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1 G % http / /www. shyouth. net /html /yanjiushi /yjs_cgzb / /Detail_ htm

2 Factories Act / / / / / /1000 J. F. Wright British Economic Growth The Economic History Review Vol. 18 No pp

3 Children and Young Persons Act 1973 Employment of Children Act Industrial Training Act Industrial Training Boards ITBs 1973 Manpower Services Commission MSC Employment and Training Act Employment Service Agency Training Services Agency Nicholas Bosanquet and Peter B. Doeringer Is There a Dual Labour Market in Great Britain The Economic Journal Vol. 83 No pp Ernest W. Hughes Transition from School to Industry and Further Education International Review of Education Vol. 11 No pp S. J. Nickell and M. Andrews Unions Real Wages and Employment in Britain Oxford Economic Papers Vol. 35 Supplement The Causes of Unemployment November 1983 pp

4 % % 12% Paul Ryan The School - to - work Transition A Cross - national Perspective Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 39 No p Nick Wikeley Training for Employment in the 1990s The Modern Law Review Vol. 53 No pp % % J. Haskel and C. Martin Do Skill Shortages Reduce Productivity Theory and Evidence From the United Kingdom Economic Journal Vol. 103 No pp David Bresnick Policymaking by Partnership Reshaping Youth Employment Policy Journal of Policy Analysis and Management Vol. 4 No pp

5 Youth Opportunities Program YOP Youth Training Scheme YTS Job Creation Program Training Opportunities Programme TOPs 1978 YOP YOP Tim Kane American Competitiveness Why Well - Intentioned Labor Regulations Can Hurt More Than Help Heritage Lecture 1037 June G.. Maynard The Economy under Mrs Thatcher Oxford Basil Blackwell 1988 p David Raffe Education Employment and the Youth Opportunities Programme Some Sociological Perspectives Oxford Review of Education Vol. 7 No pp

6 New Training Initiative NTI YTS NTI ITBs NTI 1983 YTS YOP 1 Training Standards Advisory Service YTS 2 YTS YTS 3 YTS YTS YTS 4 YTS YTS Youth Training YT YT 1 B. M. Deakin and C. F. Pratten Economic Effects of YTS Employment Gazette 1987 pp Department of Employment Why Some Young People Reject YTS Employment Gazette 1986 pp Paul Ryan The School - to - work Transition A Cross - national Perspective Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 39 No pp D. Raffe The Transition from YTS to Work Content Context and the External Labor Market Paper Presented to British Sociological Association March Peter J. Dolton Gerald H. Makepeace and John G. Treble The Wage Effects of YTS Evidence from the YCS Scottish Journal of Political Economy Vol. 41 No pp

7 Department of Employment YT % % Nick Wikeley Training for Employment in the 1990s The Modern Law Review Vol. 53 No pp Paolo Garonna and Paul Ryan The Regulation and Deregulation of Youth Economic Activity Paul Ryan Paolo Garonna and Richard Edwards eds. The Problem of Youth London Macmillan 1991 pp % % 874% % European Commission European Employment Observatory Review Long - term Unemployment Luxembourg Publications Office of the European Union September 2012.

127 1 16-24 1992-2010 FTE = full - time education NEET = not in education employment or training HM Government Supporting Youth Employment An Overview of the

8 FTE = full - time education NEET = not in education employment or training HM Government Supporting Youth Employment An Overview of the Coalition Government s Approach London Prime Minister s Office 2011 p Advanced Modern Apprenticeship AMA Foundation Modern Apprenticeship FMA 16-24

9 National Vocational Qualification NVQ 3 AMA 3 FMA National Traineeships NTs NVQ Reports on the Amendment of the Modern Apprenticeship scheme in Great Britain % 60% - 75% 2 NVQ Ryan New Deal New Deal for Youth NDFY 1 Paul Ryan The Embedding of Apprenticeship in Industrial Relations British Engineering in P. Ainley and H. Rainbird eds. Apprenticeship Towards a New Paradigm of Learning London Kogan Page 1999 pp P. Kingston Lack of Apprentices Causes Concern The Guardian October 2005 http / /www. guardian. co. uk /education /2005 /oct /11 /furthereducation. uk3 last accessed on 28 February Paul Ryan The School - to - work Transition A Cross - national Perspective pp Labour Party New Labour Because Britain Deserves Better Labour Party Manifesto for the 1997 General Election http / /www. labour - party. org. uk /manifestos /1997 / labour - manifesto. shtml last accessed on 10 March 2013.

10 129 NDFY NDFY NDFY 2 Personal Adviser NDFY NDFY NDFY National Institute of Economic and Social Research NIESR NDFY Wilkinson 1 Ian Beale Claire Bloss and Andrew Thomas The Longer - term Impact of the New Deal for Young People Department for Work and Pensions Working Paper No

11 NDFY John Van Reenen Active Labour Market Policies and the British New Deal for the Young Unemployed in Context NBER Working Paper 9576 March 2003 p. 41. Bradley NDFY % 50% 6 23% 4 NDFY 35% 32% NDFY NDFY 2 1 D. Wilkinson New Deal for Young People Evaluation of Unemployment Flows Policy Studies Institute Research Discussion Paper I. Bradley Analysis of the Long Term Outcomes of New Deal for Young People MApplStats Dissertation Sheffield Hallam University 2004.

12 / / / / NDFY % 60% 39% NIESR NDFY NDFY - NDFY NDFY John Van Reenen Active Labour Market Policies and the British New Deal for the Young Unemployed in Context NBER Working Paper L. Feinstein J. Bynner and K. Duckworth Young People s Leisure Contexts and Their Relation to Adult Outcomes Journal of Youth Studies Vol. 9 No pp

13 OECD Flexible New Deal National Internship Scheme Youth Contract HM Government Supporting Youth Employment An Overview of the Coalition Government s Approach London Prime Minister s Office 2011 p Allister Hayman Youth Unemployment Higher than in 1997 Regeneration & Renewal 18 July 2008 http / /www. planningresource. co. uk /news / / last accessed on 10 March HM Government Supporting Youth Employment An Overview of the Coalition Government s Approach London Prime Minister s Office 2011 p Department for Work and Pensions Youth Contract January 2012 http / /www. dwp. gov. uk /youth - contract /key - initiatives / last accessed on 12 October Emily Ashton Work for Your Dole Unpaid 3-month Placements for Youngsters The Sun 29 August 2012 http / /www. thesun. co. uk /sol /homepage /news /politics / /. html last accessed on 16 October 2012.

14 John Van Reenen Active Labour Market Policies and the British New Deal for the Young Unemployed In Context p. 37

15 % 99 40% % http / /renshi. people. com. cn /n /2012 /0711 /c html

16 the theories of participatory democracy and deliberative democracy. 88 The Transformation of the EU Co - decision Procedure - with Trilogues as an example ZHANG Lei Co - decision procedure is one of the most important legislative procedures in the European Union which is experiencing transformation. Although the Treaties formal rules have set up a general framework for the principal EU actors a large number of Trilogues that is the informal tripartite meetings involving the European Parliament the Council and the Commission have become substantially crucial to agreements made under the co - decision procedure. Trilogues speed up the legislative process and improve the decision - making efficiency through reaching early agreements. They also have impacts on the formal rules resulting in the e- volution of the Treaties. But Trilogues have some negative impacts on democracy in the European Union. With the extension of the scope of the co - decision procedure the use of informal Trilogues will be increased continually. 105 Origins Developments and Transformations of the Idea of the Nordic Model A Social Policy Perspective ZHANG Jiahua As a much discussed topic in the European social policy debates the idea of the Nordic model is in fact a theoretical construction of the practice in the Nordic countries since the 1930s. Based on and inspired by the Anglo - Saxon welfare - state typology in the 1960s and 1970s the scholars from the Nordic countries have expanded this idea based on universalism comprehensiveness egalitarianism and social solidarity in the 1980s to include gender equality and social service in the 1990s. In the 21st Century social investment that emphasizes family policy and active labor market has been incorporated into the idea of the Nordic model in order to cope with the knowledge economy and a post - welfare - state era. However the research on the idea of the Nordic model should be treated only as an exploration of an ideal type since the social policy practice in the Nordic countries may not be identical to this model. 120 UK Youth Employment Policies Transformations and Implications DAI Mao YANG Weiguo Youth unemployment as a global phenomenon has become a great constraint to economic development which has attracted attention from both the academic and political circles. In this field the UK has accumulated extensive experiences and a quantity of literature on youth employment has been published since the World War II. Based on the UK's youth employment policies since

17 the Second World War this paper analyzes the three stages of the UK's youth policies discusses the measures taken by the successive UK governments and provides suggestions for China when dealing with such problems. 135 Constitutional Constraints on the Right to Decide External Financial Aid - Constitutional Review of Euro Zone Aid Bill by the German Federal Constitutional Court MAO Xiaofei By signing the collective financial bail - out programs reached by the Euro countries international commitments have been incorporated into Germany's domestic laws which caused constitutional complaints filed by the opponents at the German Federal Constitutional Court for judicial review. The Court reiterated in its decisions that the Federal Parliament is the only constitutional body in Germany entitled to make decisions on foreign aid which may impose burdens upon the national fiscal policy and that it deals with an unalienable constitutional power of the Federal Parliament protected by the free and equal right of election by citizens as well as the democratic principles enshrined in the Basic Law. Even when participating in the collective bail - out operations to solve the sovereign debt crisis in the euro zone it must be ensured that the competence of the German Parliament not be deprived and constitutional constraints complied with in terms of limited individual authorization retention of congressional supervision as well as due process. ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES 152 China-France Relationship Towards a New Stage - Summerization of Speech by the French Ambassador SUN Yan

95 12 10~19 20~29 30~39 40~49 50~59 Count 785230 8420 233 Row % 98.9 1.1.0 Column % 29.7.2.1 Count 1370264 499191 11818 1666 Row % 72.8 26.5.6.1 Colum

99~114 95 12 Journal of Kun Shan University, Vol.3, pp.99~114 Dec, 2006 1 * ** * ** ( ) 99 95 12 10~19 20~29 30~39 40~49 50~59 Count 785230 8420 233 Row % 98.9 1.1.0 Column % 29.7.2.1 Count 1370264 499191