- 1 Pax Americana Pax Romana Pax Britannica 2 3 20 60 4 1 1998 4 2 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books, 1990, p.50. 3 Immanuel Wallerstein, Three Hegemonies, in Patrick Karl O Brien and Armand Clesse, eds., Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846-1914 and the United States 1941-2001, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002, pp.357-361 4 1989 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound
5 6 2 6 1760-1830 2/3 1.9% 9.5% 30 1860 2% 10% 40-45% 55-60% 1870 to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power Edward Luck, Mixed Messages: American Politics and International Organization, 1919-1999, Washington: Brooking Institution Press, 1999, p.29 Patrick Karl O Brien and Armand Clesse, eds., Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846-1914 and the United States 1941-2001 Kupchan Charles, The End of American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the Twenty-First Century, New York: Knopf, 2002 5 2005 8 Andrew Bacevich, American Empire: The Realities and Consequences of U.S. Diplomacy, Cambridge University Press, 2002. 6 H Mattingly, Roman Imperial Civilization, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1967, p.137.
1900 7 1820-1913 3.9% GDP 8 1688 1815 1900 100 9 19 1816-1900 1816 1830 1860 1880 1890 1900 255000 140000 347000 248000 420000 624000 132000 259000 608000 544000 542000 715000 800000 826000 862000 909000 677000 1162000 / 130000 130000 201000 430000 504000 524000 220000 273000 306000 273000 346000 385000 16000 11000 26000 36000 39000 96000 1989 192 252 19 70 Gunboat Diplomacy 10 7 188-189 8 2003 89 9 P J 2004 140-141 10 Francios Hiebourg, American Hegemony? Perceptions of the US Abroad, Survival, Vol.41, No.4, Winter 1999/2000, pp.5-19.
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 21 12 1987 295 13 2001 5 37-48 14 16 15 82-84 16 35 17 2005 4 123-131
18 19 20 1/6 1/5 21 18 1968 9 19 14 20 2005 219-220 21 Christopher Layne, The Unipolar Illusion: Why New Great Power Will Rise, International Security, Vol.17, No.4, Spring 1993, pp.5-51 2000 5 85-90
22 23 27 180 19 20 21 24 22 1992 152 23 Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984 2001 1 74-88 24 2004 46
25 19 70 24% 26 27 28 1830 1870 1913 1945 1990 2000 Bruce M. Russett, The Mysterious Case of Vanishing Hegemony; or, Is Mark Twain Really Dead?, International Organization, Vol.39, No.2, Spring 1985, pp.207-231 2004 4% 29 30 25 Bruce M. Russett, The Mysterious Case of Vanishing Hegemony; or, Is Mark Twain Really Dead?, International Organization, Vol.39, No.2, Spring 1985, pp.207-239. 26 Robert Latham, History, Theory, and International Order: Some Lessons from the Nineteenth Century, Review of International Studies, Vol.23, No.2, 1997, pp.419-443. 27 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books, 1990, p.51. 28 Francios Crouzet, Mercantilism, War and the Rise of British Power, in Patrick Karl O Brien and Armand Clesse, eds., Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846-1914 and the United States 1941-2001, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002, pp.78-79. 29 32 William Wohlforth, The Stability of a Unipolar World, International Security, Vol.21, No.1, Summer 1999, pp.5-41. 30 Stephen G. Brooks and William C. Wohlforth, American Primacy in Perspective, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No.4, July/August 2002, pp.20-33.
31 3.45 96 32 1815-1853 1853 1871 1871 1914 33 190 132 40 34 19 50 35 31 1986 355 32 2001 3 33 William Wohlforth, The Stability of a Unipolar World, pp.5-41. 34 Immanuel Wallerstein, Three Hegemonies, pp.357-361 35 Anthony Howe, Free-Trade Cosmopolitanism in Britain, 1846-1914, in Patrick Karl O Brien and Armand Clesse, eds., Two Hegemonies: Britain 1846-1914 and the United States 1941-2001, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2002, p.69.
- 36 37-38 39 36 1998 1 57-78 37 33 38 Kupchan Charles, The End of American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the Twenty-First Century, pp.125-127. 39 Richard Ned Lebow and Robert Kelly, Thucydides and Hegemony: Athens and the United States, Review of International Studies, Vol.27, No.3, 2001, pp.593-609.
18 40 16 17 18 19 19 20 41 42 43 44 40 84 41 Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994, p.89. 42 1994 22 43 Robert Latham, History, Theory, and International Order: Some Lessons From the Nineteenth Century, pp.419-443. 44 G. John Ikenberry, Liberalism and Empire: Logics of Order in the American Unipolar Age, Review of International Studies, Vol.30, 2004, pp.609-630.
45 46 2001 47 48 49 45 2000 23 46 Albert Weiberg, Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History, Chicago, 1935, p.240. 47 H 2004 263 48 J. 2004 20 119-123 49 2005 114
20 60 70 Instrumental Multilateralism Strategy
50 W 20 9 11 Multilateralism a la Carte Multilateralism a la Charte 51 50 Foot Rosemary et al, eds., US Hegemony and International Organizations, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp.266-272; Joseph S. Nye, U.S. Power and Strategy after Iraq, Foreign Affairs, Vol.82, No.4, July/August 2003, pp.60-73. 51 William Pfaff, The Question of Hegemony, Foreign Affairs, Vol.80, No.1, January/ February, 2001, pp.221-223.