厦门大学学位论文原创性声明本人呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下, 独立完成的研究成果本人在论文写作中参考其他个人或集体已经发表的研究成果, 均在文中以适当方式明确标明, 并符合法律规范和厦门大学研究生学术活动规范 ( 试行 ) 另外, 该学位论文为 ( ) 课题 ( 组 ) 的研究成果,

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1 学校编码 :10384 分类号密级学号 : UDC 博士学位论文斯里兰卡与古代斯里兰卡与古代中国海洋文化关系的考古学研究 Maritime Cultural Interaction between Sri Lanka and China- Based on Archaeological Artifacts of both Countries Gamini Ranasinghe 指导教师姓名 : 吴春明教授专业名称 : 考古学及博物馆学论文提交日期 : 年 4 月论文答辩时间 : 年 4 月学位授予日期 : 年 5 月答辩委员会主席 : 评阅人 :

2 厦门大学学位论文原创性声明本人呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下, 独立完成的研究成果本人在论文写作中参考其他个人或集体已经发表的研究成果, 均在文中以适当方式明确标明, 并符合法律规范和厦门大学研究生学术活动规范 ( 试行 ) 另外, 该学位论文为 ( ) 课题 ( 组 ) 的研究成果, 获得 ( ) 课题 ( 组 ) 经费或实验室的资助, 在 ( ) 实验室完成 ( 请在以上括号内填写课题或课题组负责人或实验室名称, 未有此项声明内容的, 可以不作特别声明 ) 声明人 ( 签名 ): 年月日

4 厦门大学学位论文著作权使用声明本人同意厦门大学根据中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法等规定保留和使用此学位论文, 并向主管部门或其指定机构送交学位论文 ( 包括纸质版和电子版 ), 允许学位论文进入厦门大学图书馆及其数据库被查阅借阅本人同意厦门大学将学位论文加入全国博士硕士学位论文共建单位数据库进行检索, 将学位论文的标题和摘要汇编出版, 采用影印缩印或者其它方式合理复制学位论文本学位论文属于 : ( )1. 经厦门大学保密委员会审查核定的保密学位论文, 于年月日解密, 解密后适用上述授权 ( )2. 不保密, 适用上述授权 ( 请在以上相应括号内打或填上相应内容保密学位论文应是已经厦门大学保密委员会审定过的学位论文, 未经厦门大学保密委员会审定的学位论文均为公开学位论文此声明栏不填写的, 默认为公开学位论文, 均适用上述授权 ) 声明人 ( 签名 ): 年月日

5 CERTIFICATE This to certify that the thesis (dissertation) entitled Maritime cultural interaction between Sri Lanka and China- Based on archaeological artifacts of both countries Submitted by Gamini Ranasinghe is the result of his own hard work carried out under my supervision. This Dissertation in part or whole has not been submitted to any university or institiution for the similar Degree. I am pleased to recommend this dissertation for evaluation by examiners for the award of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: Professor Wu Chunming

7 Abstract Abstract Sri Lanka is situated in the strategic geographical location that linked with maritime network East and West in the Indian Ocean. The island has been subjected to get foreign attraction from the prehistoric time and engaged with maritime functions with the outer world. According to the location of the country, mariners had to touch the ports of Sri Lanka when they were sailing in the Indian Ocean for the exchange and trans-shipping of cargo and acquire of supplies needed by the marines and passengers in their long distance voyages. In addition, gems, pearls, tusks, muslin, conch and turtle shells, medicine, spices, water and Buddhism appeared as the special reason for the visiting of mariners and passengers to the ports of Sri Lanka. The topic of the study named Maritime cultural interaction between Sri Lanka and China- Based on archaeological artifacts of both countries is focused to the investigation of maritime cultural interaction between Sri Lanka and China in the last two millenniums. The diplomatic relations of two countries increased in the fifth century and developed the maritime trade relations from the eight-century AD using Sri Lankan port as the trans-shipping centers for the Chinese merchandise. Eventually China became the main partner of Sri Lankan maritime economy. Due to the close relationship numbers of Chinese artifacts like, ceramic, coins, tiles, Silk, epigraphs and inscriptions and other cultural materials as well as intangible heritage had saved in the island. Archaeological artifacts found in seaports and inland site of Sri Lanka are studying concerning its context relating to the site. Stratification and content of the layers of the sites are highly used for the chronology of Chinese contacts through maritime culture. The study is mainly based on Chinese artifacts found in Sri Lanka from Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty for the discussing of Sino-Sri Lanka maritime cultural interaction according to the dynastical order of China. The study is concerning for the chronology, distribution of artifacts, the type of the exchanges maritime trend that activated time to time with the ports and capitals of Sri Lanka. Sri Lankan cultural remains in China are more important for the history of Sri Lanka because the most of evidence has still not discussed in the academic field of the country. Art and architecture in Buddhist and Hindu temples, inscriptions, tombs and I

8 Abstract ethnographical remains in China is representing the cultural interaction between China and Sri Lanka at least from the Yuan Dynasty. Siva temple in Quanzhou that built in thirteen century is noted in similar style of Sri Lankan Siva temple, built by Cholas in South India. Then art and architecture detect the cultural interaction in the twelve-thirteen centuries between Sri Lanka and China. There is new route for the academic research on the Sino-Sri Lanka cultural relations based on the discussed tangible and intangible heritages. For example, Shi family, their life style, social states, and family cemetery in Quanzhou, South China is very important archaeological and ethnological evidence to draw the historical line from China to Sri Lanka in the Ming Dynasty. Specially, Sri Lankan royal family in Quanzhou has disappeared in the history of Sri Lana and therefore; the study is contributing to explore the missing royal family in the kingdom of Kotte, Sri Lanka in the Ming Dynasty. Southeast Asian role was more affected for the Sino-Sri Lanka maritime connection in the long distance sea route because both of the parties should have crossed the several ports in Southeast Asia for the exchange and acquired the needs. Maritime market of Southeast Asia was very wide and linked with numbers of trade routes to Europe, Middle East, South and East Asia. Monsoon and natural current networks in the region have made the importance for development of maritime culture. Eventually, Southeast Asian policies, treatments, trade networks, diamond and supply were highly affected to the Sri Lankan maritime economy and then the kings of Sri Lanka made ties with the region through trade, Buddhism, marriage and diplomatic missions. Sri Lankan typed pagoda, Buddha and Bodhisattva image influenced to Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia, Java and Sumatra as well as architectural tradition of those countries received into Sri Lanka. Specially, cultural interaction between Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia highly developed from twelve century to fourteen century. The study focused to the archaeological evidence found in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia to explore cultural interaction that made through maritime routes and the role of Southeast Asia for maritime relation between Sri Lanka and China. Historical evidence is playing a main role for the basement of the study for interpretation of archaeological materials found in Sri Lanka and China that relating to the maritime culture. The impotence of the geographical location, ports, monsoon, current and maritime economy, Buddhism are studying by giving main attention for the role of Sri II

9 Abstract Lanka that played role with the Chinese maritime economy in the Silk Road of the sea in the Indian Ocean from Han Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. Key words: Maritime culture, Sri Lanka, China, Southeast Asia, Artifacts III

10 摘要摘要海上斯里兰卡和中国之间的关系可以追溯到公元一世纪, 双方都明白密切关系对两国之间的海上贸易和在该地区政治稳定的重要性两国创造交流的良好环境, 在历史上保留了珍贵的遗迹本研究主要基于在两个国家发现的考古文物探讨斯里兰卡和中国的海洋文化关系本研究斯里兰卡和中国海洋文化关系主要指从公元一世纪到十五世纪, 还包括至二十世纪两国之间重要的海洋文化交流斯里兰卡位于亚洲海上运输的中心航线上, 在印度洋的航海贸易商业和宗教传播具有战略地位它的港口对参与海上活动发挥了关键的作用中国的历史文献也记载了与斯里兰卡的往来历史悠久中国与斯里兰卡的贸易往来可以追溯到公元一世纪, 第五世纪逐渐发展, 到了六世纪后随着造船技术发展中国国际海上贸易增多, 中国和斯里兰卡交流密切和海上活动增长迅猛中国有形和无形的遗产已在斯里兰卡沉淀数千年, 不少考古文物历史资料飘洋过海来到中国扎根泉州的世家这些都显示出历史上斯里兰卡和中国建立了密切的关系除了由于斯里兰卡地理位置重要, 宗教和灵活的外交政策也是中国等国与斯里兰卡往来密切的主要原因世氏家族是自十五世纪以来中斯关系研究一个非常重要活文物, 他们消失在斯里兰卡历史记载上, 这项研究应该可以填充斯里兰卡历史上的空白许多考古学家历史学家研究考古文物和历史资料来探讨中斯两国关系一般来说, 中国学者关注中国已有的相关资源而斯里兰卡学者也是利用本国的资源, 由于语言障碍, 两国之间的相互研究和调查非常有限本课题的特点在于从考古角度, 调查研究两国出土文物, 梳理历史上中斯海上文化交流, 其次将研究建立在对比目标国家考古遗存, 建立时间框架, 采取多学科相结合的方法推进中斯海上文化活动研究的深入 ; 重点在于通过研究斯里兰卡发现的中国文物和在中国发现的斯里兰卡相关文物, 通过吸收考古资料港口资料文献资料收集博物馆资料东南亚地区海上交通资料等多种资料, 进行实地研究考察, 从多角度对中斯文化交流进行综合性探讨, 主要文物有出土陶瓷出土硬币碑铭石刻佛塔建筑印度教 IV

11 摘要寺庙泉州发现的墓碑佛像, 充分揭示中斯海上文化交流历史悠久, 具有海洋性特征中斯关系的学术史可以追溯到 19 世纪末期在斯里兰卡学术史初期, 中斯关系研究主要参考历史文献后期, 学者从佛教传播出土文物地理位置来分析中斯关系斯里兰卡历史文献记载中国是一个非常重要的国家, 对斯里兰卡经济政治社会文化和宗教等多个方面有较大的影响中国学者同样也关注中斯关系, 重点从郑和下西洋, 丝绸之路, 世家等角度来探索两国之间的往来由于迄今还未有从考古文物看中国和斯里兰卡海上文化交流的相关学术研究, 所以本课题试图主要基于考古材料来探讨中斯文化交流, 揭示其具有海洋性特征, 另外两国的艺术建筑发现的泰米尔语碑铭佛教传播印度教石刻和雕塑也是研究中斯关系的重要方面, 例如在中国发现的印度教雕塑同斯里兰卡波隆纳鲁伐王朝的印度教雕塑类似, 因此笔者从史料和考古文物来探索斯里兰卡自史前到十六世纪的海上活动本文主要分为六章, 内容如下 : 第一章提出了研究的背景研究方法和本课题的学术研究史由于其地理优势, 历史上斯里兰卡在印度洋贸易宗教传播航海扮演着重要的角色, 直接影响了中国东南亚国家海上活动, 具有研究意义在过去的几十年有许多研究从宗教信仰和外交任务探讨了历史上两国关系, 少数学者探讨船舶贸易港口海上航线和船用设备并提及中国和斯里兰卡之间的来往, 但很少从出土文物如硬币陶瓷和碑铭进行研究中斯海上文化交往前人学术成果都有助于本文对中斯海上文化关系展开研究第二章介绍了斯里兰卡的中国文物, 并对出土文物遗址进行调查研究在过去的一个世纪里, 在斯里兰卡发现了大量的中国文物, 唐宋元明请时期的瓷器, 上千枚硬币布施锡兰山佛寺碑等, 大部分是在海港遗址和内陆寺庙遗址被发现, 现保存在博物馆或古玩店, 都显示出中斯海洋关系密切第三章主要探讨在中国发现的斯里兰卡文物泉州发现的佛教和印度教考古遗存, 显示了中国印度和斯里兰卡文化交流, 研究范围主要有湿婆神庙遗迹泉州海上交通博物馆的藏品开元寺天后宫白狗庙, 世家祖宅和泉州世家坑厦门 V

12 摘要大学人类学博物馆的藏品等, 多处遗迹及多件文物显示了历史上的中斯海洋文化交流第四章呈现斯里兰卡和东南亚的关系自公元一世纪起, 东南亚地区对中斯之间的长距离航线发挥很重要的作用斯里兰卡和中国距离相距约 3800 公里, 两个国家之间的长途航行及复杂的环境使得两个国家之间的直航需要停经东南亚港口, 在东南亚国家发现了很多有中国色彩和斯里兰卡色彩的遗迹, 包括碑文绘画和佛塔建筑等, 充分证明其对中斯海洋文化交流的桥梁作用第五章从历史文献中记录的政治外交和佛教传播等角度讨论中国和斯里兰卡的海上文化关系, 主要按中国历史朝代的秩序从有记录的公元一世纪到清朝进行讨论斯里兰卡因其地理位置和海洋环境, 作为货物转运中心和交易中心, 促进印度洋海上贸易, 其地理位置战略性和历史意义第六章是本课题的总结部分和可进一步研究的方向中斯交往始于公元一世纪, 在第五世纪发展教快唐宋王朝与斯里兰卡建立了稳固的海上关系, 元朝继续保持佛教和政治方面的交流, 明代对斯里兰卡政治影响较大, 两国之间政治交往密切, 派外交使臣互访关键词 : 海洋文化, 斯里兰卡, 中国, 东南亚, 考古文物 VI

13 Content Pages Abstract (English).I Abstract (Chinese)....IV Content pages.vii Abbreviations.XI List of figures and tables.xii Chapter One 1.1. Introduction Background of the study Objectives of the study The academic history of the study Research methodology and working route..22 Chapter Two Archaeological investigation in Sri Lanka relate to maritime culture of China 2.1. The investigation, excavation and chronological materials The stratigraphy, identification, dating and chronology of artifacts The typological analyze of the material culture heritage Epigraphs on Chinese ceramics Tiles and raw materials Vajra Multitude collections of Chinese coins in Sri Lanka Inscriptions and Epigraphs Other artifacts Art and architecture 126 Chapter Three Archaeological investigation in China relate to maritime culture of Sri Lanka 3.1. The investigation and chronology of the archaeological materials The research of the Shi family tomb sites The content of the tombstones in Quanzhou and Taiwan Dating and identification of Shi tombs and the relation with Sri Lanka The information of the pedigree of Shi clan,,, The identification of stone carving with Buddhism and Indian religion Tamil-Chinese bilingual inscription in Quanzhou Chapter Four Maritime cultural interaction between Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka 4.1. The importance of Southeast Asia for Sino-Sri Lanka relations VII

14 Content Pages 4.2. The investigation and dating of maritime cultures of Southeast Asian in Sri Lanka The art and architectures showing the maritime cultural interaction between Sri Lankan and Southeast Asia The historical information of the inscriptions from Sri Lanka Artifacts of Southeast Asian type in Sri Lanka Discussion on the maritime cultural interaction between Sri Lankan and southeast Asia with historical records.224 Chapter Five The history of Sino-Sri Lanka maritime cultural interactions 5.1. Historical records for Sino-Sri Lanka cultural interaction The geographical and marine environment of Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean The geographical location of Sri Lanka in Indian Ocean and the seaports of Sri Lanka The Monsoon and current of Indian Ocean and the nautical routes connect with Sri Lanka in ancient time History of development of maritime activities of Sri Lanka (Sri Lankan maritime chronology to 1500 AD) Maritime economy Buddhism and maritime culture 268 Chapter Six Summery and conclusion..272 Appendix.279 Reference Published articles during the study of doctoral degree Acknowledgment 304 VIII

15 Content Pages 摘要 ( 英文 )..I 摘要 ( 中文 IV 目录...VII 缩略词.XI 图表目录...XII 第一章 1.1 引言研究背景学术目标学术史回顾研究方法与思路...22 第二章斯里兰卡发现的中国海洋文化遗存 2.1 调查发掘与编年文化遗存的地层内涵与年代物质文化遗存的类型学分析中国瓷器上的款识琉璃装饰品与原料来源金刚中国钱币碑刻和铭文其他文化遗物艺术品与建筑物第三章中国发现的斯里兰卡海洋文化遗存 3.1. 考古发现与编年世家坑遗址研究泉州和台湾发现的世家族墓碑世家坑的年代族属及与斯里兰卡的关系世家族谱的线索佛教与印度教石刻研究泉州泰米尔人石碑研究第四章东南亚与斯里兰卡的海洋文化交流 4.1. 东南亚在中 - 斯海洋文化交流中的地位 IX

16 Content Pages 4.2. 斯里兰卡发现的东南亚海洋文化遗存及年代艺术品与建筑物上的斯里兰卡与东南亚海洋文化交流信息斯里兰卡碑刻上的文字记载斯里兰卡文化遗存中的东南亚风格文献记载中的斯里兰卡与东南亚海洋文化交流第五章中国和斯里兰卡海洋文化史 5.1. 中 - 斯文化交流的文献记载斯里兰卡地理概况与海洋环境斯里兰卡的地理位置与港市分布印度洋海洋环境及与斯里兰卡有关的古代航海路线斯里兰卡海洋文化发展史 ( 公元 1500 年之后 ) 海洋经济发展佛教传播与海洋文化第六章结语附录参考文献研究生期间发表的论文致谢 X

17 Degree papers are in the Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database. Full texts are available in the following ways: 1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library. 2. For users of non-calis member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn for delivery details.

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