.7 409.5 332.7 53 36 17 0.6 171 21 127 538 20 p16 30 7 15 5.5 86

127 538 6 700 300 100 87

430 76 60 128 100 88

1908 8.3 89

6.4 * 57 1.5 90

91

2,100 92

57 1.5 63 177 4.2 11.83 35,417 88 30,000 93

94

7 2 3 300 505 95

2,720 505 373 96

59.17 20 97

98 5

99

8/13 15 2002/8/13 6:30 8:00 8:00 10:00 10:40 12:00 12:00 12:30 15:00 17:30 2002/8/14 6:30 13:30 13:30 2002/8/14 100

101 299,405 220,170 50 88 74 142,288 100,716 71 1945 70

3,283 102

302 303 128,275 64,000 50 60,000 4,000 43,461 27,000 62 12,000 15,000 47,127 35000 30000 74 5000 22,507 302 59 13,170 11,170 2,000 65,033 51,000 78 21000 17000 13,000 35,417 30,000 88 103

299,405 220,170 74 3,000 302 303 / 31,292 18,862 60 11,480 6,362 42,120 34,200 81 31,200 9,798 4,400 2,900 45 700 400 400 21,518 13,814 6,814 3,000 4,000 34,560 26,440 3,000 142,288 100,716 71 302 303 / 30,320 26,000 86 104

2 1.95 172 38 134 105

CITES 6 70 20 106

.............. --. field museum 107

108 - 级 - 级 级 8 ha.

50 500 100 10 87 10 1 2 3. 109

1993 12 1 110

. 73-4 91 90 200 600 25 111

. 18 505 131 35 153 200 级 80 112

4 5 4. 113

22 4 40. 114

1. 8.3 2. 1908 6.4 115

. 12 -- -- 116

. 117

. 1/2 2/3 118

. 1906 57 119

. 185 120

. 121

. -- 122

10 20 123

124

........ 1 2. 125

1993 1544 (Lucia Ghini) (COsimo Medici) 1632 1680-187O 1728 John Bartram) 1805 (Asa Gray) 1872 (James Arnolds) (Arnold Aboretum) 1858 (St. Louis) (Missouri) 680. 91 92 126

127 1. CITES WTO CITES CITES Scientific authority CITES CITES CITES 2. 3.

4. CITES 128

( ) IA ( ) IA (l) IA (l)a IA (2) IA (2)a ( ) A ( ) A (1) A (l)a A (2) A (2)a 1. 129

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2. 3. 4. ( ) ( ) 1 1961 350 3500 2 1976 77 3 1949 58 330 40000 4 1962 46 5 1979 45 87 571 6 1970 40 2000 7 1969 33 200O 8 1987 25 9 1978 24 10 Botanic 1963 23 11 1962 20 550 1600 12 1976 18 10100 13 ( ) 1939 17 1000 35 14 1946 17 15 1935 16 1400 16 1964 16 3200 17 1983 14 18 1944 13 450O 130

19 1985 12 2300 20 1980 12 1227 21 1971 11 22 1960 10 2200 23 1981 10 24 1949 10 25 1980 10 500 2000 26 1959 10 500 3500m2 27 1954 9 1150 28 Sasbo 1961 8 80 850 29 1987 8 30 1989 7 500 31 1962 6 32 1974 5 1200 33 1974 5 600 34 1954 5 2000 10O 35 1971 5 200 36 1967 4 600 37 1976 4 500 38 1980 4 39 1978 3 600 40 1967 3 1000 41 1958 3 1000 42 1982 2 600 43 1976 2 700 44 1956 2 45 1977 2 1800 46 1987 2 350 47 **** 1969 2 3000 48 1976 2 1760 49 1971 2 600 50 1969 1 51 1971 1 11 52 1959 1 700 2O 131

53 1983 1 600 54 1965 1 55 1965 1 600 600 56 1971 1 130 630 57 1965 1 1000 58 1988 1 860 226 297 59 1964 1 100 60 1927 1 61 1965 1 62 1964 1 55 250 63 1966 1 600 42 64 1966 500 65 1972 500 66 1941 400 67 1955 300 150 68 1965 600 69 1950 800 70 1980 800 71 1970 72 1500 73 300 74 1824 200 75 76 77 78 10 1000 79 800 15000 80 4000 81 82 12000m2 83 3500 132

84 500 85 120 86 5000 87 11000 88 11 89 2000 90 91 720m2 92 2500 2000 93 750 450 94 kobe 95 100 1500 96 2300 97 1600 98 99 230 700 100 700 1800m2 101 5 102 133

. 1993 ; ( ) ( ) ( ) 134

1985 1 39 40 ( ): 2/3 60000 : (In Situ Conservation) 2: (EX Situ Conservation) 135

; ; Moira Neilson 1985 12% 27% 29% 32%. : ( ) : 136

1 2 (Conservatories) ( ) 3 80 ( ) : 1 2 137

138 1 2 3 ( ) : : ; : ( ) 1,

139,., 2 ( ) ( ) 3 ; 4 5 6

( ) : ( ) 140

. (Royal Botanic Garden, Kew ) 121 1759 (Kew Garden) 4 1841 ( ) (William Aiton) (William Chanber) (Hooker) ; : 1. 90% " ; (Hutchinson) ; ( ) ( 141

) ( ) 2. ; ( ) 5000 1000 200 5000 600 2200 150 142

1000 4000 3500 1915 283 canada agriculture experimental farm 1897 55 dominion botanic garden 1932 73 montreal botanic garden 143

1941 809 royal botanical garden 1845 36 royal botanical garden and national arboretum 1949 90 australian national botanic gardens jervis bay 80 meise 1870 7.3 national botanic garden 1860 8.1 botanic garden of royal veterinary and agricultural college 1857 7 botanic garden 5000 1679 48 botanic garden and musum of the univrsity 1795 19 national botanic garden 1913 552 national botanic garden of south africa 144

1787 19 botanical garden of the university 1817 18 botanical garden kew 1759 120 royal botanical garden 1670 24 royal botanical garden 1904 80 royal wisley horticultural garden 1945 360 botanical garden 91 92 93 94 450 350 350 40 40 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.35 1.5 0.75 0.85 15 150 50 5 12.1 12.1 12.1 12.1 60 145

. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. (90) (01) (90) (93) (12),,,,,, 146

147,,,,,, 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2 3

148 4 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 2 3 1

149 2 3 1 2 25 1,,,,, 2,, 3, 4,, 5 1 2 3 4 1

2 3 4 5 150

..... (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 151

. 152

. A 91.6.26 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1896 153

1996 6% 2. 91 6 26 1:30-4:30p.m. 3 a. b. c. 8.2 17 user s friendly 35 154

d. 1 2 3 e. 2 5:00-8:00a.m 7:00-10:00p.m. 65 f. 155

g. B 91.7.9 1. 87 100 10 2. 91 7 9 10:00-12:00a.m. 2 h. i. 156

j. 100 10 k. 1 2 3 l. 157

5:00-8:00a.m 7:00-10:00p.m. 65 m. n. C 91.7.9 1. 158

68 409.5 1097.9 40% 400 2800 2. 91 7 9 14:00-19:00p.m. 5 a. b. c. 15 Engler 20 6 160 5.5 3 d. 159

e. 400 65 f. 8 g. D 91.7.10 160

1. 92 200-600 60 60 73 91 9798 2. 91 7 10 11:00-15:00p.m. 4 a. 50 b. 161

c. 10 94 93 d. e. 162

f. g. 91-94 163

E 91.7.15 1. 505 10 100 18 45 153 35 2 2. 91 7 15 14:30-18:00p.m. 4 a. b. c. 100 164

d. 5 3 e. 165

f. g. 91-95 F 91.7.16 1. 8.3 6.4 2 4 166

2 1000 4 2. 91 7 16 14:00-17:00p.m. 3 a. b. c. 8 167

d. 2 e. 168

65 f. g. G 91.7.16 1. 82 22 2. 91 7 16 09:00-12:00a.m. 3 a. 169

b. c. 22 Engler 3 d. e. 170

f. g. H 91.7.17 1. 8.5 155 2. 91 7 17 09:00-12:00a.m. 3 a. 171

b. c. 8.5 2 d. 172

e. 65 f. g. I 91.7.23 173

1. 11.8 180 91 2. 91 7 23 9:00-12:00a.m. 3 a. b. c. 174

d. e. 65 175

f. g. J 91.7.23 1. 9 11 60 20 2. 91 7 23 13:00-14:00p.m. 1 a. 20 b. 176

20 c. 20 d. e. 177

f. g. K 91.7.23 1. 260 30 2. 91 7 23 17:00-19:30p.m. 178

3 a. 260 b. c. 30 2-3 d. 179

e. 65 f. g. 180

L 91.7.30 1. 2. 91 7 30 10:30a.m.-13:30p.m. 3 a. 1906 3 1945 1968 72 181

b. c. 1970 182

d. e. 183

65 f. g. M 91.7.30 1. 10000 59 184

90 25000 91 94 91 2. 91 7 30 16:40-18:00p.m. 7 30 2 a. 66 b. 185

c. 2.5 1.3 1.2 1.6 1.3 d. e. 186

f. g. N 91.7.31 1. 25 91 2150 2. 91 7 31 12:00-14:00p.m. 187

. 1. 188

2. 3. 189

4. 5. 6. 190

7. 8. 9. 191

192

193

.... 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3 194

6. 7. 8 4. 5. 6. 7. 195

( ) 1. 2. 2,100 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 196

2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 197

5. 6. 1. 2. 2 1. 2. 3. 4. 198

5. 1. 2. 3. 4. () 1. 2. 3. 4. 3 199

. 1. 10 2. 1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. 6. 200

7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 60 201

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 7 202

3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4.5 2,720 4. 203

5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 204

. 1. 2. 3. 4. 205

... ( ) 20 10 206

35 25 44 26 207

1000 800 100 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4... 5. 6. ( ) 208

1. 500 2. 500 3. WWF-IUCN 200 209

4. ( http://seed.agron.ntu.edu.tw/link/link5.htm#c4) 45 210

50 ( ) 211

1. 2. 212

3. (1.) (2.) (3.) (4.) 213

4. 3,283 299,405 220,170 50 88 74 142,288 100,716 71 1945 214

. 215

1. 2. 3. 216

4. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5. 217

(National Botanic Gardens) 218