e) had better+ 原形動詞 : 表達 最好 例 :1. It s getting dark;we had better leave. 2. You had better not be late. f) used to+ 原形動詞 : 表達 過去習慣於, 若表達至今還存在的習慣則用 be

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1 Toeic reading 8/8/2016 cindy 1. 詞類 動詞 ( 助, 補, 時, 主被 ) a. 助動詞 - 應接原形動詞一般性 :a) shall 與 will 表達 將要 (shall 通常用於第一人稱 I, we, 而 will 則可用於任何人稱 ) b)can 表達 能夠, 可能, 可以 c)may 表達 也許, 可以 ; d)must 表達 必頇 一定 例 :1. My father could speak three languages. ( 能夠 ) 2. You have been working all day;you must be tired. ( 一定 ) 3. Mike might not be in the living room. ( 也許 ) 4. When she returns, she will telephone me. ( 將會 ) ** 常考的助動詞句型 : a) 對目前事情的猜測, 表達 現在也許, 現在可能 用 might+ 原形動詞或 could+ 原形動詞 b) 若是對過去的猜測, 則用 might+ have+ p.p. 或 could+ have+ p.p. c) 表達 現在一定是 用 must+ 原形動詞 d) 表達 過去一定是 則用 must+ have+ p.p., 這種結構也是猜測, 不過語氣很強 e) 表達 目前應該這樣但並沒有這樣 用 should+ 原形動詞 f) 若表達過去則用 should+ have+ p.p. 例 :1. A:I can t find my purse. B:You could (might) have left it at home. 2. David passed the examination;he must have studied hard. 3. The phone is ringing;it could (might) be John. 4. The price is wrong;it should be $1000, not $ They should have arrived here an hour ago, but they didn t. ** 其它重要的助動詞 : a) need:need 可作助動詞, 亦可作一般動詞, 結構為 need to+ 原形動詞,need+ Ving 表達 需要被 例 :1. He needs to finish it as soon as possible. ( 一般動詞 ) 2. We needn t hurry. ( 助動詞 ) 3. The patient needs taking care of. ( 需要被照顧 ) 4. The car needs repairing. ( 需要被修理 ) b) mustn t 表 不可以,needn t 表達 不需要, 不必 c) ought to = should = be supposed to ( 應該 ) d) would rather: 表達 寧願, 通常用的結構為 would rather A than B, A 與 B 要用原形動詞例 :1. I would rather drink tea. 2. I would rather walk than take a taxi. 1

2 e) had better+ 原形動詞 : 表達 最好 例 :1. It s getting dark;we had better leave. 2. You had better not be late. f) used to+ 原形動詞 : 表達 過去習慣於, 若表達至今還存在的習慣則用 be (get) used (accustomed) to+ Ving 或 NP 例 :1. After dinner, Frank used to take a walk. 2. My grandfather is used to getting up early and doing exercise. 3. I expect we will get used to the busy life. 註 : 若 be used to 表達 被使用來, 則 to 為不定詞, 應接原形動詞 例 :1. Wind can be used to produce electricity. b. 時態時態最簡捷的方是抓時間副詞或另一個動詞 A. 簡單式 1. 現在簡單式 : 用以表達事實真理及現存的狀態 風俗 習慣等等 例 :1. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. ( 事實 ) 2. 過去簡單式 : 用以表達過去的狀態或過去某一點所發生的事 例 :1. He bought a new car ten days ago. 3. 未來簡單式 : 用以表達未來某一點將要發生的事情, 常見的結構為 (a)shall, will, should, ought to+ 原形動詞, 或 (b)be going to+ 原形動詞 例 :1. I will telephone you next Friday. B. 進行式 1. 現在進行式 : 用以表達目前正在進行的動作或未來已孜排之計畫 例 :1. Chris is studying in the library. 2. 過去進行式 : 用以表達過去某一點正在進行的動作例 :1. While I was taking a shower, the telephone rang. 3. 未來進行式 : 用以表示未來某點正要進行的動作, 其結構為 will, shall+ be+ Ving 例 :1. At this time tomorrow, I will be sitting in the class.\ C. 完成式 1. 現在完成式 : 用以表達過去某一點所發生的事情一直延伸到現在, 通常與現在完成式連用的副詞片語有 since( 自從 ),so far=up to now( 到目前為止 ),recently( 最近 ),in recent years 例 :1. I have lived in San Francisco since I have started learning Japanese recently. 3. I have met many people since I came here in June. 請注意,since 是考詴的一大重點, 其結構主要為 S+ have+ p.p.+ since+ 過去時間定點 或 S+ have+ p.p.+ since+ S+ 過去簡單式 2. 過去完成式 : 通常與過去簡單式連用, 以表達動作完成的先後, 先完成者用過去完成式, 後完成者用過去簡單式 例 :1. When we arrived, the lecture had begun. 2. My parents had already eaten when I got home. 2

3 3. 未來完成式 : 用以表達未來將要完成的動作, 若有 by+ 未來時間 的結構出現, 則強烈暗示要用未來完成式 例 :1. By next March, I will have graduated. 2. By 1999, I shall have lived in Hony Kong for ten years. *** 表達時間 ( 如 when, while, as soon as, before, after, until) 或條件 ( 如 unless 除非,if 假如,as long as 只要 ) 的副詞子句要用現在式代替未來, 但主要子句仍然用未來式 例 :1. After I get home, I will eat dinner. 2. As soon as the taxi comes, we will be able to leave for the airport. 3. If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home. c. 動詞補語 ( 不定詞與動名詞 ) 1. V+ Ving: 常考 avoid( 逃避 ),mind( 在乎 ),finish, enjoy, resent( 憤怒 ),risk( 冒隩 ),suggest( 建議 ), postpone( 延期 ),consider( 考慮 ),keep( 持續 ),practice( 練習 ),be busy( 忙於 ),be worth( 值得 ) 例 :1. I am considering changing my job. 2. Young boys enjoy playing baseball. **go+ Ving: 表達 去做某種活動, 如 go shopping, go swimming, go skiing( 去滑雪 ),go mountain climbing, go fishing, go hiking( 去遠足 ),go boating( 去划船 ),go skating( 去溜冰 ),go birdwatching( 去賞鳥 ) 等等 Go.. to v 2. V+ to+ 原形動詞 : 常表達目的 期望 要求 能力 詴圖等意思常考 wish, expect( 期望 ),intend( 欲 ),want, tend( 債向 ),manage( 設法 ),plan( 計畫 ),demand( 要求 ), request( 要求 ),decide( 決定 ),attempt( 詴圖 ),afford( 能夠 ),fail( 不能 無法 ),seem, appear( 似乎 ) S + V1+to+V2 +O S+V1+V2ing+) 3. V1+ O+ V2: 動詞後面若有受詞, 則 V2 可能用原形動詞 不定詞 動名詞, 或過去分詞 a) V+ O+ 不定詞 : 表達命令要求 期望 使能夠 建議 允許, ask, order, demand, require( 要求 ),wish, expect, force( 強迫 ),allow, permit( 允許 ),tell, encourage( 鼓勵 ),persuade( 說服 ),enable( 使能夠 ),invite, cause( 造成 ),advis( 勸告 ),warn( 警告 b) have make, let+ O+ 原形動詞 使役動詞受詞為物則用過去分詞例 :1. Please have someone carry these things to my house. 2. The extra cargo( 過多的貨物 ) made the ship sink. 3. He tried to make his ideas understood. ( ) I let you to give (me) 10 copies I let you give( me) 10 copies. c) 知覺動詞 watch (see, feel, hear, notice, observe) +O+ 動名詞或原形動詞, 但若表達被動則用過去分詞 例 :1. She felt her heart beating faster and faster. 2. I saw something move behind the trees. 3. Have you ever heard a pop song( 流行歌 ) sung in Japanese. e) spend+ time or money+ 動名詞 3

4 例 :1. He has spent half of his life writing this book. d) Keep+ O+ 動名詞 ( 表示動作持續進行 ) 讓某人或某物繼續 keep+ O+ 不定詞 ( 表示目的 ) 保有某物為了 例 :1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 例 :1. He kept a large amount of money to buy a house. e) help+ O+(to)+ 原形 :help 是較特殊的動詞, 受詞後面的動詞可用不定詞或原形動詞 註 :can t help+ 動名詞 = can t but+ 原形動詞 ( 不得不 ) 例 :1. I couldn t help crying. (= I couldn t but cry. ) **Stop+ Ving: 表達 停正做 Stop+ 不定詞 : 表達 放下工作開始做某事 例 :1. He stopped watching TV because he had a lot of work to do. 2. After three hours work, he stopped to take a break. ** remember (forget)+ving: 表達 想 ( 忘記 ) 已經做了 remember (forget)+ 不定詞 : 表達 想 ( 忘記 ) 要去做 例 :1. Don t forget to turn off the gas before going out. 2. I remember watering ( 澆水 ) the plants while I was away. ( 表示已澆了 ) 3. Please remember to water the plants while I am away. ( 表示還未澆 ) ** S+ have+ N (difficulty, trouble, a hard time, a good time, fun)+ 動名詞 : 表達 某人做 有困難 ( 或樂 趣 ) 例 :1. Poor people have a lot of difficulty buying enough to eat. d. 主被動 1. 若動詞後有名詞片語 (NP), 則幾乎都用主動語態, 即 S+ V+ NP 但 consider( 認為 ),call( 稱呼 ) 及 name( 命名 ) 例外, 這種動詞可能用被動 例 :1. Hundreds of people visit the Washington Monument( 華盛頓紀念碑 ) every day. 2. We consider him an artist. 3. He is considered an artist. 2. 若動詞後面有 by, 且 by 表達 被 由, 則用被動語態但 by 若表達 藉著 在 之旁 到 為止, 則要拉主詞跟動詞的意思, 才能判斷主動或被動 例 :1. The Old Man and the Sea was written by Earnest Hemingway. 2. He passes by the park every morning. ( 從 旁邊 ) 3. He passed the examination by studying hard. ( 藉著 ) 4. I shall have lived in Taipei for 10 years by next week. ( 到 為止 ) 3. 若動詞後沒有 NP, 也沒有 by, 則需利用主詞與動詞語意上的關係來判斷主動或被動 例 :1. The house was built in The plan was carried out successfully. 3. Many people enjoy working at night. 4

5 情緒動詞當形容詞 interest bore disappoint excite surprise satisfy worry tire amuse disgust embarrass frighten touch The news surprises me. the news is surprising to me I am surprised at the news. 連接詞 (refer to adv clause) 連接詞主要包括對等連接詞 (and, or, but, yet, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but also 等等 ) 及從屬連接詞 ( 如 when, while, before, after, since, although, though, because, if 等等 ) 對等連接詞的重點在於所引導的結構前後要對稱, 而從屬連接詞則引導從屬子句 例 :1. The beggar was cold and hungry. 2. Helicopters( 直昇機 ) can rise or descend vertically( 垂直地 ). 3. Benjamin Franklin was a well-known inventor, diplomat( 外交家 ) and statesman( 政治家 ). 4. He is used to eating a lot but doing little exercise. 5. Because I am too busy, I can t do it now. 6. He failed although he tried hard. 介系詞 ( 時間, 位置, 地點, 修飾 ) 結構上, 介系詞後面應接名詞片語或動名詞 介系詞所引導的片語稱為介系詞片語, 主要功能是當形容詞或副詞 例 :1.The girl with a red hat is Jane.( 當形容詞, 修飾 girl) 2.He came back in the morning.( 當副詞, 修飾 came back) 3.The professor explained the course in detail.( 當副詞, 修飾 explained) 4.Like his brother, Steve works hard.( 當副詞, 修飾後面整句 ) 1. 表達時間 \ (a) at( 指點鐘 正午或午夜 ) 例 :at two o clock, at noon( 正午 ), at midnight( 午夜 ) (b) in( 指月份 年代 季節 早上或下午 ) 例 :in May, in 1850, in summer, in the morning, in the afternoon. (c) on( 指某月某日, 星期 ) 例 :on May 20, on Friday 10 th of july 2. 表達地方 (a) at( 指點的觀念, 表示 在某點附近 ) 例 :at the bus stop, at the door (b) on( 指, 表示 在... 上面 ) 例 :on the roof, on the horse 5

6 (c) in( 指空間, 表示 在... 裡面 ) 例 :in the classroom, in a box, in the drawer 此外, 世界上一些大都會城市亦用 in, 如 in New York, in London, in Tokyo, in Taipei (d) across( 越過 ) through( 穿過 )(across 指面,through 指空間 ) 例 :1.They built a bridge across the river. 2.The train went through a tunnel( 隧道 ) 3. at 還可用以表達價錢 速度 高度及年齡 例 :at the price (cost) of ( 以... 價格 ) at the speed of ( 以 的速度 ) at full speed( 全速 ) at the height of( 的高度 ) at the age of( 的年齡 ) 4. beside( 在 之旁 ) besides( 除了 之外 ) ** besides adv. 此外例 :1.He is sitting beside the window. 2.There were three other people at the meeting besides Mr. Jones. 5. across 越過 ( 介系詞 ) cross 越過 ( 動詞 ) 例 :1.They walked across the street. 2.They crossed the street. 6. between( 兩者之間 ) among( 三者以上之間 ) *** as, despite, since, until, concerning, regarding, for, unless, as for, as to 形容詞 ( 修飾 ) 1. 功用 : 形容詞的功用是修飾名詞或當名詞的補語 例 :1. It is an important book about American history. ( 修飾 book) 2. Food is necessary for our life. ( 當主詞補語 ) 3. The story made me sad. ( 當受詞 me 的補語 ) 2. 位置 : 形容詞常見的位置如下 : (a)adj+ N: 形容用來修飾名詞通常應擺在名詞之前 例 :1. Many students are interested in practical subjects such as international trade. (b)s+ V+ adj 或 S+ V+ O+ adj 例 :1. He looks upset about the decision. ( 當主詞補語 ) 3. Eating too much always makes me uncomfortable. ( 受詞補語 ) **S+ be+ p.p.+ adj: 此種結構表達主詞 被認為, 被發現, 被證明為, 故用 adj 當主詞補語 常用的動詞有 consider, believe, think, find, prove 例 :1. He was considered innocent. 2. He was found dead in the morning. 3. The merchandise is proven dangerous. 副詞 6

7 1. 功用 : 副詞用以修飾動詞 形容詞 副詞本身或整個獨立子句 例 :1. Mr. Chan speaks English extremely fluently. (fluently 流利地 修飾 speaks, 而 extremely 非常地 修飾 fluently) 2. Fortunately he passed the entrance examination. ( 修飾整個子句 ) 3. The problem is virtually difficult. (virtually 真正地 修飾 difficult) 2. 位置 : 副詞常用於下列位置 : (a)adv+ adj 或 adv+adv: 副詞修飾形容詞或副詞本身則擺在前面, 但 enough 例外, 其位置應為 adj 或 adv+ enough 例 :1. The child is totally independent. (totally 完全地 修飾 independent) 2. He writes very carelessly. ( 修飾 carelessly) 3. He didn t run fast enough to catch the train. (enough 修飾 fast) (b)v+ 地方副詞 + 時間副詞例 :1. He was born in Taiwan in 若副詞中有大單位與小單位, 則順序應為 小單位 + 大單位 例 :1. I happened to see him at a bookstore in Taipei at 8:30 last night. 2. He was born in Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. (c) 時間副詞 (always, often, usually, never, ever, suddenly, sometimes, still, frequently, seldom, hardly, scarcely 幾乎不 ) 在動詞片語中的位置為 (1)S+ be+ 時間副詞,(2)S+ 時間副詞 +V,(3)S+ 助動詞 + 時間副詞 + 動詞 例 :1. Ann is often at the library in the evening. 2. My father usually gets up before 5: We will never forget your kindness. (d) 助動詞 + 副詞 + 動詞 : 擺在助動詞與動詞之間一定要用副詞, 以修飾動詞 例 :1. I would totally agree with you. ** 分詞 分詞是由動詞變化而來, 可分為現在分詞 (Ving) 與過去分詞 (Ven) 分詞可具有形容詞功用, 以修飾名詞或作補語 ; 分詞亦可作副詞, 以修飾動詞或整個子句 (a)ving(ven)+n: 這種結構分詞是修飾後面的名詞, 表達主動或進行用現在分詞, 表達被動或完成用過去分詞 例 :1. He told us some frightening stories. ( 令人害怕的, 表示主動 ) 2. The wounded soldier was taken off to hospital. ( 受傷的, 表示被動 ) 3. A rolling stone gathers no moss. ( 滾石不生苔 ) ( 滾動的, 表示進行 ) 4. He threw away the broken chair. ( 破的, 表示完成 ) frightening stories = stories which are frightening the wounded soldier = the soldier who was wounded a rolling stone = a stone which is rolling the broken chair = the chair which has broken. (b)n+ Ving Ven N +Ving +N 7

8 例 :1.( The girl wearing a hat )is Mary. (a hat 為名詞片語, 故前面分詞應為主動語態 ) = The girl (who is wearing a hat) is Mary. 2. It is a famous book written by Henry James. (by 得知為被動 ) = It is a famous book which was written by Henry James. 3. The bridge built in 1910 was torn down. ( 拉 build 與 bridge 之關係, 得知為被動 ) = The bridge which was built in 1910 was torn down. (c) be S+ feel + Ving: become Ven 這種結構的分詞是由情緒動詞變化而來的, 若用事物作主詞, 表達 令人 則為主動觀念, 用現在分詞 ; 若用人作主詞, 表達 感到 則為被動觀念, 用過去分詞 例 :1. We are (surprised) at the result. 2. After a long day s work, John felt exhausted. ( 精疲力盡的 ) 3. The movie was exciting. 4. His stories are always interesting. 註 : 這類情緒動詞尚包括 tire( 疲倦 ), confuse( 困惑 ), puzzle( 困惑 ), fascinate( 吸引 ), disappoint( 失望 ), touch( 感動 ), move( 感動 ), embarrass( 困窘 ), frighten( 驚嚇 ) 等 2. 分詞當副詞, 以修飾動詞或整個子句, 主動語態用現在分詞, 被動語態則用過去分詞 (a)ving Ven, S+VP: 此種結構分詞是修飾後面整個子句 例 :1. Writing a letter, he heard somebody coming. ( 關鍵在 a letter 為名詞片語, 故為主動觀念, 用現在分詞 ) 2. Frightened by the explosion( 爆炸聲 ),the children began to cry. ( 關鍵在 by, 故用過去分詞 ) 3. Walking on the street, I met John. ( 本句 walking 後面沒有名詞片語, 也沒有 by, 故拉主詞 I 與 walk 之關係, 得知應為主動觀念, 故用現在分詞 ) 4. Written in simple English, the book soon became popular. ( 拉 book 與 write 之關係 ) (b)s+ V+ Ving Ven : 此種結構分詞用來修飾動詞, 判斷的關鍵亦在主動被動的觀念 例 :1. The woman came here wearing a red hat. 2. My friend entered the room singing and laughing. 名詞代名詞 ( 代替誰 ) 1. 名詞 (nouns): 名詞可作主詞 受詞 補語 及同位語 例 :1. Severe winter storms in the Northwest have caused many deaths. ( 本句 storms 為主詞,Northwest 為介系詞 in 的受詞,deaths 為動詞 caused 的受詞, 請注意, 只有介系詞與動詞才會有受詞 ) 2. John Smith, our English teacher, comes from Australia. (John Smith 為主詞,our English teacher 為主詞 8

9 同位語,Australia 為 from 之受詞 ) 3. The storm was a disaster. ( 主詞補語 ) 4. The book make him a famous person. ( 受詞補語 ) 2. 代名詞 (pronouns): 代名詞包括主格 (I, we, you, she, he, it, they) 所有格(my, our, your, her, his, its, their), 與受格 (me, us, you, her, him, it, them) 主格當主詞, 受格當動詞或介系詞之受詞, 所有格則為形容詞的功用, 後面接名詞 例 :1. If a lizard( 蜥蜴 ) loses its tail, a new one grows to replace it. 2. They believe that their theory is based on facts. 3. We gave them the books. 2. 句子的連結 對等 單字對等連接詞 :and, or, but, yet, nor 等, 其前後對稱 nor( 也不 ),so( 也是 ) 只能引導子句, 且後面的子句要倒裝 例 :1. Mary wants to go, so do I. 2. He can speak English very well, so can I. 3. He is not a soldier, nor am I. 4. He didn t go to the party, nor did I. 複合對等連接詞 :both A and B( 兩者皆是 ),neither A nor B( 非 A 也非 B),either A or B(A 或 B 其中之一 ), not only A but also B( 不傴是 A 同時也是 B),not A but B ( 不是 A 而是 B),A but not B(A 而不是 B),A as well as B(A 跟 B) 獨立 ( 轉折字 ) s +v +o; adv, s +v +o 1. 表達 此外 :besides, in addition, moreover, furthermore 例 :The house is too small. Furthermore, it is in bad location. = The house is too small;furthermore, it is in bad location. 註 : 獨立連接詞前面可使用之標點符號為句點或分號 2. 表達 然而 :however, on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless 例 :My room is very small. However, it s comfortable. = My room is very small;however, it s comfortable. 3. 表達 因此 :thus, hence, so, therefore, consequently, as a result, accordingly 例 :Helen studied hard all year. Therefore, he made excellent grades. = Helen studied hard all year;therefore, he made excellent grades. 4. 表達 相反地 :rather, instead, on the contrary 例 :They didn t go fishing. Instead, they went swimming. = They didn t go fishing;instead, they went swimming. 9

10 5. 其它 :otherwise( 否則 ), for instance( 例如 ), in the same way( 同樣地 ), likewise( 同樣地 ) 例 :You must buy some food. Likewise, you ll need warm clothes. = You must buy some food;likewise, you ll need warm clothes. 從屬連接詞 ( 引導從屬子句 ) 1. 名詞子句 : 功用等於名詞, 整個子句可作主詞, 受詞, 或補語 引導名詞子句的連接詞為 (a)that,(b) 疑問詞 ( 如 when, where, what, how, why, whether, who, which, whom 等 ) 例 :1. (That honesty is the best policy) is true. ( 當主詞 ) 2. (How he will do it) is not my business. ( 當主詞 ) 3. We don t know (who will get the first prize). ( 當 know 之受詞 ) 4. We are interested in (whom he is going to marry). ( 當 in 之受詞 ) 5. They were worried about the fact (which is harmful). ( =that you were sick). ( 當 fact 之補語 ) 2. 形容詞子句 : 形容詞子句的功用等於形容詞, 用以修飾前面的名詞, 連接詞為 who, whom, which, whose 等關係代名詞 例 :1. I discussed it with my brother (who is a lawyer). ( 修飾 brother) 2. He is a man (whom I won t trust.) ( 修飾 man) I will not trust him. 3. This is the book (which I bought yesterday.) ( 修飾 book) 4. I talked to the woman( whose father was a poet.) ( 修飾 woman) 3. 副詞子句 : 功用等於副詞, 主要用以修飾動詞或整個子句引導副詞子句的連接詞依語意的不同, 可分為下列幾種 : Adv= S V O(conj+S+ V+O) (a) 表示 雖然 縱然 :though, although, while, even if, even though 例 :1.( Even though it is hard work), I enjoy it. 2.( While he has earned a lot of money), he is not happy. 注意要點 : (1) 上列連接詞不能與 but 連用 (2)despite 與 in spite of 亦表示 雖然, 但為介系詞, 其後應跟名詞片語 (b) 表達 因為 :because, since, as, for, in that 例 :1. Since you are going, I will go too. 2. My brother didn t go to school, for he was sick. 3. You should stop smoking in that it s harmful to your health. 注意要點 : (1) 上列連接詞不能與 so 連用 (2) because of 為介系詞, 其後接名詞片詞 例 :I didn t go shopping because of the rain. 10

11 (c) 表達 目的 :so that, in order that 例 :1. I packed him a little food so that he wouldn t get hungry. 2. he studies hard in order that he can pass the exam. 註 : 表達 目的 之結構尚有 in order to+ 原形動詞 與 so as to+ 原形動詞 (d) 表達 條件 :If, unless( 除非 ), once( 一旦 ), as long as( 只要 ), on condition that( 假如 ), provided that( 假如 ) 例 :1. Unless you work harder, you will fail. 2. If it rains, we will stay at home. 3. Once she arrives, we will start. 4. I will lend you the book on condition that you return it on time. 注意事項 : (1) 上列表達 條件 表達 時間 子句的動詞要用現在式代替未來, 但主要句的動詞仍用未來式 (2) Unless 不能與 or( 否則 ) 連用 例 :Unless I am invited, or I won t go. ( 應將 or 去掉 ) (e) 表達 時間 :when, while, as soon as( 當 ), until, since, before, after 例 :1. When I was a child, things were different. 2. He got married as soon as he left university. 3. We won t start until he comes. 4. We have been friends since we met at school. 複合關係代名詞 : what (~ 的一切 ) 主格或受格 what+ VP 或 what+ S+ VP whatever ( 不論什麼 ) 主格或受格 whatever+ VP 或 whatever+ S+ VP whoever ( 不論誰 ) 主格 whoever+ VP whomever( 不論誰 ) 受格 whomever+ S+ VP whichever ( 不論那一個 ) 主格或受格 whichever +VP 或 whichever+ S+ VP whosever ( 不論誰 ) 所有格 whosever+n whenever wherever so as also yet 11

12 3. 比較級, 假設, 片語, 單字用法 If 所引導的假設語氣有下列幾種句型 : 1. 表達跟現在事實相反 :If+ S+ were,s+ could/might/would + 原形動詞例 :1. If I were you, I might leave at once. 2. I would buy that house if I had enough money. 2. 表達與過去事實相反 :If+ S+ had+ p.p., S+ could/might/would +have+ p.p. 例 :1. If you had come to the party, you might have met Jane. 2. He might have come if it had not rained. ** 假設語氣 If 子句可以改為倒裝結構, 即 (1) 去掉 if,(2) 將 should, were 或 had 移至主詞前面 例 :1. If he should come, I would tell the truth. = Should he come, I would tell the truth. 2. If the sun were to rise in the west, I would marry you. = Were the sun to rise in the west, I would marry you. 3. If I were you, I might leave at once. = Were I you, I might leave at once. 4. You might have met Jane if you had come to the party. = You might have met Jane had you come to the party. 常考片語 1. accuse+ 人 +of+ 罪名 =charge+ 人 +with+ 罪名 ( 控告某人犯 ) The police accused him of murder. 2. apply for: 申請 John has decided to apply for admission ( 入學許可 ) American university. 3. above all: 尤其重要的是 Be careful on your trip. Above all, don t drink and drive. 4. get along with: 相處 He is so selfish ( 自私的 ) that nobody likes to get along with him. 5. be addicted to: 沈迷於 Some children are addicted to watching TV all day long. 6. bring about: 引貣, 造成 Drink and driving has brought about many accidents. 7. bring up: 養育 ; 提出 The professor brought up a problem about water pollution. 8. become of: 發生 No matter what becomes of you, I ll support you. 9. be based on: 以 為基礎 The drama ( 戲劇 ) is based on a short story. 12

13 10. come into being: 產生, 開始存在 No one knows how such an idea came into being. 11. consist of (=be composed of = be made up of): 由 組成, 包含 The committee ( 委員會 ) consists of ten members. 12. cope with: 處理 ; 應付 It needs great patience ( 需要極大的耐心 ) to cope with our social problems. 13. call for: 要求, 需要 14. call up: 打電話 I called up Smith and reminded him of the meeting. 15. call off: 取消 Because his wife was sick, he called off the trip to Europe. 16. carry on: 持續 They carried on their discussion until midnight. 17. drop in: 順逆拜訪 On his way home ( 在他回家途中 ), he dropped in on us. 18. distinguish A from B (=distinguish between A and B): 區別 A 與 B Sometimes it s difficult to distinguish between right and wrong. 19. depend on (=count on =rely on): 依靠, 依賴 All living things depend on water, air, and sunlight. 20. dress up: 打扮得很漂亮 The woman dressed up in the wedding. ( 婚禮 ) 21. do away with: 廢除 The government ( 政府 )should do away with obsolete laws( 過時的法律 ) 22. have an effect (influence) on: 對 產生影響 His philosophy ( 哲學 ) had a great effect on education. 23. embark on: 開始 He decided to embark on a new way of life. 24. be fed up with: 厭煩, 受過了 We are fed up with your complaints( 抱怨 ) 25. fix up: 修理 ; 孜裝 ; 孜排 He fixed up the meeting. 26. for good: 永遠地 Do you really want to close the company for good? 27. go with: 相配 He bought a new tie ( 領帶 ) to go with his suit. 28. hear from: 接到 的書信 I haven t heard from him for a long time. 29. hand in: 交出 The teacher asked us to hand in our papers ( 報告 ) in two weeks. 30. be at home: 熟悉於, 精通於 13

14 Professor Dick is at home in our papers ( 報告 ) in two weeks. 31. let on: 透露, 洩漏 It s a secret;please don t let on to anyone. 32. lay off: 解雇 Many workers are laid of because of economic depression ( 經濟蕭條 ). 33. look after (=take care of): 照顧 Who is going to look after the children? take after: 像 34. make up: 偏造 ; 化裝 ; 補 ( 課 考 修等 ); 和解 Uncle Mark enjoys making up interesting stories for his kids. 35. at odds: 爭吵 The couple are always at odds about trifles ( 瑣事 ). 36. off and on: 斷斷續續 During the past week it has rained off and on. 37. put aside (=put away): 儲蓄 You should put some money aside every month. 38. put up with: 忍受 I could not put up with his behavior any longer. 39. prohibit from: 禁止, 使... 無法 The boss prohibits his workers from smoking in the office. 40. result from: 貣因於 result in (= lead to): 導致 41. Eating too much often results in illness. 42. suffer from: 遭受 之苦 The crops ( 農作物 ) suffer from a blight ( 病蟲害 ) 43. show up: 出現 Did he show up last night? 44. set up: 建立, 成立 He set up many schools for the poor. 45. stand for: 代表 ROC stands for the Republic of China. 46. stay up: 熬夜不睡 Robert stayed up until two o clock in the morning for his final exam. 47. stick to: 堅持, 遵循 Drivers should stick to traffic regulations( 交通規則 ) 48. strike up: 開始 The lawyer ( 律師 ) struck up a talk with his client ( 顧客 ) 49. in season: 盛產期 ; 應時的 Fruits are cheapest in season. 50. at stake: 緊要關頭 he recued ( 救 ) the boy at stake. 14

15 51. take in: 接受 ; 理解 ; 欺騙 The students could not take in his meaning. 52. take on: 從事 ( 某工作 ), 雇用 After graduation, he plants to take on journalism( 新聞業 ) 53. turn in: 交出 ; 上床睡覺 I m very tired, and I think I ll turn in now. 54. take turns: 輪流 The students take turns cleaning up the classroom. 55. use up: 用光 He has used up all of his money. 56. in vain: 沒結果, 白費力氣 We tried to persuade ( 說服 ) him not to go, but in vain. 57. work out: 想出, 了解 It takes time to work out this complicated ( 複雜的 ) math problem. 58. What for: 為什麼 ; 作什麼用 15

16 59. when it comes to: 一談到 The kids were excited when it came to eating ice cream. 60. wear out: 穿破, 用舊 ; 使疲憊 After a day s work, he was really worn out. ** 除 If 之外, 其它 wish, as if, without 等亦可引導假設語氣的結構 1. wish 所引導的假設語氣 : 表達與未來事實相反 :S+ with+ (that)+ S+ should+ 原形動詞例 :I wish I could go to the party tomorrow. 表達與現在事實相反 :S+ wish+ (that)+ S+ 過去式例 :1. I wish I were a millionaire. 2. I wish I had enough money. 表達與過去事實相反 :S+ wish+ (that)+ S+ had+ p.p. 例 :I wish I had known he was in hospital. **as if (= as though, 似乎, 好像 ):as if 所引導的假設語氣結構與上述 wish 的結構一樣 ** 表達命令要求 堅持 建議勸告等動詞所引導的假設語氣 : 這類動詞常考者包括 order, command, demand, ask, require( 命令要求 );insist, maintain( 堅持 );suggest, propose, recommend, advise( 建議勸告 ) (a) S+ V+ (that)+ S+ (should)+ 原形動詞 :that 與 should 皆可省略, 若省略 should, 則後面動詞一律用原形 例 :1. I insisted (that) he (should) come back early. 2. My sister demanded (that) he (should) apologize ( 道歉 ) 3. Jane suggested that I (should) buy a car. (b) It be+ p.p.+ that+ S+ (should)+ 原形動詞例 :1. It was required that he (should) finish his work on time. 2. It is recommended that we (should) do more exercise. 16

17 (c) It be+ adj+ that+ S+ (should)+ 原形 : 這種結構的形容詞 (adj) 亦是表達命令要求 堅持 建議勸告的語氣, 常考的包括 necessary, important, imperative, essential, insistent, advisable 等 例 :1. It is necessary that he (should) make an immediate decision. 2. It is advisable that we (should) do exercise at least twice a week. 5. It+ be (about 或 high) +time(that)+s+ 過去式 : 表達 該是 的時候了 例 :1. It is time that you worked hard. 2. It is about time you went to bed. 倒裝主要目的是為了加強語氣, 倒裝的步驟是將 be 動詞或助動詞移至主詞前面 常考的倒裝結構如下 : 1. 否定副詞擺在首, 則後面的主要子句要使用倒裝結構, 這些否定副詞包括 never( 從未 ),scarcely, hardly, rarely, barely, seldom( 幾乎不 ),neither, nor( 也不 ),no more, no longer( 不再 ),by no means( 絕不 ),not only, only, not until 等等 例 :1. No longer do people like his novels. 2. Never have I seen such an interesting film. 3. I wasn t there;neither was my brother. 4. Only when I was twenty, did I begin to study English. 2. If 所引導的假設語氣亦可使用倒裝結構 ( 請參考本章第一節 ) 例 :1. Were my brother here, he would protect me. 2. Had you asked me, I might have told you the answer. 3. 比較結構之倒裝 :A+ V1+ as as+ B+ V2 A+ V1+ more than+ B+ V2 這種結構中,V2 可以移至 B 的前面, 成為倒裝, 但亦可不移 例 :1. Country children can read as quickly as city children can. = Country children can read as quickly as can city children. 2. Women in their society enjoy more admiration( 推崇 ) than women in our society do. = Women in their society enjoy more admiration than do women in our society. 3. 表達 地方 的介系詞片語擺在句首的倒裝 例 :1. Under the tree stood an old man. (= An old man stood under the tree) 2. In the drawer are some papers. (= Some papers are in the drawer) 3. In the south of Mexico lies a beautiful city. (= A beautiful city lies in the south of Mexico) 17

18 註 : 表達 位於 在於 (lie, stand), 發生 (occur), 存在 (exist) 等動詞的倒裝結構可以不加助動詞 3. Among 表達 列舉 所引導的倒裝結構 :Among+ NP+ be+ S 例 :Among the most important romantic poets in the eighteenth century were John Byron, John Keats, and William Wordsworth. = John Byron, John Keats, and William Wordsworth were among the most important romantic poets in the eighteenth century 1. S+ Vi ( 完全不及物動詞句型 ): 不及物動詞的重點在於後面不能直接跟受詞, 若要加受詞則應先加介系詞, 即 S+ Vi+ 介系詞 + 受詞 例 :1. The men are working. The men are working in that textile factory. ( 紡織廠 ) 2. The audience laughed. The audience laughed at him. 3. Some students were talking. Some students were talking to their teacher. 2. S+ Vt+ O ( 完全及物動詞句型 ): 完全及物動詞的重點在於後面要直接跟受詞, 不能有介系詞 例 :1. Uncle Harry wrote the book. 2. The employer and workers have reached an agreement. 3. He made a lot of money by selling stocks. ( 股票 ) 3. S+ Vt+ O+OC ( 不完全及物動詞句型 ): 此種動詞的重點在於受詞 (O) 後面應有形容詞或名詞來作受詞補語 (OC), 語意上才算完整 語類動詞包含下列幾種意思 :(a) 表達 認為, 如 think, consider, believe, find, regard, take, (b) 表達 使, 如 make, (c) 表達 命名 稱呼, 如 name, call 例 :1. All of us thought the exercise interesting. 2. We believe him a responsible person. 3. The book made him famous overnight. 4. We all call him Richard. 4. S+ Vt+ IO( 間接受詞 )+DO( 直接受詞 ) 授與動詞句型 : 這類動詞表達 給 的意思, 帶有兩個受詞, 間接受詞指人或機構, 直接受詞則指事物 另外, 授與動詞亦可轉換為帶有介系詞的結構, 即 S+ Vt+ DO+ to 或 for+ IO 授與動詞包括 give, bring, write, lend, show, send, pay, owe( 欠 ), hand( 交給 ) 上列動詞若用介系詞通常用 for, buy, make( 做給 ), order( 點菜 ), 上列動詞介系詞用 for 例 :1. He lent me some books. He lent some books to me. 2. David handed his father a letter. David handed a letter to his father. 18

19 3. John bought his son a new bicycle. John bought a new bicycle for his son. 5. S+ LV+ SC ( 聯輟動詞句型 ): 這類動詞的重點在於後面應接名詞或形容詞來當主詞補語 (SC), 請注意, 若接名詞則此名詞在語意上要等於主詞 聯輟動詞包括 (a)be 動詞, 表達 是 ;(b)become, grow, turn, get 等動詞, 表達 變成 ;(c)remain, stay, keep 等動詞, 表達 仍然 ;(d)seem, appear, look 等動詞, 表達 似乎 ;(e)feel, taste, smell, sound 等感官動詞 例 :1. He finally became a millionaire. 2. Despite the danger, they remained calm( 冷靜的 ). 3. The students appeared cd. (confused 為過去分詞當形容詞 ) 4. The music sounds sweet. 常見字尾人 ant, aire, ar, er, or, ian, eer, ist, ess, ent 名詞 age. ance.ence, dom, hood, ment, ness, ship, tion, ation, sion, ty, ure, th, tude, cy, ice, ism 形容詞 able, ible,( 能 ), ful,( 有 性質 ) less, ous, ic, ics, ical, ive, ate, ent, some, en 動詞, fy, ize, en, ate 副詞 ly, ily, ward 常見字首 anni -, annu -,- anti -, ant - year, yearly ( 年度的 ) against, opposed to, preventive ( 反抗 ) auto- self, same ( 自己的, 相同的 ) com - co -, cog -, col -, con -, cor - together, with ( 共同 ; 一起 ) de- away, from, ( 離開 ) down ( 向下 ) ex - ( e -, ef -). out of, from; ( 出自 ) upward; ( 向上 ) completely, entirely;( 完全的 ) to remove from, deprive of;( 移除 ) without; ( 沒有 ) former ( 前任 ) inimilirun- not, ( 不 ) lacking ( 沒有 ) ** in-&im- 也有在 以內 19

20 nonmisdidis- inter - preprofore- between, among; ( 在 之間 ) mutually, ( 相互的 ) together ( 共同 ) before, ( 在 之前 ) forward, ( 向前 ) **post 之後 re- again, ( 再 ) back, ( 回 ) down ( 向下 ) trans- across, ( 橫跨 ) beyond ( 越過 ) Tele- Out- Vis- Super- Over- 遠方往外看超越 (The department-wide changes( which are suggested by Ms. Juntasa)) received unanimous approval from company management. 20