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exe What a compiler 編譯程序 does and what an interpreter 解釋 ( 直譯 ) 程序 does? Source program Compiler Target program Output hcf.

1 Translators 翻譯程序 (Assembler 匯編, Compiler 編譯, Interpreter 解釋程序 ) Why translator is needed? Execution 可以執行機器碼不同機器平台不能執行 Source code 源程序, intermediate code 目標程序, executable code 執行檔 / 機器碼源程序目標程序執行檔 / 機器碼翻譯程序.c.cpp.o.class.exe What a compiler 編譯程序 does and what an interpreter 解釋 ( 直譯 ) 程序 does? Source program Compiler Target program Output hcf.c gcc, cc, hcf.o hcf.exe 源程序 g++, CC 目標程序執行檔 / 機器碼編譯程序 Input data 32, 20 Compare compilers 編譯程序 and interpreters 解釋程序源程序解釋程序 Source Interpreter program Output hcf.bas, hcf.html Input data 32, 20 1

Phases 階段 of compilation 編譯過程 HKDSE sample paper 2D Q4 字元串流符號表詞彙分析器語法分析器語意分析器語法樹目的機器碼中間碼產生器程式碼優化器 EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE, PLUS, MINUS, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, RPAREN, LPAREN, ASSIGN,

$h> // Calculate the sum of 2 integers main ( ) { int main(){ sum, x, y int sum,x,y; scanf ( &x, &y scanf("%i%i", &x, &y); ) sum = x + sum = x+y; y printf sum ) } printf("%i\n", sum); }$

2 Phases 階段 of compilation 編譯過程 HKDSE sample paper 2D Q4 字元串流符號表詞彙分析器語法分析器語意分析器語法樹目的機器碼中間碼產生器程式碼優化器 EQ, NE, LT, LE, GT, GE, PLUS, MINUS, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, RPAREN, LPAREN, ASSIGN, SEMICOLON, IF, THEN, ELSE, WHILE, DO, PRINTF, SCANF, NUMBER, NAME, INT, FLOAT, Lexical analysis 字詞分析 What a lexical analyzer does? Character stream 串流 (FILE) from source code Tokens + Symbols table 符號表 #include <stdio.h> // Calculate the sum of 2 integers main ( ) { int main(){ sum, x, y int sum,x,y; scanf ( &x, &y scanf("%i%i", &x, &y); ) sum = x + sum = x+y; y printf sum ) } printf("%i\n", sum); } <sum> <=> <x> <+> <y> Parser 語法分析 What is syntactic analysis? Tokens ->Parse tree BNF <expr> ::= <term> <expr><addop><term> Parser <=> <sum> <+> <x> <y> 2

3 Tokens A = B * (A + C) 3

4 變量未宣告調用 call 子程式時, 參數數目不符變數類型不符 n=atoi("123abc"); fseek(fp,0,2); drawline('-',80); n=atoi('1'); fseek(0,fp,2); drawline(80,'-'); int n; float n; int n = "abc"; 4

Intermediate code (e.g. Java bytecode) Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Compile once only to an intermediate object code Bytecode runs directly on JVM of PC/mobile phone/pda.

5 Semantic analyzer 語意分析 What a semantic analyzer does? Parse tree + Symbols Parse tree with semantic information Front end Java source code compiled to PC/mobile phone/pda executable code Back end of a compiler Code generation + Code optimization Intermediate code (e.g. Java bytecode) Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Compile once only to an intermediate object code Bytecode runs directly on JVM of PC/mobile phone/pda. Linker 連結程式 and loader 載入程式 Functions of a linker and a loader Dynamic linking (DLL) abc.c console.c 編譯程序 abc.o console.o 連結程式 stdio.h stdlib.h Assessment Task B #2 1(a) The source code of a program written in a high level language must be translated to an object code before the program can be executed on a computer. What is meant by source-code and object-code? 1(b) What are the purposes of a compiler? 1(c) Suggest any TWO reasons why almost all programs are usually compiled before they are sold to customers? 5

6 Different Abstraction Levels of Programming.. Java Source Code (.java) Compiler Byte-code (.class) Interpreter (JVM) Machine code Java Compiler + Interpreter (JVM) = Portability (or Platform Independence)!! Code generation + Code optimization done by the Java compiler [javac.exe in the JDK] Intermediate code (e.g. Java bytecode) to be interpreted and executed by the Java Virtual Machine [java.exe] Demo. of Compilation + Interpretation (Using Commands) Java-Compiler (javac) C:\> javac Main.java Main.class (byte-code) Java-Interpreter (java virtual machine) C:\>java Main.class Hello World!! (output) Lexical Analysis Compiler Table of content 1 Compiler : 2 Different phases of compilers : 3 1.Analysis Phase : 4 Lexical Analysis Phase : Compiler : Compiler takes high level human readable program as input and convert it into the lower level code. This conversion takes place using different phases. First phase of compiler is lexical analysis. Must Read : [What is Compiler?] Different phases of compilers : 1. Analysis Phase 2. Synthesis Phase 6

1.Analysis Phase : Lexical analysis Syntax analysis Semantic analysis Lexical Analysis Phase : Task of Lexical Analysis is to read the input characters and produce as output a sequence of tokens that

7 1.Analysis Phase : Lexical analysis Syntax analysis Semantic analysis Lexical Analysis Phase : Task of Lexical Analysis is to read the input characters and produce as output a sequence of tokens that the parser uses for syntax analysis. 1. Lexical Analyzer is First Phase Of Compiler. 2. Input to Lexical Analyzer is "Source Code" 3. Lexical Analysis Identifies Different Lexical Units in a Source Code. 4. Different Lexical Classes or Tokens or Lexemes o Identifiers o Constants o Keywords o Operators 5. Example : sum = num1 + num2 ; So Lexical Analyzer Will Produce following Symbol Table Token Type sum Identifier = Operator num1 Identifier + Operator num2 Identifier ; Separator 7

8 6. Lexical Analyzer is also called Linear Phase or Linear Analysis or Scanning 7. Individual Token is also Called Lexeme 8. Lexical Analyzer s Output is given to Syntax Analysis. Semantic Analysis Compiler Syntax analyzer will just create parse tree. Semantic Analyzer will check actual meaning of the statement parsed in parse tree. Semantic analysis can compare information in one part of a parse tree to that in another part (e.g., compare reference to variable agrees with its declaration, or that parameters to a function call match the function definition). Semantic Analysis is used for the following 1. Maintaining the Symbol Table for each block. 2. Check Source Program for Semantic Errors. 3. Collect Type Information for Code Generation. 4. Reporting compile-time errors in the code (except syntactic errors, which are caught by syntactic analysis) 5. Generating the object code (e.g., assembler or intermediate code) Now In the Semantic Analysis Compiler Will Check 1. Data Type of First Operand 2. Data Type of Second Operand 3. Check Whether + is Binary or Unary. 4. Check for Number of Operands Supplied to Operator Depending on Type of Operator (Unary Binary Ternary) Syntax Analysis Compiler 1 Analysis Phase : 2nd Phase of Compiler (Syntax Analysis) 2 Syntax Analysis : 3 Parse Tree Generation : 4 Explanation : Syntax Analysis Analysis Phase : 2nd Phase of Compiler (Syntax Analysis) During the first Scanning phase i.e Lexical Analysis Phase of the compiler, symbol table is created by the compiler which contain the list of lexemes or tokens. Syntax Analysis : 1. It is Second Phase Of Compiler after Lexical Analyzer 2. It is also Called as Hierarchical Analysis or Parsing. 3. It Groups Tokens of source Program into Grammatical Production 4. In Short Syntax Analysis Generates Parse Tree 8

9 Parse Tree Generation : sum = num1 + num2 Now Consider above C Programming statement. In this statement we Syntax Analyzer will create a parse tree from the tokens. 識別字表示式 char int Syntax Analyzer will check only Syntax not the meaning of Statement Explanation : Syntax Analysis We know, Addition operator plus ( + ) operates on two Operands Syntax analyzer will just check whether plus operator has two operands or not. It does not checks the type of operands. Suppose One of the Operand is String and other is Integer then it does not throw error as it only checks whether there are two operands associated with + or not. So this Phase is also called Hierarchical Analysis as it generates Parse Tree Representation of the Tokens generated by Lexical Analyzer What is Interpreter? 1 What is Interpreter? 2 Examples of Programming Languages Using Interpreter : 2.1 Lisp 2.2 BASIC What is Interpreter? 1. Interpreter Takes Single instruction as input. 2. No Intermediate Object Code is Generated 3. Conditional Control Statements are Executes slower 4. Memory Requirement is Less 5. Every time higher level program is converted into lower level program 6. Errors are displayed for every instruction interpreted (if any) 7. The interpreter can immediately execute high-level programs, thus interpreters are sometimes used during the development of a program, when a programmer wants to add small sections at a time and test them quickly. 8. In addition, interpreters are often used in education because they allow students to program interactively. 9

10 Examples of Programming Languages Using Interpreter : Lisp (defun convert () (format t "Enter Fahrenheit ") (LET (fahr) (SETQ fahr (read fahr)) (APPEND '(celsisus is) (*(- fahr 32)(/ 5 9)) ) ) ) BASIC CLS INPUT "Enter your name: ", Name$ IF Name$="Mike" THEN PRINT "Go Away!" ELSE PRINT "Hello, "; Name$; ". How are you today?" END IF Difference between Compiler and Interpreter No Compiler Interpreter 1 Compiler Takes Entire program as input Interpreter Takes Single instruction as input. 2 Intermediate Object Code is Generated No Intermediate Object Code is Generated 3 Conditional Control Statements are Executes faster Conditional Control Statements are Executes slower 4 Memory Requirement : More(Since Object Memory Requirement is Less Code is Generated) 5 Program need not be compiled every time Every time higher level program is converted into lower level program 6 Errors are displayed after entire program is checked Errors are displayed for every instruction interpreted (if any) 7 Example : C Compiler Example : BASIC Explanation : Compiler Vs Interpreter Just understand the concept of the compiler and interpreter 1. We give complete program as input to the compiler. Our program is in the human readable format. 2. Human readable format undergoes many passes and phases of compiler and finally it is converted into the machine readable format. 3. However interpreter takes single line of code as input at a time and execute that line. It will terminate the execution of the code as soon as it finds the error. 4. Memory requirement is less in Case of interpreter because no object code is created in case of interpreter. 10

11 C Source 源碼 Vs Object Code 目標程序 Difference between Source Code and Object Code Source Code: 1. Source Code is in the form of Text. 文本 2. Source Code is Human Readable. 3. Source Code is generated by Human. 4. Source Code is input to Compiler. Object Code: 1. Object Code is in the form of Binary Numbers. 二進制碼 2. Object Code is in Machine Readable. 3. Object Code is generated by Compiler. 4. Object code is output of Compiler. 11

12 abc.c gcc 編譯程序 abc.exe abc.exe def.bas 解釋程序 #define MAX 1000 Bytecode 12

13 13

14 編譯 Compile 流程一個完整的編譯過程通常需要包含以下的 4 個程序 : 1.Preprocess 預處理器 2.Compiler 編譯器會處理副檔名.c 的檔案, 產生副檔名.as 的組譯檔 3.Assembler 組譯器會處理副檔名.as 的組譯檔, 產生副檔名.o 的中間檔 4.Linker 連結器會處理副檔名.o 或.obj 的中間檔預處理器 (Preprocess) 預處理器會在進行編譯前先處理原始碼內像 #ifdef #define 相對簡單的詞句替換和一些巨集代換的功能編譯器 (Compiler) 編譯器是將高階語言所寫的原始程式, 翻譯成機器語言組成的目的程式在編譯過程中, 會執行下列的步驟 : 語彙分析 (Lexical analysis) 分析程式中每一個字眼(word): 註解 (comment, 在編譯過程會被編譯器忽略掉 ) 關鍵字(keyword, 如 int for while 等 ) 常數 (constant, 如 1 12 "embedded" 等 ) 運算子(operator, 如 + - * / 等 ) 語法分析 (Syntax analysis) 主要是將程式符號, 轉換成階層式的語法樹 (Syntax tree) 符號表示在這個語法樹中, 在正常情況下, 階層最高的節點 (node) 為 assign 的符號, 其餘的節點為其他的運算元符號, 而葉子 (leaf) 就都是變數的標記 (token) 語意分析 (Semantic Analysis) 是藉由語法樹(Syntax tree) 來分析程式的邏輯與語法是否符合規定這個階段就是用來分析程式的文法是否正確, 已經從文字符號的階段進入了程式語意的判別中間碼的產生 (Intermediate code generation) 是從語法樹(Syntax tree) 中, 以一個節點 (node) 為基本單位, 從最底層的節點依序往上, 拆解成一個個最基本的運算式, 而每一個節點也會賦予一個暫時性的符號程式碼的最佳化 (code optimization) 基本上就是減少一些不必要的暫時性節點符號當然, 另外還有一些特別的最佳化演算法也會在這個階段使用, 例如針對迴圈邏輯的最佳化有三種知名的演算法 : code motion induction variable strength reduction; 因為迴圈邏輯在語法上是最沒有執行效率的語法之一, 因此需要特別的最佳化或者, 有時候編譯器會調整程式的前後順序, 為了在下一階段程式碼的產生過程中, 暫存器的使用數目降低程式碼的產生 (code generation) 以 C 語言為例, 這裡就是將最佳化後的中間碼, 搭配微處理器的暫存器, 逐一轉換成組合語言組譯器 (Assembler) 組譯器會將組合語言的原始程式, 翻譯成機器語言組成的中間檔 ".obj" ".o" 連結器 (Linker) 連結器會將中間檔 obj files 連結起來, 找到 symbol( 函式, 變數名 ) 與程式庫 (shared obj) 中的副程式, 產生可執行的 obj 檔 (executable) 14

15 C compilation : 1) Lexical Analyzer: It combines characters in the source file, to form a "TOKEN". A token is a set of characters that does not have 'space', 'tab' and 'new line'. Therefore this unit of compilation is also called "TOKENIZER". It also removes the comments, generates symbol table and relocation table entries. 2) Syntactic Analyzer: This unit check for the syntax in the code. For ex: int a,b,c,d; d = a + b c * ; The above code will generate the parse error because the equation is not balanced. This unit checks this internally by generating the parser tree as follows: = / \ d / \ + * / \ / \ a b c? Therefore this unit is also called PARSER. 3) Semantic Analyzer: This unit checks the meaning in the statements. For ex: int i; int *p; p = i; The above code generates the error "Assignment of incompatible type". 4) Pre-Optimization: This unit is independent of the CPU, i.e., there are two types of optimization 1.Pre-optimization (CPU independent) 2.Post-optimization (CPU dependent) This unit optimizes the code in following forms: I) Dead code elimination II) Sub code elimination III) Loop optimization I) Dead code elimination: For ex: int a = 10; if ( a > 5 ) { /*... */ } else { /*... */ } 15

16 Here, the compiler knows the value of 'a' at compile time, therefore it also knows that the if condition is always true. Hence it eliminates the else part in the code. II) Sub code elimination: For ex: int a, b, c, x, y; x = a + b; y = a + b + c; can be optimized as follows: x = a + b; y = x + c; // a + b is replaced by x III) Loop optimization: For ex: int a; for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++ ) {... a = 10;... } In the above code, if 'a' is local and not used in the loop, then it can be optimized as follows: a = 10; for (i = 0; i < 1000; i++ ) { /*... */ } 5) Code generation: Here, the compiler generates the assembly code so that the more frequently used variables are stored in the registers. 6) Post-Optimization: Here the optimization is CPU dependent. Suppose if there are more than one jumps in the code then they are converted to one as: jmp:<addr1> <addr1> jmp:<addr2> The control jumps to the <addr2> directly. Then the last phase is Linking (which creates executable or library). When the executable is run, the libraries it requires are Loaded. 16

第 15 章程式編写語言 15.1 程式編写語言的角色程式編寫語言是程式編寫員與電腦溝通的界面語法是一組規則讓程式編寫員將字詞集合起來電腦是處理位元和字節的機器, 與

第 15 章程式編写語言 15.1 程式編写語言的角色程式編寫語言是程式編寫員與電腦溝通的界面語法是一組規則讓程式編寫員將字詞集合起來電腦是處理位元和字節的機器, 與程式編写語言在完成這章後, 你將能夠了解程式編写語言的功能了解高階語言和低階語言之間的分別知道翻譯程式的意義和能夠把翻譯程式分類為 : 匯編程式編譯程式和解譯程式認識不同翻譯程式的優點和缺點程式是指揮電腦的指