2.1 2.1.1 1 2 2.1 -- 1/10 --2035% --27010% --110 --65 2.1 --140 3 4 2.1 Indian Subcontinent: among the worlds most disaster prone areas 54% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes 8% of land vulnerable to Cyclones 5% of land vulnerable to Floods 2.1 1 million houses damaged annually + human, social, other losses Biggest quakes in: Andamans, Kuchchh, Himachal, Kashmir, N.Bihar and the North East 5 6 1
2005 2.1 Wind and Cyclones 1891-1990: 262 cyclones (92 severe) in a 50 km wide strip on the East Coast Less severe cyclonic activity on West Coast (33 cyclones in the same period) In 19 severe cyclonic storms, death toll > 10,000 lives 7 In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal (India+Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives have been lost 8 2004 Kobe, 1995 9 10 2.1 (2002.8.,40 ) () 11 12 2
13 14 20064 15 16 2000212 12 17 212 80% 21 18 3
2.1 10 3327 1984-1985100 19 20 21 22 23 24 4
25 26 2.1 2.1 Hurricane Andrew of 1992 caused unprecedented economic devastation along its path through the Bahamas, southeastern Florida, and Louisiana. Damage in the United States was estimated to be about $26 billion, making Andrew the most expensive natural disaster in U.S. 27 28 29 30 5
2.1 1906.4.185:20 8.25 315700 : =10 4040 31 32 33 34 35 1989 San Francisco Earthquake 36 6
2.1 1989 San Francisco Earthquake-akland 37 38 The largest earthquake ever recorded occurred along the coast of Chile in 1960 (M = 9.5; Kanamori, 1977). During the twentieth century, earthquakes with M > 8 have been recorded along the coasts of Ecuador (1906), Chile (1906, 1922, and 1943) and Peru (1940, 1942, 1966, and 1974). 39 40 2.1 1960.5.22 8.98.983710 24 17000 80015 41 42 7
43 44 2.1 2.1 37.4% 45 46 2.1.2 13 13 () / 14% 28% 47 48 8
9 49 50 51 52 5026 1508010252 68% 1915-1946(32), 3710 53 2.2 2.2 54
2.2 2.2.1 77312 ; 45%77 ; 5 2.2 2.2.1 8137 400010046 1303817 15561238.0 83 19806 64831 55 56 2.2 2.2.1 1970.1.5. 7.7(15621 56%) 1975.2.4. 7.3(2041 5008.1) 1976.7.28 7.8(242469 530100) 57 58 2.2 2.2.1 1988.11.6. - 7.67.2 ( 7304014) 1996.2.3 7.0309 3143 59 60 10
Year range from 1900 to 1997 Magnitude >= 4.00 Depth range from.0 to 700.0 61 Year range from 1900 to 1997 Magnitude >= 4.00 Depth range from.00 to 700.00 Azimuth of view direction: -30.0 degree Plunge of view angle : 40.0 degree 62 2.2 2.2.1 - - 2.2 2.2.2 63 64 2.2 2.2.2 1 70 20 19812 1982 8000 2500 20 2.2 2.2.2 100044 76 1386 7000 65 66 11
2.2 2.2.2. 2.2 2.2.2 20 180mm/ 2m 200800 67 68 2.2 2.2.3 (1) 206 19491056 403 kg 50% 69 70 2.2 2.2.3 (1) 2.2 2.2.3 (1) 19205 2000 1942-43300 1876-791300 71 72 12
2.2 2.2.3 (2) 1951-19896.9 5-6 100 1989 57.6 1951-1988 73 74 2.2 2.2.3 (2) 75 7-108 76 2.2 2.2.3 (2) 1922824-6 1985~19895157 32 77 78 13
2.2 2.2.3 (3) 20-30% 79 2.2 2.2.3 (3) : : : : 80 2.2 2.2.3 (3) : 197630% 65 : 30%19691972 197650kg : : 81 2.2 2.2.4 82 2.2 2.2.4 2.2 2.2.4 206-1949 1092 1/1055 100 70% 10-20 789 83 84 14
2.2 2.2.4 206-194921551029 2 194920001590 1911-2000 85 86 2.2 2.2.4 2.2 2.2.4 1962.9.20~10.6. 19312800 14.513.8 19541800 1.3100 19912.2 685 87 88 : (,1994,1998) : (1) : ; ;. 89 90 15
2005 2005 91 92 2005 2005 93 94 2005 2005 95 96 16
2005 2005 97 98 2005 2007 99 100 : (1) : ; ; ; : (1) : ;. 101 102 17
18 103 : (1) : ;. 104 21 21 105 21 21 (1)-- :,. (2)--- 106 21 21 (3)--. (4). (5). 107 21 21 (6) (7) (8) 108 21 21 (9) (10) (11)--
2.3 124 1983 7774.4 207-1.322 3.322 2.3 (1) 505500- --61 5200 109 110 2.3 (2) 18000 (3) 20-5010, 55 2.3 (4) (5) 111 112 2.3 (6)() (7)70% 55% 2.4 () () () () 113 114 19
2.4 (2-3) (10000-20000/ ) () (2-3) (3025-308-10 ) () 115 2.4 (2-3) () (3020-2540) () () 116 20