6 : 989, (38.5%)(8%),,, ( 1) 5% 64%, HUFA, 0.1%, (FO) (CNO) (CO) (LO) (SO) (RO) 1 1 (FCNO) 1 1 (FCO) 1 1 (FLO) (MIX) ( 2) 表 1 实验基础饲料配方及化学组成 (%)

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1 35 6 Vol. 35, No ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Nov., DOI: /SP.J , 2 陈家林 韩 1 冬 1 朱晓鸣 1 杨云霞 1, 3 解绶启 (1.,, ; 2., ; 3. E-, ) : 3.53 g 12, 8%(FO) (CNO) (CO) (LO) (SO) (RO) 1 1 -(FCNO) 1 1 -(FCO) 1 1 -(FLO) (MIX), 30, (24±1),,,,, 1 1 (P>0.05) 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3 22:6n-3, 18:2n-6 18:3n-3, : ; ; ; 中图分类号 : S 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : (2011) EPA DHA (HUFA),,,,,, [1],, [2, 3], [4],, [5, 6] Thomassen, et al. [7] Salmo salar Ictalurus punctatus [8, 9] Stickney, et al. [10] Tilapia aurea,,, 18 (PUFA) HUFA [5],,, [11], PUFA [12],, 收稿日期 : ; 修订日期 : 基金项目 : 973 (2009CB118702); (CARS-46-19); () ( ) 作者简介 : (1981 ),, ; ; [email protected] 通讯作者 :, [email protected]

2 6 : 989, (38.5%)(8%),,, ( 1) 5% 64%, HUFA, 0.1%, (FO) (CNO) (CO) (LO) (SO) (RO) 1 1 (FCNO) 1 1 (FCO) 1 1 (FLO) (MIX) ( 2) 表 1 实验基础饲料配方及化学组成 (%) Tab. 1 Formulation and chemical composition of the experimental diets (% dry matter) Ingredient Content (%) White fish meal Soybean meal Corn starch Carboxymethyl cellulose 2.00 Oil 8.00 Mineral premix Vitamin premix Choline chloride 0.11 E Vitamin E 0.20 Chromic oxide 0.50 Attractant Chemical composition (% dry matter) Moisture 3.00±0.21 Crude protein 38.09±0.08 Crude lipid 8.99±0.14 Ash 9.14±0.03 : 1 :, ; 2 Mineral premix (mg/kg diets): NaCl, 0.80; MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 12; NaH 2 PO 4 2H 2 O, 20; KH 2 PO 4, 25.6; Ca(H 2 PO 4 ) 2 H 2 O, 16; FeSO 4 5H 2 O, 2; (CH 2 CHCOO) 2 Ca 5H 2 O, 2.8; ZnSO 4 7H 2 O, 0.028; MnSO 4 4H 2 O, 0.013; CuSO 4 5H 2 O, ; CoCl 2 6H 2 O, ; KIO 3, ; cellulose, 0.36; 3 Vitamin premix (mg/kg diets): V A, 1.83; V D, 0.5; V E, 10; V K, 10;, 100;, 20; V B6, 20; V B1, 20; D-, 50;, 1.0;, 5; V B12, 2; V C, 100;, 100; 4 Attractant: 0.26 g g +0.1 g DMPT/kg, 0.2% E, 2 mm, ( 50 cm, 98 L),,, 3 L/min (24±1), 0.5 mg/l, 5 mg/l, 0.05 mg/l, ph L/12D, 08: 00 20: 00,, 2,, 1d, ( 3.53 g),, 30,, 3,, 12,, 9: 00 15: 00, 1h, 70, (4 ), 1d, 24h,, 5, 5 g, 1h, 70,, 1.3, 24h, 6,, 1.5 ml 3h, r/min 10min, 8,,,

3 Tab. 2 表 2 实验饲料脂肪酸组成 (g/100g ) Fatty acid composition of experimental diets (g/100g diet) Diet Fatty acid FO CNO CO LO SO RO FCNO FCO FLO MIX 8: : : : : :1n : :1n :2n :3n :3n : :1n :4n :5n :1n :6n SFA MUFA PUFA HUFA n n n-3/n : 1 SFA, (saturated fatty acids): 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, 12:0, 14:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0; 2 MUFA, (monounsaturated fatty acids): 16:1n-9, 18:1n-9, 20:1n-9; 3 PUFA, (polyunsaturated fatty acids): 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:3n-6, 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; 4 HUFA, (highly unsaturated fatty acids): 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; 5 n-3: 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:6n-3; 6 n-6: 18:2n-6, 18:3n-6, 20:4n-6 (SOD);,, (abbott-aeroset, America) SOD Ôyanagi [13], 550 nm ; Bradford [14], U/mg prot AOAC [15] : 105, ; (2300 Kjeltec Analyzer Unit, FOSS TECATOR, Sweden); (Soxtec system HT6, Tecator, Haganas, Sweden); 550 GB/T (eqv ISO 5509:1978) GB/T (eqv ISO 5508:1990), (SHIMADZU SPL-14C)(SHIMADZU GC-14C)(60 m 0.25 mm) (130 : 1min; : 6.5 /min; : 2.75 /min; 215 : 12min; : 40 /min;

4 6 : : 3min), ( 43 ml/min), (flame ionization detector) 270, 280, C11:0 1.5 Statistical 6.0 (One-way ANOVA), Duncan s P<0.05, , 1 1 (P<0.05),,,, (P<0.05), 1 1, 1 1 1:1,, (P<0.05) (P>0.05) 2.2 SOD 4, SOD (P<0.05), (P>0.05) (P<0.05) (HDL) (LDL) (P>0.05) 2.3 5, (P>0.05) 2.4 6, (P>0.05) (P<0.05), (P>0.05) :0 18:1n-9, 18:2n-6 22:6n-3 Diet Tab. 3 IBW 1 (g) 表 3 不同脂肪源饲料对异育银鲫生长和饲料利用的影响 (±)* Effect of dietary lipid sources on growth performance and feed utilization of gibel carp (Mean±SE)* FBW 2 (g) FR 3 (% BW/d) WG 4 (%) FE 5 (%) HSI 6 (%) VSI 7 (%) FO 3.53± ±0.06 b 3.12±0.03 a ±2.00 ab 33.10±0.40 bc 4.57± ±1.16 CNO 3.54± ±0.11 cd 3.76±0.04 c ±3.38 def 29.74±0.59 a 4.98± ±0.43 CO 3.53± ±0.04 ab 3.22±0.03 a ±1.18 ab 31.69±0.18 abc 5.01± ±0.04 LO 3.52± ±0.25 a 3.02±0.03 a ±7.14 a 32.33±0.83 abc 4.89± ±0.46 SO 3.53± ±0.07 de 3.72±0.07 bc ±1.90 ef 30.63±0.73 ab 5.31± ±0.36 RO 3.54± ±0.25 c 3.13±0.11 a ±7.49 cd 34.80±1.97 c 5.26± ±0.40 FCNO 3.54± ±0.17 e 3.53±0.13 b ±4.96 f 33.12±1.66 bc 4.87± ±0.15 FCO 3.53± ±0.20 cd 3.24±0.02 a ±6.34 de 34.01±0.48 c 4.91± ±0.48 FLO 3.53± ±0.09 b 3.04±0.07 a ±2.86 bc 34.17±0.54 c 4.69± ±0.27 MIX 3.53± ±0.09 b 3.23±0.05 a ±2.35 abc 32.08±0.24 abc 4.55± ±0.30 *(P<0.05); 1 IBW: ; 2 FBW: ; 3 (% / )=100 /[ ( + )/2]; 4 (%)=100 ()/; 5 (%)=100 / ; 6 (%)=100 /; 7 (%)=100 / Note: *Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05); 1 IBW: initial body weight (g); 2 FBW: final body weight (g); 3 Feeding rate (% body weight/d) = 100 total feed intake/ [days (initial body weight + final body weight)/2]; 4 Weight gain (%)=100 (final body weight initial body weight)/ initial body weight; 5 Feed efficiency (%) =100 wet weight gain/dry feed intake; 6 Hepato-somatic index (%) =100 liver wet weight/body weight; VSI: 7 Viscera-somatic index (%) =100 viscera wet weight/body weight

5 Diet 表 4 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫肝脏 SOD 及血清生化指标 (±)* Tab. 4 Hepatic SOD and plasma biochemistry in gibel carp fed diets with different lipid sources (Mean±SE)* Liver Plasma SOD (U/mg prot) TG (mmol/l) TC (mmol/l) HDL (mmol/l) LDL (mmol/l) FO ±48.73 abc 2.00±0.14 a 6.32± ± ±0.04 CNO ±12.79 a 2.63±0.30 a 7.08± ± ±0.09 CO ±45.83 abc 2.32±0.20 a 5.57± ± ±0.02 LO ±13.04 ab 2.25±0.41 a 5.70± ± ±0.07 SO ±23.59 ab 4.32±0.68 b 6.66± ± ±0.06 RO ±49.35 bc 3.94±0.86 b 5.91± ± ±0.07 FCNO ±53.53 abc 2.14±0.28 a 5.55± ± ±0.07 FCO ±32.78 bc 1.91±0.34 a 4.84± ± ±0.05 FLO ±39.85 c 2.33±0.09 a 5.66± ± ±0.04 MIX ±63.86 c 1.97±0.29 a 6.08± ± ±0.07 *(P<0.05); Note: *Means in the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (P<0.05); the bellow is same Diet 表 5 不同脂肪源对异育银鲫各组织水分和脂肪含量的影响 (±)* Tab. 5 Effect of dietary lipid sources on moisture and lipid content in different tissues of gibel carp (Mean±SE)* Carcass Viscera Ventral muscle Dorsal muscle Moisture (%) (%) Lipid Moisture (%) (%) Lipid Moisture (%) (%) Lipid Moisture (%) (%) Lipid FO 73.36± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.15 CNO 72.10± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.20 CO 72.67± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.16 LO 72.74± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.15 SO 72.54± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.31 RO 72.59± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.08 FCNO 72.59± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.14 FCO 72.65± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.09 FLO 73.31± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.17 MIX 72.98± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.13 表 6 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫鱼体生化组成 (% 湿重 )(±) Tab. 6 Body composition of gibel carp fed diets with different lipid sources (% in wet weight) (Mean±SE) Diet Dry matter Crude protein Crude lipid Ash Initial 23.28± ± ± ±0.01 Final FO 25.74± ±0.16 bc 6.21± ±0.09 CNO 26.33± ±0.20 c 5.92± ±0.05 CO 26.25± ±0.10 abc 6.51± ±0.07 LO 26.12± ±0.05 ab 6.41± ±0.11 SO 26.21± ±0.15 bc 6.75± ±0.17 RO 25.09± ±0.38 a 6.16± ±0.05 FCNO 26.24± ±0.08 bc 6.41± ±0.05 FCO 25.69± ±0.13 abc 6.04± ±0.24 FLO 26.16± ±0.05 c 6.45± ±0.03 MIX 25.69± ±0.16 c 5.77± ±0.09

6 6 : 993 HUFA ( 22:6n-3), 1:1 12:0 14:0 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3 18:3n-3, 1:1 MUFA( 18:1n-9) 1, 16:0 20:4n-6, 16:0 18:1n-9 HUFA( 20:4n-6 22:6n-3), PUFA( 18:2n-6 18:3n-3) 3,, 24,,,, 64%,,,, HUFA [6, 7, 16],,, Acipenser transmontanus 8 [17], 18:2n-6 [12], 18:2n-6, Fatty acid Tab. 7 表 7 摄食不同脂肪源饲料的异育银鲫肌肉脂肪酸组成 (% ) Fatty acid composition of muscle lipid in gibel carp fed diets with different lipid sources (% in total fatty acids) Diet Initial FO CNO CO LO SO RO FCNO FCO FLO MIX 12: : : :1n : :1n :2n :3n :3n : :1n :3n :4n :5n :1n :6n SFA MUFA PUFA HUFA n n n-3/n : 1 SFA, (saturated fatty acids): 6: 0, 8: 0, 10: 0, 12: 0, 14: 0, 16: 0, 18: 0, 20: 0; 2 MUFA, (monounsaturated fatty acids): 16: 1n-9, 18: 1n-9, 20: 1n-9; 3 PUFA, (polyunsaturated fatty acids): 18: 2n-6, 18: 3n-3, 18: 3n-6, 20: 4n-6, 20: 5n-3, 22: 6n-3; 4 HUFA, (highly unsaturated fatty acids): 20: 4n-6, 20: 5n-3, 22: 6n-3; 5 n-3: 18: 3n-3, 20: 5n-3, 22: 6n-3; 6 n-6: 18: 2n-6, 20: 3n-6, 20: 4n-6; 7 : not detected

7 Fig. 1 1 (% ) Relationship between fish muscle fatty acid concentrations and dietary concentrations (% in total fatty acids),, [16, 18] Cyprinus carpio L. [19] Heterobranchus longifilis [20] Sciaenops ocellatus [21], ( 12:0),, [22],,, 1.2% 18:2n-6,, 18:2n-6 18:3n-3 18:1n-9, β [23], [24, 25] HUFA [26], HUFA, HUFA, [27,28], 18:3n-3 [8] 18:2n-6, 18:2n-6 [12], 18:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 18:3n-3 n-6/n-3 [9, 29] 1 1,

8 6 : 995, 1 1 HUFA, [30, 31], HSI VSI, [5],, Lates calcarifer [32] Pagrus major [33] Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes) [34] [16, 17, 23], HUFA 18:2n-6 () 20:4n-6,, 18:3n-3() EPA DHA, 18:2n-6 18:3n-3, 12:0 14:0, 12:0 14:0,, 16:0 18:1n-9 SFA 16:0 18:1n-9, β [35, 36] PUFA( 18:2n-6 18:3n-3), HUFA, 20:4n-6 22:6n-3 18:2n-6 18:3n-3 β, 20:4n-6 22:6n-3 [37], 20:4n-6 22:6n-3, HUFA DHA, [38, 39], 20:4n-6 4,, 1:1 18:2n-6 18:3n-3 HUFA, 20:4n-6 DHA 致谢 : : [1] New M B, Wijkström U N. Use of fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds: Further thoughts on the fishmeal trap. FAO Fisheries Circular NO.975 FIPP/C [2] Schlechtriem C, Bron J E, Tocher D R. Inter-individual variation in total fatty acid compositions of flesh of Atlantic salmon smolts-fed diets containing fish oil or vegetable oil [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2007, 38: [3] Wassef E A, Wahby O M, Sakr E M. Effect of dietary vegetable oils on health and liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growers [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2007, 38: [4] Bahurmiz O M, Ng W K. Effects of dietary palm oil source on growth, tissue fatty acid composition and nutrient digestibility of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp., raised from stocking to marketable size [J]. Aquaculture, 2007, 262: [5] Sargent J R, Tocher D R, Bell J G. The lipids [A]. In: Halver J E, Hardy R W (Eds.), Fish Nutrition. 3 rd edn. [C]. San Diego: Academic Press. 2002, [6] Greene D H S, Selivonchick D P. Effects of dietary vegetable, animal and marine lipids on muscle lipid and hematology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Aquaculture, 1990, 89: [7] Thomassen M S, Røsjø C. Different fats in feed for salmon: Influence on sensory parameters, growth rate and fatty acids in muscle and heart [J]. Aquaculture, 1989, 79: [8] Stickney R R, Andrews J W. Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion, lipid and fatty acid composition of channel catfish [J]. Journal of Nutrition, 1972, 102: [9] Yingst W L, Stickney R R. Effects of dietary lipids on fatty acid composition of channel catfish fry [J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1979, 108: [10] Stickney R R, McGeachin R B. Responses of Tilapia aurea

9 to semipurified diets of differing fatty acid composition [A]. In: Proceedings, International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Israel [C]. 1983, [11] Zhang S, Xie S Q, Zhu X M, et al. Effect of faecal collection interval and dietary meat and bone meal levels on digestibility of nutrients in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2008, 12(1): [,,,. (Carassius auratus gibelio)., 2008, 12(1): 79 90] [12] Chen J L. Essential fatty acid requirements and nutritional value of alternative lipid sources for gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) [D]. Thesis for Doctor of Science. Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan [..,,. 2008] [13] Ôyanagi Y. Revaluation of assay methods and establishment of kit for superoxide dismutase [J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1984, 142(1): [14] Bradford M M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantization of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding [J]. 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10 6 : 997 [36] Olsen R E, Henderson R J. Muscle fatty acid composition and oxidative stress indices of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), in relation to dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and temperature [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1997, 3: [37] Bell M V, Dick J R, Porter A E A. Biosynthesis and tissue deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [J]. Lipids, 2001, 36: [38] Skallia A, Robin J H. Requirement of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles: growth and fatty acid composition [J]. Aquaculture, 2004, 240: [39] Ng W K, Koh C B, Din Z B. Palm oil-laden spent bleaching clay as a substitute for marine fish oil in the diets of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2006, 12: DIETARY LIPID SOURCES FOR GIBEL CARP CARASSIUS AURATUS GIBELIO: GROWTH PERFORMANCE, TISSUE COMPOSITION AND MUSCLE FATTY ACID PROFILES CHEN Jia-Lin 1, 2, HAN Dong 1, ZHU Xiao-Ming 1, YANG Yun-Xia 1 and XIE Shou-Qi 1, 3 (1. State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, , China; 2. Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing , China; 3. Aquaculture Divisions, E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai , China) Abstract: A 12-week growth trial was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) to evaluate their ability by utilize different dietary lipids. Ten diets were supplemented with 8% of either fish oil (FO), coconut oil (CNO), corn oil (CO), linseed oil (LO), soybean oil (SO), rapeseed oil (RO), 1 1 fish oil-coconut oil (FCNO), 1 1 fish oil-corn oil (FCO), 1 1 fish oil-linseed oil (FLO) or fish-coconut-corn-linseed oil mixture (MIX). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial weight: 3.53 g, 30 ini.) in a recirculation system at (24±1).Weight gain were the highest in SO and CNO group, followed RO and the lowest in FO, CO and LO group, when used as a single lipid source. Compared to total replacement of fish oil, coconut oil, corn oil or linseed oil substitute 50% fish oil led to a higher weight gain, respectively. Neither the plasma biochemistry nor the lipid and moisture contents in different tissues of gibel carp showed significant difference between groups (P>0.05). Fatty acid composition of muscle in fish generally reflected the composition of the diet. Fish fed CO and SO had higher 20:4n-6, while relative higher 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 was detected in fish fed LO. These results suggested that gibel carp had ability to desaturate and elongate 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 to highly unsaturated fatty acid. In conclusion, soybean oil, coconut oil and rapeseed oil were good alternative lipid sources for gibel carp. Key words: Gibel carp; Lipid sources; Growth; Muscle fatty acid composition