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1 2004 年国际鹤类基金会中国项目概要 李凤山莫珊 ( 国际鹤类基金会 ) 本概要重点总结了 2004 年国际鹤类基金会 (ICF) 在中国的九项活动 有关这些项目的背景, 请参阅以前发表在 中国鹤类通讯 的中国项目概要或相关项目介绍 1. 草海自然保护区的社区发展和保护项目福特基金会资助的三年草海项目 参与式自然保护与社区发展草海自然保护区培训项目 于 2005 年 3 月正式结束,2004 年项目完成情况如下 : (1) 草海项目培训教材 自然保护与社区发展 - 来自草海的经验 已经编纂完毕, 并将于 2005 年上半年由贵州科技出版社出版 ; (2) 在编写草海项目培训教材过程中, 我们使用教材初稿作为培训材料举办了四期培训班, 培训班学员为来自贵州 广西 内蒙 吉林 黑龙江和江西等省的保护区管理及社区发展方面的工作人员 ; (3) 为参加培训的 100 多名学员提供实习的草海保护区内 4 个野外项目点 ( 包括村基金 水土流失控制 村级规划和环境教育 ) 都顺利地完成了计划的活动, 并接待了外来参观考察人员 ; (4) 草海保护区与其他一些保护区交流了自然保护和社区发展的经验 草海保护区工作人员 当地学校老师和农民等 10 余人参观考察了云南屏边县大围山自然保护区和西双版纳保护区, 另有一人参加了东北亚鹤类网络组织的在蒙古国举办的环境教育培训 草海合作项目总结会于 2005 年 3 月在草海举行, 总结会总结和评估了草海项目过去 10 年, 尤其是过去 3 年的工作 李凤山 刘文 李振吉组织编写了草海总结会论文集 社区发展与自然保护的经验和思考 本论文集收集了 22 篇文章, 包括 4 个部分 : 草海自然保护区基本情况 ; 草海的社区发展与自然保护活动 ; 草海国际合作项目评估 ; 交流学习 草海项目总结会与会者认为 : 草海合作项目在社会 经济和环境方面取得了显著的成绩, 提高了农民的环境保护意识, 增强了农民在草海保护中的作 用, 草海项目也提高了草海村民的生活水平, 培养了一批草海保护和社区发展的农民骨干 2. 鄱阳湖鹤类和大型水禽 水位和水生植物生态关系的研究在 迁徙野生动物物种保护公约 和全球环境基金 (GEF) 项目的资助下, 国际鹤类基金会与鄱阳湖保护区继续进行 鄱阳湖鹤类和大型水禽 水位和水生植物生态关系的研究, 旨在 :(1) 确定鄱阳湖的鹤类 水生植物 水位以及水透明度之间的关系 ;(2) 制订数据收集和分析的方法 ;(3) 加强鄱阳湖保护区人员的业务素质 在鄱阳湖内大湖池 沙湖 梅西湖和白沙湖的水位 水草和水鸟的监测活动都在正常进行 同时, 一个用于资料查询 输入和管理的数据库已经建立起来, 野外数据都输入到数据库中 鄱阳湖保护区 5 名项目工作人员都已经完成了保护区管理 自然科学和环境保护等方面的研究生 本科和大专生的培训 国际鹤类基金会资助的美国威斯康辛大学 ( 麦迪逊校区 ) 硕士生彭简仕也参与到本项目中来 他于 2003 年 12 月在鄱阳湖工作了两周 在 2004/2005 冬季, 彭简仕在梅西湖和大湖池对水鸟和植被进行了大量取样, 还与鄱阳湖保护区人员一起修补 完善数据库 3. 开展社区参与湿地保护区管理的环境教育项目国际鹤类基金会与北京天下溪教育研究所就本项目已经合作了两年 本项工作由美国路思基金会资助, 目的是为中国和俄罗斯的六个湿地自然保护区制订环境教育活动 在中国的五个自然保护区都是国家级的保护区, 以保护鹤类和其他迁徙鸟类重要的栖息地 其中 3 个是鹤类的繁殖地和迁徙停歇地 ( 扎龙 挠力河 向海 ), 两个是鹤类越冬地 ( 鄱阳湖和草海 ) 另一个项目点是俄罗斯的阿穆尔州的穆拉维克公园, 该公园是俄罗斯远东地区鹤类重要的繁殖和停歇地 1

2 本项目包括 : 为保护区人员进行参与式方法的培训 ; 与当地项目人员一起进行环境教育需求评估 ; 与当地老师共同设计环境教育活动和教材 具体是, 在项目期间我们为每个地点举办一次冬 ( 夏 ) 令营, 编写一本乡土教材, 给孩子以及成年人制订自然保护行动策略 到目前, 我们已经举办了三期夏令营 二期冬令营 一个乡土教材培训班, 印制了草海和鄱阳湖乡土教材, 完成了冬 ( 夏 ) 令营教案的初稿 4. 强化中国鹤类和水鸟专家组的工作我们与中国鹤类和水鸟专家组的合作主要在两个方面 :(1) 出版 中国鹤类通讯 ;(2) 资助鹤类小型基金 2004 年, 建立了 15 人的 中国鹤类通讯 编辑委员会, 强化了文章的稿源和质量 在 2004 年, 我们为中国科学院昆明动物所的伍和启提供了鹤类小型科研基金 中国鹤类和水鸟专家组与国际鹤类基金会也正在做另外两个项目 :(1) 编辑 中国鹤类文献题录 本题录由马志军 周立志和苏立英汇编, 共收集了 1100 多篇文章 本题录将于 2005 年内出版 (2) 中国鹤类研究 也正在编纂中 本文集目前收集了 20 多篇文章, 将于 2005 年 10 月前由云南民族出版社出版 5. 全球环境基金 (GEF) 项目联合国环境署 / 全球环境基金 (UNEP/GEF) 的 亚洲白鹤及其它国际重要迁徙水鸟迁徙通道与重要湿地的保护 项目已经进行了两年 中国项目区的项目活动进展相对良好, 主要完成情况如下 : (1) 飞行路线上的鹤类和大型水禽调查已经完成 这次调查覆盖了 9 个省份, 共计约 50 个鹤类停歇 繁殖和越冬地点, 调查水鸟 48 种 ; (2) 中国东北部鹤类和大型水鸟的繁殖调查已经结束 ; (3) 鄱阳湖鹤类和大型水鸟的航空和地面调查已经完成 ; (4) 保护区管理计划 水资源管理和监测计划 环境教育计划和社区参与计划已经起草, 并且已经进行了初步评估 ; (5) 为项目点进行了八期湿地管理 环境教育 生态旅游 社区参与和计算机技术等方面的培训 ; (6) 大部分项目所需设备, 如望远镜 计算机 车辆和相机等都已经购置 6. 西藏项目国际鹤类基金会与西藏高原生物研究所以及世界自然基金会开展了针对西藏中南部地区黑颈鹤保护的生态旅游项目 本项目把学校环境教育 专业自然导游培训以及自然保护区管理指南三者相互结合, 以便提高当地公众的环境意识, 开拓与当地自然资源保护相协调的经济发展契机 下面是 2004 年的活动 : (1) 自然环境教育 : 我们为当地 6~9 年级开发了一个黑颈鹤教材, 用于黑颈鹤越冬地区的中小学使用 (2) 自然导游培训 : 国际鹤类基金会和西藏高原生物研究所的工作人员给当地藏族提供了一个 4 天的自然导游培训班 课程包括小组讲课 讨论, 到游客较多的黑颈鹤和其他野生动物栖息地进行野外实习 (3) 自然保护区能力培训 : 世界自然基金会 ( 中国 )- 西藏项目办主任组织一个三天的自然保护区能力建设培训班 本培训班重点是帮助当地黑颈鹤保护区制订长期的管理计划, 建立黑颈鹤的越冬和繁殖地保护网络 本培训班包括 : 如何提供公众的自然保护意识 ; 生态旅游在野生动物保护和管理方面的作用 ; 解决人类和野生动物的冲突 ; 正确的政策和决策 7. 云贵高原黑颈鹤调查国际鹤类基金会与云南省林业厅合作于 2003/04 年冬季在云南和贵州进行了第三次黑颈鹤调查 三年的黑颈鹤 灰鹤 斑头雁 赤麻鸭调查结果如下表 : 冬季数量 ( 只 ) 黑颈鹤灰鹤斑头雁赤麻鸭 2001/ / / 在调查的同时, 我们也举办了冬季调查前的水鸟培训和调查结束后的总结会 几乎所有的调查人员都参加了水鸟培训和调查总结会, 学习水鸟分类 形态 生态 识别以及计数方法 在调查总结会上, 项目人员交流了调查的经验, 分析了湿地保护和鹤类管理的关键问题, 2

3 讨论了调查地点保护和管理下一步工作 三年的调查工作加强了我们对黑颈鹤的理解, 强化了这一地区不同地点以及科研管理人员的交流 8. 黑颈鹤迁徙研究国际鹤类基金会目前在与中国科学院昆明动物研究所 全国鸟类环志中心以及云南省林业厅合作开展在中国西南部的黑颈鹤迁徙调查 这个两年的项目自 2004 年开始, 将进行黑颈鹤的迁徙和生态研究, 同时也利用本项目开展环境教育活动, 以便激发中国和美国学生对鹤类及其保护的意识 在本项目的两年期间, 我们将给 10 只黑颈鹤放置卫星发射器 研究人员根据卫星发回的数据可以找出黑颈鹤的迁徙路线及其停歇点以及繁殖地点 研究人员也将进行黑颈鹤的生态研究, 以便探讨黑颈鹤的繁殖地 迁徙停歇地以及越冬地的生境利用情况 本项目另一个重要成分是由云南师范大学环境教育中心承担的环境教育活动 在科研人员收集黑颈鹤迁徙数据的同时, 鹤类的迁徙信息也将提供给在云南 北京以及美国参与环境教育活动的学校 结合鹤类迁徙以及它们迁徙区域的信息, 我们分别创立了中 英文 与鹤飞行 网站, 老师和学生可以 跟随 着黑颈鹤迁飞, 了解黑颈鹤的迁徙行为以及它们的停歇地 点 另外, 在云南东北部, 环境教育项目人员也为当地编制相关的环境教育读物 9. 一帮一助学 项目本项目于 1998 年在草海保护区启动, 目的是提高农村女童的教育水平 通过这个项目, 学生与一个资助人结对, 资助人每年给女童提供一定的经济资助, 用于学杂费 书费等 所有的资助经费都全额提供给受助学生 我们选择女童的标准是 : 学习成绩中等以上 家庭经济状况中等以下 当地村民 学校以及草海保护区共同参与女童的筛选过程 自 1998 年以来, 共有 29 名来自草海保护区内的女童接受 一帮一助学 项目的资助 2004 年有来自 6 个中小学的 19 名女童受到资助 2005 年, 我们计划再增加 10 名孩子 致谢! 国际鹤类基金会 2004 中国项目得到下列单位和个人资助 : 联合国环境署 全球环境基金 福特基金会 美国路思基金会 美国国务院 迁徙野生动物物种保护公约 Cracid 保护和繁殖中心 山姆埃文斯先生 Hamill 家庭基金会 一个黑颈鹤基金, 以及国际鹤类基金会会员的捐款 ICF s 2004 China Program Summary Li Fengshan and Sara Gavney Moore, International Crane Foundation 1. Integrating Conservation with Rural Development at Cao Hai Nature Reserve The Ford Foundation-sponsored Cao Hai training project, Establishment of a Training Program at Cao Hai Nature Reserve for Participatory Nature Conservation and Community Development, was completed in March Achievements from 2004 through March 2005 included: (1) Cao Hai training material, Community-based Conservation and Development- Experiences from Cao Hai, has been finalized and will be published by Guizhou Sciences and Technology Press in the first half of 2005; (2) Four pilot training sessions using this training material were held. Participants in the training sessions included nature reserve managers and community development project staff from Guizhou, Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang and Jiangxi Provinces; (3) Four field training sites representing community trust funds, soil erosion control, village planning, and environmental education 3

4 projects have implemented their activities well; (4) Experience exchanges on reserve management and community development between Cao Hai and other sites have been conducted. Ten people, including four farmers, two teachers, and four reserve staff from Cao Hai visited Daweishan Nature Reserve and Xishuangbanna in Yunnan, and one staff attended a training course in environmental education in Mongolia organized by the North East Asia Crane Site Network. The Cao Hai Project Summary Workshop was held at Cao Hai from March, The workshop summarized and evaluated project activities over the past ten years, especially the past three years. A workshop proceedings was compiled by Li Fengshan, Liu Wen and Li Zhenji. This proceedings, with a total of 22 papers, includes four parts: introduction to the reserve; community-based conservation and development activities at Cao Hai; social, economic and environmental impact assessments of the Cao Hai projects; and experiences sharing and exchange. The workshop participants agreed that the Cao Hai project has made significant achievements in social, economic and environmental aspects. This project has improved farmers awareness of environmental protection and enhanced the roles of farmers in Cao Hai protection. The project has further increased farmers living standards relatively. This project has trained a number of farmers as the leading force in Cao Hai conservation and development practice. 2. Studies of Waterbirds, Water Levels, and Aquatic Food Plants as a Basis for Conservation of Threatened Wetlands at Poyang Lake Under support from the Convention for Conservation of Migratory Animals, the International Crane Foundation has worked jointly with Poyang Lake Nature Reserve (PLNR) to conduct the project, Studies of Waterbirds, Water Levels, and Aquatic Food Plants as a Basis for Conservation of Threatened Wetlands at Poyang Lake, China. Our activities for 2004, building upon the previous five years of study, have attempted to: (1) determine the relationship between cranes and aquatic plants, water levels and turbidity at Poyang Lake; (2) develop an approach for data collecting and analysis; and (3) build capacity for the reserve project staff. Specifically, vegetation, plant winter buds, water level and quality, and cranes were sampled continuously at study lakes in appropriate seasons. A database for data input, query, and management was established and entry of data collected from previous years was initiated. Five project staff members from PLNR have completed a training program in reserve management, natural sciences, and environmental conservation. Mr. James Burnham, an ICF-sponsored UW-Madison graduate student, worked with the reserve staff at Poyang Lake in December 2003 for two weeks. During 2004 and early 2005, he conducted intensive field research at Meixi Lake and Dahuchi Lake on waterbirds and vegetation for his master degree. Besides conducting field work, Mr. Burnham worked with the reserve staff to improve the function of the database. His research will integrate on-going ecological monitoring activities with reserve management planning for the Siberian Crane and Wetland GEF project. 3. An Environmental Education Process that Involves Local Communities with Wetland Reserve Management in China ICF, in partnership with the Beijing Brooks Education Center, completed the second year of a three-year project funded by The Henry Luce Foundation to develop environmental education programming for six nature reserves in China and Russia. The five Chinese sites are all national level nature reserves of critical importance to cranes and other migratory waterbirds. The sites protect key breeding and migratory habitat (Zhalong, Naoli, and Xianghai Reserves), as well as wintering habitat (Poyang Lake and Cao Hai Reserves). The sixth site extends the project to 4

5 Muraviovka Park, another important crane breeding and migration area in southeastern Russia. The project includes training for reserve staff in participatory methods, involvement of local people in identifying education needs, and collaboration with local teachers in designing activities and materials. Specifically, at each site during the three years, we are conducting summer/winter camps for children from villages surrounding the protected wetlands, preparing school curricula for use by teachers in local schools, and developing strategies for student and adult conservation action. In 2004 and early 2005, we held three summer camps, two winter camp, and a training workshop on the school curriculum for the Poyang Lake Nature Reserve; we published the Cao Hai and Poyang Lake school curricula, and have completed development of the camp curriculum for the project sites in China. 4. Capacity Building for China Crane and Waterbirds Specialist Group There are two components of this project: (1) the publication of China Crane News; and (2) the Small Grants for Crane Research Program. In 2004, we continued publishing China Crane News with four color pages. In addition, a 15 member-editorial committee for the newsletter was established to strengthen paper contribution and quality of the articles. In 2004, we provided one research grants for Wu Heqi from the Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The China Crane and Waterbirds Specialist Group is working with ICF on other projects. One is to compile a bibliography of crane research in China. The bibliography has been compiled by Drs Ma Zhijun, Zhou Lizhi and Su Liying and includes more than 1,100 citations. It is expected this bibliography will be printed at the end of Another project is to publish the proceedings, Crane Research in China. More than 20 papers have been collected for the proceedings, which will be published by the Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House at the end of this year. 5. Development of a Wetlands Site and Flyway Network for Conservation of the Siberian Crane and Other Migratory Waterbirds in Asia The GEF project, Development of a Wetland Site and Flyway Network for Conservation of the Siberian Crane and Other Migratory Waterbirds in Asia, implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme / Global Environment Facility (UNEP/GEF) has been running over the past two years. Activities undertaken in China have been going relatively well, mainly as the following: (1) A flyway survey of cranes and other large waterbirds has been completed. This survey covered nine provinces, with a total of about 50 stop-over, breeding and wintering sites. Forty-eight species of waterbirds were included in the survey; (2) A breeding bird survey of cranes and other large waterbirds in northeastern China has been completed; (3) Ground and aerial surveys of cranes and other large waterbirds in Poyang Lake have been conducted; (4) Site management plans for reserve management, water management and monitoring, environmental education, and community participation have been drafted and preliminarily evaluated; (5) Eight training sessions have been conducted for site project staff on wetland management, environmental education, eco-tourism, community participation, and computer sciences etc.; (6) Most equipment, such as binoculars/spotting scopes, computers, vehicles and cameras needed for this project has been purchased. 6. Promoting Ecotourism in Tibet through a Culturally Responsive Conservation Education Program and Professional Training 5

6 ICF, in partnership with the Tibet Plateau Institute of Biology (TPIB) and the World Wild Fund for Nature China Programme, implemented a three-pronged program to promote ecotourism focusing on Black-necked Cranes in central Tibet. The program combined environmental education in local schools, professional nature guide training courses, and guidance in nature reserve management to develop awareness among local populations of conservation and economic opportunities related to the area s natural resources. The following three activities were conducted in 2004: Conservation Education Program - A school curriculum was developed for grades 6-9 and was taught in primary and middle schools within the Black-necked Crane s wintering area. Nature Guide Training Program - A series of four-day courses were conducted by ICF and TPIB staff to train local Tibetans in the skills needed to become trained nature guides. The courses included small group lectures, discussion, and outdoor learning at sites where tourists are interested in visiting cranes and other wildlife. Nature Reserve Capacity Building Workshop - A three-day workshop was led by the Director of the World Wild Fund for Nature China Programme-Tibet Office. The workshop focused on topics to help guide the development of a long-term management plan for the Black-necked Crane reserve that protects a network of wintering and breeding sites. The workshop emphasized the importance of conservation awareness, including the role of conservation in ecotourism, wildlife protection and management, solutions for wildlife and human conflicts, opportunities for ecotourism, and policy advice. 7. Coordinated Black-necked Crane Count in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces ICF, in partnership with the Yunnan Forestry Department, conducted the third annual crane count in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces in 2003/2004. This was the last winter count of the three-year project. The surveys included Black-necked Cranes, Eurasian Cranes, Bar-headed Geese and Ruddy Shelducks. The following table summarizes the three surveys. Winter Number Black-necked Crane Eurasian Crane Bar-headed Goose Ruddy Shelduck 2001/ / / In addition to actual counts of the four species in the field, there are two other important components of this project - pre-survey training sessions and post-survey summary workshops. Almost all survey personnel have participated in the training and workshops, learning basic avian taxonomy, morphology and ecology, waterbird identification, and basic skills in using binoculars and bird survey methodology. At the post-survey workshops, participants shared experiences from the survey, examined key issues for wetland conservation and crane management, and discussed future plans and needs for the observation sites. The three-year survey has bolstered our understanding of the Black-necked Crane, and strengthened communication and exchange among researchers and sites of the region. 8. Black-necked Crane Migration Study ICF is partnering with researchers at the Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Bird Banding Center of China and the Yunnan Forestry Department to conduct a migration study of the Black-necked Crane in southwest China. The two-year study, which was initiated in 2004, combines research on the migration and ecology of the threatened Black-necked Crane with environmental 6

7 education activities geared toward students in China and the United States to raise awareness of cranes and their conservation needs. Through this study, up to ten cranes will be banded with satellite transmitters. From the transmitter data, researchers will extrapolate the birds migration routes and important staging, stop-over, and nesting locations. Researchers will also conduct an ecological study of the birds, examining the habitat used by the cranes along their migration routes and at the breeding areas. A third important component of the project is an education activity coordinated by the Environmental Education Center at Yunnan Normal University. As the migration data is collected by researches in China, this information will be transferred to participating schools in Yunnan, Beijing and the United States. Combined with basic information on Black-necked Cranes and the regions they inhabit, the migration data will form the basis of Flying with Cranes, an internet-based activity that is available in both Chinese and English. Using the satellite data, participating students and teachers will follow the cranes as their migration progresses, learning about the birds and the places they inhabit. In addition, local educators will also develop a school curriculum on Black-necked Cranes and their conservation for schools in Northeast Yunnan. 9. One Helps One Program The One Helps One Program was initiated in 1998 at the Cao Hai Nature Reserve to promote education for young women in rural China. Through this program, students are paired with a sponsor, who provides an annual donation to cover their school costs, including books, supplies and uniforms. All of the donation goes directly to the students, who are chosen based on their above average performance in school and their family s economic situation. The local villages, schools and the Cao Hai Nature Reserve work together to choose the students for the program. Since 1998, twenty-nine students from villages within the Cao Hai Nature Reserve have received support through the One Helps One Program. In 2004, nineteen students from six elementary and middle schools received support, and in 2005 ten new students will be sponsored through this valuable program. Sources of Funding Funding in 2004 came from the United Nations Environment Programme/Global Environment Facility, the Ford Foundation, The Henry Luce Foundation, the U.S. Department of State, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the Cracid Conservation and Breeding Center, Mr. Sam Evans, the Hamill Family Foundation, income from an endowment for Black-necked Cranes at ICF and donations of ICF members. 盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区 2005 年元月丹顶鹤数量调查简报 江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区位于 32º34ˊ~34º28ˊN,119 48ˊ~120 56ˊE 之间, 由盐城沿海响水 滨海 射阳 大丰 东台五县 ( 市 ) 滩涂组成, 海岸线长 582 km, 总面积 hm 2, 其中核心区 hm 2, 位于 33 27ˊ~33 40ˊN,120 26ˊ~120 37ˊE 之间 2005 年元月 15~16 日, 保护区管理处由邓锦东副主任带队, 组成 3 个调查大组 7 个调查小组, 分别由陈浩 吕士成 成海 高志东 殷鹏 陈国远 陈卫华 王瑞成 陈玉高 曹 7

8 秀 陈海祥 孙国营 刘祥 嵇中林及高校两位老师等 17 人参加的盐城自然保护区全境越冬丹顶鹤数量专项调查, 结果共调查到丹顶鹤 967 只 ( 见表 1-2) 调查期间部分同志还对其 它鸟类做了观察记载 在核心区以外的区域, 新洋港至黄沙港之间观察到各种水鸟计 4 万余只 大丰市境内海北垦区观察到各种水鸟 5 万余只. 表 1 盐城沿海各区域丹顶鹤数量分布 Table 1 Numerical distribution of Red-crowned Cranes at the coast areas in Yancheng 县区 响水 滨海 射阳 核心区 大丰 东台 总和 County Xiangshui Binhai Sheyang Core area Dafeng Dongtai Total 数量 Individual 表 2 盐城沿海不同生境类型丹顶鹤的数量分布 Table 2 Numerical distribution of Red-crowned Cranes in different habitats at the coast areas in Yancheng 觅食地类型 habitat 数量 ( 只 )Individual 觅食地类型 Feeding habitat 数量 ( 只 )Individual 水稻田 Rice field 140 淡水养殖区 Freshwater aquaculture 236 芦苇茬 Reed stubble 136 盐田扬水滩 Salt pond 16 混群种草滩 Grassy beaches 351 盐蒿滩 Beaches of Saltiving wormwood 17 潮间带泥滩 Intertidal mudflat 37 大米草滩 Beaches of Spartina 34 总和 Total 967 根据调查结果统计, 丹顶鹤的越冬分布仍以核心区为主达 533 只, 占越冬总数的 55.1%, 其次是位于射阳县境内的黄沙港至新洋港段滩涂为 320 只, 占越冬总数的 33%, 大丰境内鹤群数量比过去有所下降 从各类栖息地鹤群数量分布看, 核心区及其外围的原生生境为 439 只, 占总数的 45.4%, 其次是淡水养殖区 236 只, 水稻田 140 只, 分别占总数的 24.5% 和 14.5% 其中的淡水养殖区尽管人为干扰较大, 但因其特定时段内食物相对丰富, 仍能吸引大群丹顶 鹤在此觅食 在统计到的 967 只丹顶鹤中, 因条件所限, 仅对 297 只丹顶鹤进行了成幼比例调查, 结果当年生幼鹤为 87 只, 占 297 只的 29.29%, 其中有 23 只为无幼鹤家族和单亲鹤 相关种群动态分布及栖息地现状等方面的数据仍有待于进一步分析研究 吕士成 邓锦东 ( 江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区管理处 ) A brief report on the census of Red-crowned Cranes at Yancheng National N.R. in January, 2005 Jiangsu Yancheng National N.R. is located at 32º34ˊ~34º28ˊN,119 48ˊ~120 56ˊE, and is composed of the coast beaches of Xiangshui, Binhai, Sheyang, Dafeng and Dongtai Counties (Cities), with 582 km long coastline. The total area of the reserve is hm 2, with the core area of hm 2 (33 27ˊ~33 40ˊN, ˊ~120 37ˊE). The counting of wintering Red-crowned Cranes was conducted by the administrative department of the reserve on 15 th ~16 th January, Except for 967 Red-crowned Cranes, more waterfowls were found outside the core area from Xinyanggang to Huangshagang, more 8

9 waterfowls were found at the Haibei Reclamation Area in Dafeng City. `The census result shows that there were 533 cranes in the core area, accounted for 55.1% of the total number of the wintering Red-crowned Cranes, 320 cranes in the beaches along Huangshagang to Xinyanggang, Sheyang County, accounted for 33%, but crane amount dropped at Dafeng. For the habitats, there were 439 cranes at the core area and the surrounding primary habitats, then 236 cranes in freshwater aquaculture area and 140 in rice field, took 45.4%, 24.5% and 14.5% of the total amount respectively. Although human disturbance was heavy in freshwater aquaculture area, the rich food resource still attracted large group of cranes to feed there in certain period. Limited in condition, the author only found 87 juveniles born this year among 967 cranes, accounted for 29.29% of the 967 cranes, there were 23 cranes belong to the families without offspring or with one-parent.to know more about the dynamic distribution of the related population and the current status of their habitat waits for the further study. Lv Shi-Cheng, Deng Jing-Dong (Administrative Department of Jiangsu Yancheng National Rare Bird N.R., ) 安徽升金湖自然保护区越冬水鸟调查信息 根据国家林业局和 WWF 的合作项目, 安徽省调查队于 2005 年 2 月 18~20 日对升金湖自然保护区越冬水鸟进行了为期 3 天的系统调查 参加本次调查的有安徽省自然保护管理站 中国科学技术大学 安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区 安庆沿江湿地自然保护区等单位的技术人员和部分志愿者 辅助人员共 8 人 澳大利亚水鸟专家马克 巴特 (Mark Barter) 先生参与了全程调查 此次调查共统计到越冬水鸟 39 种 只 ( 见附表 ), 调查覆盖面积扩展至 90%, 水鸟数量比去年同期调查增加了万余只, 调查面积增加了 20% 此次调查统计到 6 种水鸟数量 符合国际重要湿地 1% 种群标准, 分别是白头鹤 (253 只 ) 东方白鹳(206 只 ) 小天鹅(5429 只 ) 鸿雁(25211 只 ) 豆雁(11233 只 ) 白琵鹭 (1178 只 ); 有 3 种水鸟数量符合 IUCN 濒危物种数量标准, 分别为白头鹤 东方白鹳 鸿雁 同时, 在 2 月 27 日, 马克 巴特先生和俄罗斯鸿雁专家组主席尼古拉 波亚科 (Dr.Nikolay D.Poyarkoy) 先生 中国科技大学曹垒博士还在升金湖发现了该保护区的记录新种 斑头雁 表 1 安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区水鸟调查统计表 (2005 年 2 月 18 日 -20 日 ) Table 1 Statistical table of waterfowls at Shengjin Lake N.R. (18 th ~20 th February, 2005) 序号 中文名 Chinese name 学名 Scientific name 数量 number 小䴘鸊风头䴘鸊普通鸬鹚苍鹭 Little Grebe Great-crested Grebe Great Cormorant Grey Heron 大白鹭 Great Egret 小白鹭 Little Egret 78 7 东方白鹳 Oriental White Stork 白琵鹭 White Spoonbill 小天鹅 Tundra Swan 鸿雁 Swan Goose 豆雁 Bean Goose

10 12 白额雁 White-fronted Goose 7 13 斑头雁 Bar-headed Goose 1 14 赤麻鸭 Ruddy Shelduck 赤颈鸭 Eurasian Wigeon 罗纹鸭 Falcated Duck 绿翅鸭 Green-winged Teal 绿头鸭 Mallard 斑嘴鸭 Spot-billed Duck 针尾鸭 Northern Pintail 红头潜鸭 Common Pochard 8 22 斑头秋沙鸭 Smew 黑水鸡 Common Moorhen 5 24 白头鹤 Hooded Crane 骨顶鸡 Common Coot 反嘴鹬 Pied Avocet 凤头麦鸡 Northern Lapwing 金眶鸻 Little Ringed Plover 2 29 环颈鸻 Kentish Plover 扇尾沙锥 Common Snipe 7 31 白腰杓鹬 Eurasian Curlew 2 32 鹤鹬 Spotted Redshank 红脚鹬 Common Redshank 2 34 青脚鹬 Common Greenshank 白腰草鹬 Green Sandpiper 2 36 矶鹬 Common Sandpiper 1 37 黑腹滨鹬 Dunlin 银鸥 Herring Gull 7 39 红嘴鸥 Black-headed Gull 151 未识别鸭类 UID Duck 640 合计 Total 徐文彬程元启 ( 安徽升金湖国家级自然保护区管理局 ) Survey on the wintering waterfowls at Shengjin Lake N.R., Anhui To implement the cooperative program of State Forestry Administration and the ICF, Anhui investigation team surveyed the wintering waterfowls at Shengjin lake N.R. on 18 th ~20 th February, The team is composed of 8 experts from the Administrative Station on Conservation, Anhui, China sciences and technology University, Anhui Shengjin Lake National N.R., Anqing Riverine Wetland N.R. and some volunteers and assistants. Mr. Mark Barter a bird expert of Australia joined the survey all the way. This survey covered 90% of the whole area, wintering waterfowls (belonging to 39 species) were found, comparing with last year, the survey area increased 20%, and more birds were found. There were 253 Hooded Cranes, 206 Oriental White Storks, Tundra Swans, Swan Geese, Bean Geese and White Spoonbills, those all qualified the numerical criteria of the 1% population of international important wetland. Hooded Crane, 10

11 Oriental White Stork and Swan Goose qualified the numerical criteria of the IUCN Category. On 27 th February, Mr. Mark Barter, Dr. Nikolay D.Poyarkoy (President of Russian Swan Goose Specialist Group) and Dr. Cao Lei (China Sciences and Technology University) found a new record of species at the reserve Bar-headed Goose. Xu Wen-Bin, Cheng Yan-Qi (Administrative Bureau, Anhui Shengjin Lake National N.R.) 黄河三角洲自然保护区 2004 年秋季鹤类消息 山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区位于山东省东营市境内, 黄河尾闾 辖区面积 15.3 万公顷, 是以保护新生湿地生态系统和珍稀 濒危鸟类为主体的湿地类型自然保护区 大面积的滩涂湿地, 丰富的食物资源成为东亚鹤类迁徙路线中鹤类迁徙的重要停歇地. 在中国的 9 种鹤类中, 保护区记录到 5 种, 分别为白鹤 白头鹤 白枕鹤 丹顶鹤和灰鹤 10 中下旬至 11 月中旬是鹤类南迁的高峰季节 2004 年, 保护区科研人员在鹤类迁徙期内采取样线调查方法对保护区内的迁徙鸟类进行了详细的调查, 调查结果发现 : 1 鹤的迁徙季节明显提前, 停歇期延长 今年丹顶鹤迁至保护区的最早记录是 10 月 7 日, 共 4 只, 与往年相比, 这是丹顶鹤迁到保护区的最早记录 鹤的高峰期在 10 月下旬至 11 月上旬, 这个季节鹤的种类和数量达到高峰 11 月中旬, 大部分鹤开始迁走 灰鹤和丹顶鹤部分会在保护区内停留越冬 2 人工湿地恢复区为鹤类迁徙和停歇提供了新的栖息地 2003 年实施完成的 5 万亩湿地恢复区生态效果显著, 成为鹤类的另一重要栖息地 人工湿地恢复区通过生态蓄淡水的方式改良生态恶化区, 使区内的生态环境明显改观 2004 年鹤迁徙季节在此区域内集中发现了白 鹤 白头鹤 白枕鹤和丹顶鹤 年鹤的数量多, 种类全 在鹤迁徙高峰内鹤的野外记录为 : 丹顶鹤 90 只, 白头鹤 60 只, 白枕鹤 550 只, 白鹤 90 只, 这些鹤在人工湿地恢复区内能成群集中发现 另外, 在近海滩涂湿地内也发现了丹顶鹤 14 只, 白鹤 9 只, 白枕鹤 15 只, 呈家庭式分散分布 灰鹤分布于保护区内农田及草丛生境中, 由于保护区生境的调整, 灰鹤数量不及往年, 数量在 120 只左右 4 鹤对生境的选择有了明显改变 鹤在往年集中于黄河入海口两侧的河口区及近海滩涂, 今年的记录集中于人工湿地生态恢复区内 另外在湿地恢复区内发现珍稀水禽东方白鹳 120 只, 黑鹳 21 只 保护区内鹤类及其他珍稀鸟类增多的主要原因, 一是保护区管理部门加大了保护力度, 采取了有效的管护措施, 对鹤类栖息区采取严格的人为控制, 严禁人为活动, 减少人为干扰 ; 二是实施了湿地生态恢复工程, 扩大了湿地面积, 改善了生态环境, 为迁徙鸟类创造了良好的栖息 觅食的生存环境 王立冬, 杨春荣 ( 山东省东营市垦利县山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区大汶流管理站 ) Crane information from Huanghe Delta N.R. in Autumn of 2004 Shandong Huanghe Delta National N.R. is located in Dongying City, with an area of ha, mainly protects the newly emerging wetland ecosystem, and endangered, rare and precious birds. Large area of wetland and plentiful food resources makes the reserve to be a site important for migratory cranes in East Asia to stopover.among the 9 species cranes recorded in China, 5 species (Siberian, Hooded, White-naped, Red-crowned and Common Cranes) were found here. Transect survey was conduct on migratory birds in the reserve from mid October to mid November, 2004, the results showed that: 11

12 1. Cranes moved up their migratory time and lengthened their stopover duration. On 7 th October 4 Red-crowned Crane were found, it is the earliest arrival date of Red-crowned Crane recorded in the reserve. Crane species and number reached to summit during late October to early November. Most cranes departed in mid November, some Common Cranes and Red-crowned Cranes wintered here. 2. The recovery area of artificial wetland provided a new stopover site for migratory cranes Mu of recovery area of artificial wetland was made by storing fresh water in Siberian, Hooded, White-naped and Red-crowned Cranes were found in the new habitat during the survey. 3. Many species and large amount of cranes were found. 90 Red-crowned Cranes, 60 Hooded Cranes, 550 White-naped Cranes and 90 Siberian Cranes were recorded during the survey, most of them concentrated at the recovery area. In addition, 14 Red-crowned Cranes, 9 Siberian Cranes and 15 White-naped Cranes were found at inshore beaches, they scattered in families. Farmland and tussocks were the habitats of Common Cranes, 120 Common Cranes were found, their number was less than those in former years as the result of the adjusting of habitat in the reserve. 4. Habitat selection of cranes has changed remarkably. Cranes concentrated at the recovery area of artificial wetland in 2004, rather than concentrated at the estuary of Huanghe River and inshore beaches in former years. In addition, there were 120 Oriental White Storks and 12 Black Storks also found at the recovery area. The strengthening of protection to reduce human disturbance, and the implementation of ecological recovery project of wetland to enlarge the area of wetland and improve ecological environment, both result in the increasing of Crane species and crane number as well as of other birds. Wang Li-Dong, Yang Chun-Rong (Dawenliu Administrative Station, Huanghe Delta national N.R., Kenli County, Dongying City, Shandong, ) 陕西省黄河中游湿地的鹤类 观察区域位于陕西省关中平原东端三河湿地自然保护区境内, 包括合阳 大荔 华阴和潼关 4 县 ( 市 ) 境内的黄河滩地, 南北长约 60km, 东西宽 5-10km, 总面积约 6 万 hm 2 20 世纪 60 年代三门峡水库的修建使上游水段水流变缓, 整个库区包括陕西 山西 河南三省的水面面积达 250km 2, 沙洲 沙岛多达百余个, 滩涂面积仅陕西一侧就达 866.7km 2 区内地势开阔平坦, 海拔 m, 沿黄河呈南北狭长带状 有 6 条支流注入黄河及渭河, 每年汛期黄河水倒流渭 洛两河, 成为该区湿地的主要成因 区内有大片的芦苇沼泽 草甸沼泽 渔塘 莲池和农田 合阳境内黄河滩涂湿地中地 下水热资源丰富, 熔岩水常年溢出地面形成 7 处喷泉, 日出水量 7.3 万 m 3, 在冬季冰冷的河面与芦苇沼泽之间以及周围渔塘形成不冻区域, 各种水禽集中于此活动觅食 丰富的植物群落多样性 地热资源 大量的水生生物以及大面积的滩涂开阔地为水禽的觅食 活动和隐蔽提供了良好的保障, 创造了水禽的多样性和迁徙的连续性 从 1998 年开始, 每年的秋冬季节作者借助汽车 双筒和单筒望远镜 GPS 定位仪对区内迁徙和越冬的鹤类 灰鹤 Grus grus 和丹顶鹤 G. japonensis 进行了观察, 现将发现的时间 地点 个体数量 地理坐标 生境等归入表 1 表 1 在陕西省黄河中游湿地发现的鹤类 Table 1 Cranes found in the wetland of the middle valleys of Huanghe River, Shaanxi 12

13 种类 Species 灰鹤 Common Crane 丹顶鹤 Red-crowned Crane 时间 Date 地点 Location 合阳洽川 Qiachuan,Hechuan 合阳洽川 Qiachuan,Hechuan 合阳洽川 Qiachuan,Hechuan 大荔华原 Huayuan, Dali 大荔赵渡 Zhaodu, Dali 大荔赵渡 Zhaodu, Dali 合阳太里 Taili, Heyang 大荔赵渡 Zhaodu, Dali 大荔雨林 Yulin, Dali 合阳申东 Shendong, Heyang 合阳申东 Shendong, Heyang 数量 Number 约 80 about 80 地理坐标 Geographic coordinates N35 09, E 生境 Habitat 滩涂 beaches 14 N ,E 旱地 dry land 50 N ,E 空中 in the air 9 N ,E 农田 farmland 171 N ,E 河心滩 islet 7 - 空中 in the air 18 N ,E 空中 in the air 70 N ,E 河心滩 islet 15 N ,E 农田 farmland 21 N ,E 空中 in the air 1 N ,E 沼泽 marshland 备注 Notes 丁长青等 (1999) Ding Chang-Qing, et al. 觅食 (3 只亚成体 ) feeding (3 sub-adults) 沿黄河向南 flew southwards along Yellow River 集群觅食 feeding in group 傍晚集群 gathered in the evening 飞翔盘旋 flying and soaring 向北飞翔 flew northwards 觅食 feeding 觅食 feeding 由西向东飞翔 flew westwards and eastwards 与黑鹳混群觅食 feeding mixed with Black Storks 灰鹤繁殖于欧亚大陆北部和地中海沿岸, 在中国新疆和东北亦有不连续的分布区, 冬季主要南迁至我国长江中下游一带越冬 从表 1 可见, 从 12 月底至翌年 3 月上旬, 在该区越冬的灰鹤数量较大, 活动稳定, 白天于滩涂湿地和农田中觅食, 晚上在黄河河心滩集群夜宿, 因此陕西黄河中游湿地是灰鹤较为理想的越冬场所 丹顶鹤在内蒙古和黑龙江繁殖, 迁徙时主要沿海岸线到达江苏盐城越冬 20 世纪 90 年代河南省黄河故道上的卫辉市庞寨乡 (35 20' N,114 10'E) 有零星报道 ( 王岐山等 2000) 曾有学者对丹顶鹤迁至本区越冬表示关注, 发现的时间在 2 月初至 3 月上旬, 有一定的种群数量 ( 吴家炎等 1998) 丁长青等(2000) 认为陕西黄河湿地不在该种的迁徙路线上 作者曾于 1998 年 1 月 ( 表 1) 在本区见到 1 只丹顶鹤与黑鹳混群觅食, 但在后来数年的观察中再未发现, 笔者认为丹顶鹤在此为冬季迷鸟的可能性较大 于晓平 ( 陕西省动物研究所邮编 :710032) Cranes in the wetland of the middle valley of Huanghe River, Shaanxi The survey was conducted at the Sanhe Wetland N.R., the eastern Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi Province, including the beaches of Huanghe River within Heyang County, Dali County, Huaying County and Tongguan City, with a total area of hm 2 (60 km long from north to south and 5-10km wide from west to east). The set up of Sanmenxia Reservoir in the 1960s held 250 km 2 of water area in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces. There are more than one hundred sands and sandy islets in the reservoir region, in the side of Shaanxi alone held 866.7km 2 areas of beaches. In the reserve there are 6 rivers influrenting into Huanghe River and Weihe River, in flood season The water of Huanghe River flows backwards into Weihe 13

14 River and Luohe River and enlarges the area of the reserve. The reserve is wide and plane, extends along Huanghe River from north to south takes a shape of a long belt, and with the altitude of 330~335m. There are large areas of reed marshland, grassy marshland,fish ponds, lotus ponds and farmland in the reserve. Moreover, the wetland in Heyang County is rich in the resource of underground hot water and formed 7 hot springs, their daily production of hot water reaches m 3, the unfrozen water attracts many waterfowls to feed here in winter. Being rich in plant diversity, rich in underground hot water, rich in aquatic organisms and large open beaches, the reserve provides waterfowls with suitable feeding and hiding habitat, and results in a high diversity of waterfowls and continuing migration. Since 1998, with the help of automobile, binoculars and monocular, and the GPS, the author surveyed the migratory and wintering cranes--grus grus and G. japonensis in the reserve. Table 1 shows the survey result. Common Crane breeds in north Eurasia and the shoal of the Mediterranean, scatters in Xinjiang and Northeast China, and winters in the middle and lower valleys of Changjiang River. Table 1 shows that the wetland of the middle valley of Huanghe River, Shaanxi is the ideal wintering site for Common Crane, especially during the end of December to next March.Thecranes feed in the beaches and farmland at day time, and roast at sandbars of the river. Red-crowned Crane breeds in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang Province, migrates along the coastline to winter at Yancheng, Jiangsu. The appearance of Red-crowned Crane at Pangzhai Town(35 20'N,114 10'E),Weihui City in the old course of Huanghe River were oddly reported in 1990s (Wang Qi-Shan et al ). There are some reports on Red-crowned Cranes wintering at the reserve, such as, the cranes were found there from early February to the first ten-day period of March (Wu Jia-Yan et al.,1998), the wetland in the middle valley of Huanghe River is not involved in the flyway of the cranes (Ding Chang-Qing et al., 2000). Among a group feeding Black Storks the author had found a Red-crowned Crane at the reserve in January, 1998, but the cranes never appeared ever since. Hence red-crowned Crane is more likely to be the lost bird in the area. Yu Xiao-Ping (Shaanxi Zoological Institute, ) 2004 年冬至 2005 年春鄱阳湖越冬水禽种群信息 2004 冬至 2005 春, 在鄱阳湖区进行了多次覆盖整个湖区的越冬水禽种群数量及分布情况的调查工作 现将其中的两次调查结果进行公布, 两次调查分别是在 2005 年 2 月 1 日至 3 日进行的环鄱阳湖航空调查和在 2005 年 2 月 15 日至 24 日开展的长江中下游五省一市水鸟同步调查 1 航空调查调查范围包括鄱阳湖 ( 含军山湖 青岚湖 ) 九江赛城湖和赤湖的水域及草洲 使用 etrex Legend C 型 GPS 对飞行航迹进行记录, 得到 了三次飞行轨迹见封 3 图 1 图 2 根据实际观察并结合分析航空图片得出调查结果见表 1 采用航空飞行的方法对鸟类进行调查虽有能快速获得调查数据 全面反映调查区域情况 节约专业技术人员等优点 但由于受飞机自身性能限制, 调查所获得的数据会比这一区域内实际的种类和数量要少, 主要有三方面的原因 : 1 调查过程中由于飞机始终保持高速运动状态, 在发现鸟类特别是大群鸟类时, 传统的统计方法已不能在瞬时间对鸟类数量进行完全地统计, 只能凭借经验得出鸟群的数量, 通常会 14

15 表 1 2 月 1 日 2 日航调结果 Table 1 The result of aerial surveys conducted on the 1 st and 2 nd February 余干县康进贤县江西省白鄱阳湖国南矶山省山湖区自都昌县其他合计 1 沙洲自然家级自然级自然保然候鸟保 4 The others Total 保护区 3 保护区 5 区护 6 护区 2 白鹤 Siberian Crane 白头鹤 Hooded Crane 白枕鹤 White-naped Crane 灰鹤 Common Crane 东方白鹳 Oriental White Stork 黑鹳 Black Stork 白琵鹭 White Spoonbill 小天鹅 Tundra Swan 白额雁 White-fronted Goose 鸿雁 Swan Goose 豆雁 Bean Goose 灰雁 Greylag Goose 雁类 geese 针尾鸭 Northern Pintail 绿翅鸭 Green-winged Teal 赤颈鸭 Eurasian Wigeon 潜鸭 Common Pochard 绿头鸭 Mallard 赤麻鸭 Ruddy Shelduck 斑嘴鸭 Spot-billed Duck 普通秋沙鸭 Common Mergarser 鸭类 ducks 黑腹滨鹬 Dunlin 反咀鹬 Pied Avocet 凤头麦鸡 Northern Lapwing 鹤鹬 Spotted Redshank 鹬类 plovers 银鸥 Herring Gull 红咀鸥 Common Black-headed Gull 苍鹭 Grey Heron 白鹭 Little Egret 中白鹭 Intermediate Egret 大白鹭 Eastern Great Egret 普通鸬鹚 Great Cormorant Total Note: 1 Jinxian County 2 Kangshanhu Migratory Bird N.R., Yugan County 3 Baishazhou N.R., Jiangxi Province 4 Duchang County 5 Poyang Lake National N.R. 6 Nanjishan N.R. 低估这群鸟的数量 2 在飞机上进行调查, 停留在水面和泥滩地上的大中型鸟类以及集群的中小型鸟类和飞行中的鸟类容易被发现, 但在 草洲上栖息的中小型鸟类不容易实现 3 飞机虽在短时间内能调查很大的范围, 但不能覆盖飞行区域内的所有角落, 调查时难免有遗漏 15

16 2 长江中下游地区水鸟同步调查本次调查在鄱阳湖区的范围覆盖了整个鄱阳湖近 95% 的范围, 历时 10 天余, 调查结果见表 2 开展本项调查时只分了两个组, 所以耗时较长 在调查中曾在多个地点出现了调查 时未见有大量水禽而在调查结束后同一地点又聚集大量水禽的情况, 所以结果偏低, 但采用这一方法对于收集有关水鸟的分布信息还是十分重要的 Table 2 表 2 长江中下游五省一市水鸟调查所获得的鄱阳湖区水鸟数量情况 Result of the waterfowl survey conducted in 5 provinces and one city in middle and lower valleys of Changjiang River 序号 No 中文名 Chinese name 英文名 English name 数量 Number 1 小䴘鸊 Little Grebe 赤颈䴘鸊 Red-necked Grebe 5 3 凤头䴘鸊 Great-crested Grebe 角䴘鸊 Slavonian Grebe 6 5 卷羽鹈鹕 Dalmatian Pelican 1 6 普通鸬鹚 Great Cormorant 苍鹭 Grey Heron 大白鹭 Eastern Great Egret 64 9 中白鹭 Intermediate Egret 9 10 牛背鹭 Cattle Egret 3 11 池鹭 Chinese Pond-Heron 1 12 小白鹭 Little Egret 大麻鳽 Eurasian Bittern 2 14 黑苇鳽 Black Bittern 2 15 黑鹳 Black Stork 东方白鹳 Oriental White Stork 白琵鹭 White Spoonbill 小天鹅 Tundra Swan 鸿雁 Swan Goose 豆雁 Bean Goose 白额雁 White-fronted Goose 灰雁 Greylag Goose 赤麻鸭 Ruddy Shelduck 翘鼻麻鸭 Common Shelduck 4 25 赤颈鸭 Eurasian Wigeon 罗纹鸭 Falcated Duck 赤膀鸭 Gadwall 绿翅鸭 Green-winged Teal 绿头鸭 Mallard 斑嘴鸭 Spot-billed Duck 针尾鸭 Northern Pintail 琵嘴鸭 Northern Shoveler 85 16

17 33 红头潜鸭 Common Pochard 红胸秋沙鸭 Red-breasted Merganser 1 35 普通秋沙鸭 Common Mergarser 白鹤 Siberian Crane 白枕鹤 White-naped Crane 灰鹤 Common Crane 白头鹤 Hooded Crane 花田鸡 Swinhoe's Rail 2 41 红胸苦恶鸟 Brown Crake 白胸苦恶鸟 White-breasted Waterhen 1 43 黑水鸡 Common Moorhen 骨顶鸡 Common Coot 2 45 黑翅长脚鹬 Black-winged Stilt 4 46 反嘴鹬 Pied Avocet 凤头麦鸡 Northern Lapwing 灰头麦鸡 Grey-headed Lapwing 长嘴剑鸻 Long-billed Ringed Plover 5 50 金眶鸻 Little Ringed Plover 环颈鸻 Kentish Plover 扇尾沙锥 Common Snipe 黑尾塍鹬 Black-tailed Godwit 白腰杓鹬 Eurasian Curlew 鹤鹬 Spotted Redshank 青脚鹬 Common Greenshank 白腰草鹬 Green Sandpiper 矶鹬 Common Sandpiper 2 59 黑腹滨鹬 Dunlin 银鸥 Herring Gull 灰背鸥 Slaty-backed Gull 1 62 红嘴鸥 Common Black-headed Gull 红腰杓鹬 ( 大杓鹬 ) Far Eastern Curlew 9 64 白眼潜鸭 Ferruginous Duck 6 未识别雁类 UID Geese 3536 未识别鸭类 UID Duck 未识别鸻鹬类 UID Shorebirds 334 未识别鹤类 UID Crane 60 总数 Total 纪伟涛吴建东 ( 江西鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区管理局 ) Information on wintering waterfowls at Poyang Lake in 2004/2005 Population size and distribution of wintering waterfowls were surveyed all over the region of Poyang Lake in 2004/2005. First, an aerial survey around the lake was conducted on 1 st to 3 rd 17

18 February, 2005, then a synchronic waterfowl counting in the 5 provinces and one city in the area of middle and lower valleys of Changjiang River was conducted from 15 th to 24 th February, The aerial survey The survey area covers Poyang Lake (including Junshan Lake and Qingnan Lake), the waters and grassy islets of Saihu Lake and Chihu Lake in Jiujiang. The track was recorded by the etrex Legend C of GPS ( see fig.1 and fig.2 in the inside back cover ). By combining the ground observation and aerial map to work out table 1, it shows the result of the first survey. Because that: 1The airplane flies in such a quick speed that the surveyors hardly to count the waterfowls in detail within a short time, especially in facing large group of birds. 2It is difficult to find middle- sized and small-sized birds in grassy islets from the airplane. 3The track of airplane is not capable cover all the area. Although the aerial survey has the advantage of doing the survey more quickly and more completely, and needs less manpower than ground survey, but it may get less in species number and population size than it really be. 2. The survey in middle and lower valleys of Changjiang River This survey covers nearly 95% area of the Poyang Lake region, the survey results showed in table 2. Although this survey only conducted by two survey groups and lasted 10days, there once happened that large flocks of birds appeared at some locations after the survey, it resulted in the surveyed data some what lower, but it is important in gathering the distribution information of waterfowls. Ji Wei-Tao Wu Jian-Dong (Administrative Bureau, Jiangxi Poyang Lake National N.R.) 大山包保护区大海子湿地冬季越冬和途径水禽名录及特点分析 2004 年 10 月下旬到 2005 年 3 月, 中科院昆明动物所鸟类组博士研究生伍和启在昭通大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区进行了一个冬天的黑颈鹤越冬生态的研究工作 期间, 在大海子湿地的常规观察中, 总共记录到包括黑颈鹤在内的水禽 24 种, 对其种类和数量的分析后, 发现在大海子湿地的水禽具有以下的特点 : (1) 绝大多数种类为迁徙过境物种, 在此越冬的水禽种类较少 在 24 种水禽中, 黑颈鹤 赤麻鸭 绿头鸭 灰鹤和普通秋沙鸭等 5 种整个冬天都在大海子活动, 将此湿地作为夜宿地点或越冬地点 ; 而其余的 19 种水禽都为过路种类, 在此停留的时间 1~10 周不等, 水禽的种类在 12 月上旬达到最高点, 此后迅速下降, 在越冬中期的 1 月和 2 月基本上维持在较少的种类 (2) 除了黑颈鹤种群的数量长期保持在较高的水平外, 其余物种的数量都很少, 在越冬早期, 绿翅鸭和绿头鸭数量较多, 但进入中期后, 绿翅鸭离开大海子湿地, 绿头鸭仅有部分个体留在湿地内越冬, 其余的迁徙过路物种都以较少的种群在此活动 1~10 周不等 大海子湿地的面积小于 1 平方公里, 湖中没有水草, 仅在湖周围生长一些沼泽植被, 湖中的动物性食物种类很少, 仅包括一些麦穗鱼 黄鳡等 食物的缺乏可能是导致在此越冬的水禽种类和数量较少的主要原因, 在越冬中期, 在自然条件最为恶劣和食物条件最为匮乏的季节, 以湿地植物为食物的钻水鸭类如绿翅鸭 斑嘴鸭和绿头鸭由于不能取食到足够的食物而迁往别的地点, 某些潜水鸭类如凤头潜鸭和红头潜鸭则飞往面积更大 食物更为丰富的水域活动 2004 年夏季, 保护区在大海子湿地进行了湿地恢复工作, 冬天的水位和水域面积都显著改善, 来此越冬和迁徙过境的雁鸭类水禽数量明显增加, 国家一级保护动物白尾海雕在湿地周围的出现都表明了湿地恢复带来的效果, 在此湿地以及保护区内开展长期的水禽监测以进行湿地恢复的评估很有必要 18

19 表 1 大海子湿地冬季水禽名录 Table 1 List of waterfowls at Dahaizi Wetland 中文名 Chinese name 拉丁名 Scientific name 英文名 English name 黑颈鹤灰鹤凤头麦鸡泽鹬骨顶鸡白腰杓鹬红脚鹬白腰草鹬苍鹭中白鹭红嘴鸥渔鸥凤头䴙䴘小䴙䴘赤麻鸭绿头鸭绿翅鸭斑嘴鸭罗纹鸭针尾鸭普通秋沙鸭斑头雁凤头潜鸭红头潜鸭 Grus nigricollis Grus grus Vanellus vanellus Tringa stagnatills Fulica atra Numenius arquata Tringa totanus Tringa ochropus Ardea cinerea Egretta intermedia Larus ridibundus Larus ichthyaetus Podiceps cristatus Tachybaptus ruficollis Tadorna ferruginea Anas platyrhynchos Anas crecca Anas poecilorhyncha Anas falcate Anas acuta Mergus merganser Anser indicus Aythya fuligula Aythya ferina Black-necked Crane Common Crane Northern Lapwing Marsh Sandpiper Common Coot Eurasian Curlew Common Redshank Green Sandpiper Grey Heron Intermediate Egret Black-headed Gull Great Black-headed Gull Great Crested Greb Little Grebe Ruddy Shelduck Mallard Green-winged Teal Spot-billed Duck Falcated Duck Northern Pintail Common Merganser Bar-headed Goose Tufted Duck Common Pochard 伍和启 ( 云南昆明动物研究所, 邮编 ) List of wintering and staging waterfowls at Dahaizi wetland, Dashanbao N.R. Twenty-four species of waterfowls were recorded at Dahaizi Wetland by the author from late October, 2004 to March, The characters of these waterfowls are: (1) Most of the waterfowls are transient species. Black-necked Crane, Ruddy Sheld Duck, Mallard, Common Merganser and Common Crane wintered or roosted at the wetland all the winter, the rest 19 species of waterfowls staged here for 1~10 weeks. The waterfowls reached to maximum in early December and decreased rapidly ever since, a few species stayed here during January and February. (2) Each population size was quite small here except for Black-necked Crane whose population size continued keeping large. There were quite a lot Mallards and Common Teals here in early wintering period, in middle wintering period Common Teals and most Mallards left the wetland. With an area less than 1 km 2, except for some swamp vegetation grew around the lake there was no waterweeds grew in the lake, and except for some Topmouth Gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) and Yellowcheck Carp(Elopichthys bambusa) there were few species to be animalized food in the lake, those resulted in food shortage, and there were less species and less amount of waterfowls to winter there. During the middle wintering period the 19

20 worsen nature condition and food shortage made Common Teals and Spot-billed Ducks moved to other sites, some diving ducks such as, Tufted Ducks and Common Pochards moved to more large watery to feed. As a result of wetland recovery project in summer of 2004, the water level and water area improved remarkably in that winter, it attracted more waterfowls to winter and stopover. The appearance of White-tailed Sea Eagle at the periphery of the wetland means the achievement of the wetland recovery, it is necessary to make a long-term monitor on waterfowls at the wetland and the reserve and to evaluate the recovery of the wetland. Wu He-Qi (Yunnan Kunming Zoological Institute, Academia Sinica, ) 国内首次卫星跟踪黑颈鹤项目取得阶段性结果 2005 年 2 月 26 日中午 13 时 30 分, 安装好 卫星信号发射器 的 2 只黑颈鹤在云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区的小海坝栖息地和长会口栖息地被成功放回了大自然, 这标志着在国内首次利用卫星跟踪黑颈鹤项目正式实施 2005 年 2 月 26 日上午, 美国国际鹤类基金会中国项目官员李凤山博士 中科院昆明动物研究所. 杨晓君教授带领保护区工作人员将编号为 :55981 和 的 2 个卫星发射器分别固定在 2 只黑颈鹤 ( 编号为 1 号鹤和 2 号鹤 ) 背上 3 号黑颈鹤是 2005 年 2 月 20 日 13: 35 时, 在大海子海脑壳村的农耕地里捕获的, 并于 3 月 1 日 14:00 时安装 号卫星信号发生器 环志后在大海子成功放飞 2005 年 4 月 4 日中午, 左脚套有 1 个绿色彩环 右脚套有 1 个黄色彩环的 3 号黑颈鹤, 飞离大山包保护区, 开始了返回繁殖地的迁徙之旅 根据卫星发回的数据显示 :3 号黑颈鹤 4 日晚上到达四川省凉山州美姑县 ;5 日早上离开, 晚上到达四川省阿坝州理县 ;6 日已到四川省阿坝州若尔盖国家级自然保护区 据专家分析,3 号黑颈鹤是停留在若尔盖繁殖或是继续向北飞行, 还将进一步观察 这只黑颈鹤的成功迁徙飞行, 及卫星数据回收, 标志着在大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区实施的 中国首次利用卫星跟踪黑颈鹤项目 已取得阶段性成果 道美标 ( 云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区管理局, 邮编 ) The first project of Satellite tracing Black-necked Crane in China made a stage achievement Two Black-necked Cranes were mounted with satellite signer transmitter and released into the field at Xiaohaiba and Changhuikou of Dashanbao National N.R. respectively at 13:30 on 26 th February, It remarks the initiation of the project of satellite tracing Black-necked Crane in China. In the morning of 26 th February, 2005, Dr. Li Feng-Shan the officer of the ICF in charge of China program and Prof. Yang Xiao-Jun of Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences as well as the staff of the reserve mounted two satellite transmitters No and No onto the back of No.1 and No.2 crane respectively. Afterwards, No.3 crane was mounted with No transmitter at 14:00 on 1 st March and released at Dahaizi. At noon of 4 th April, 2005, No.3 crane which has a green ring in left leg and a yellow ring in right leg departed the reserve and migrated to its 20

21 breeding site. The data from satellite showed: No.3 crane arrived at Meigu County, Liangshan Prefecture, Sichuan in the evening of 4 th and left there in the morning of 5 th ; arrived at Lixian County, Aba Prefecture Sichuan in the evening of 5 th ; and arrived at Nuoergai National N.R., Aba Prefecture Sichuan on 6 th. Whether this crane will breed at Nuoergai or keep on migration, it waits for further tracing. The successful migration of No.3 crane and receiving data from satellite remarks The first project of Satellite tracing Black-necked Crane in China makes a stage achievement. Dao Mei-Biao (Administrative Bureau, Yunnan Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National N.R., ) 云南大山包黑颈鹤环志信息 国际鹤类基金会 全国鸟类环志中心 中国科学院昆明动物所 云南省林业厅以及大山包国家级自然保护区联合于 2005 年 2~3 月份在 云南省昭通市的大山包国家级自然保护区进行了黑颈鹤环志, 表 1 是有关黑颈鹤的量度及其环志信息 金属环号码 No of metal band 体重 Weight (kg) 体长 Length (cm) 翅长 Wing (cm) 跗蟅 Tarsus (cm) 嘴 Bill (cm) 尾 Tail (cm) 放飞时间 Date of release m 彩环配置 Color band combination 左腿 Left leg 红 / 绿 / 黄 Red/Green/Yellow 右腿 Right leg 卫星发射器编号 PTT No n 绿 / 绿 Green/Green n 绿 Green 黄 Yellow n 黄 Yellow m 绿 Green 绿 Green 绿 Green 李凤山 ( 国际鹤类基金会 ) Banding information of Black-necked Cranes at Dashanbao, Yunnan The ICF, National Bird Banding Center of China, Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan Forestry Department and Dashanbao National N.R. have jointly banded Black-necked Cranes at Dashanbao National N.R., Zhaotong City, Yunnan in February and March, Table 1 shows the information of the banded cranes: LI Feng-Shan (The ICF) 21

22 大山包发现在草海环志的黑颈鹤 2005 年 3 月 21 日, 中科院昆明动物研究所博士研究生伍和启和全国鸟类环志中心硕士研究生高立波在中午 12 点寻找绑有卫星发射器的 4 只黑颈鹤时, 在保护区内的大海子湿地发现了一只右脚带彩环的黑颈鹤, 右脚从上到下有红色和黄色的两只彩环, 左脚未发现彩环和金属环 下午 2 点左右, 在一个 108 只鹤的鹤群中又观察到了两只带彩环的黑颈鹤, 彩环的搭配方式分别是右腿从上到下为绿红和绿黄, 佩戴绿红彩环的黑颈鹤左腿发现了金属环 经过与全国鸟类环志中心以及国际鹤类基金会李凤山老师的联系, 确定这三只黑颈鹤来自贵州草海国家级自然保护区, 其中佩戴绿红和绿黄的黑颈鹤是草海国家级自然保护区在 2003 年 3 月 15 日环志的 5 只黑颈鹤当中的 2 只 ; 佩戴红黄彩环的黑颈鹤环志的时间是 2004 年 12 月 24 日, 当时该个体是一只生病的鹤, 草海保护区工作人员在给其作了简单的处理后进行了放飞, 目前该个体已经成功配对, 和其配偶在一起活动, 健康情况良好 佩戴彩环的三只黑颈鹤活动于一个 108 只鹤组成的群体中, 该群体的颜色偏青灰色, 不同于大山包黑颈鹤的白色和会泽黑颈鹤的黄色, 对于外界的干扰很敏感, 推测都是从草海迁徙过来在此休息的 3 月 25 日下午和 26 日上午在活动的鹤群中, 又发现了一只右腿带红绿彩环的黑颈鹤 据此推测, 大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区可能是黑颈鹤向北方迁徙时的一个停歇地点, 由草海迁徙过来的黑颈鹤和由会泽迁徙过来的黑颈鹤, 它们在此停歇几天后继续迁徙, 大山包保护区可能是黑颈鹤东部种群中不同地点黑颈鹤向北迁徙的一个驿站伍和启 ( 云南昆明动物研究所, 邮编 ) Black-necked Crane banded at Caohai were found at Dashanbao When in looking for the 4 Black-necked Cranes mounted with satellite transmitter, one color banded Black-necked Crane was found by doctorate student Wu He-Qi, Kunming Institute of Zoology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and master student Gao Li-Bo, National Bird Banding Center of China (NBCC) at Dahaizi Wetland on 21 st March, there were red/yellow rings in its right leg. The other two banded cranes were found at about 14:00, one crane had green/red rings in its right leg and one metal ring in its left leg; another crane had green/yellow ring in its right leg. These cranes were confirmed came from Guizhou Caohai National N.R. by NBCC and Dr. Li Feng-Shan of the ICF. The cranes with green/red and green/yellow rings were banded on 15 th March, The crane with red/yellow rings was banded on 24 th December, 2003, and was sick, but was healthy and moved around with its spouse when rediscovered. These cranes were found among a group of cranes (with 108 individuals), the cranes of the group with more dark blue tint rather than white tint in the crane of Dashanbao or black tint in the crane of Huize. The group of cranes was inferred the stopover crane migrated from Caohai, the cranes were very sensitive to disturbance. One more Black-necked Crane with red/green rings in right leg was found among a group of cranes in the morning of 25 th March. The fact that Dashanbao reserve admitted Black-necked Cranes from Caohai and Huize shows that the reserve probably is the stopover site for the east population of Black-necked Cranes on the flyway of northwards migration. Wu He-Qi (Kunming Institute of Zoology of Chinese Academy of sciences, ) 22

23 救治病愈黑颈鹤重返大自然 2005 年 3 月 28 日 17 时, 大山包保护区车路村 12 社两名小学生杨国辉 肖代奎在放学回家途中, 在车路村公所附近的电线杆旁, 发现一只黑颈鹤躺在地上, 不能动弹 他俩随即将黑颈鹤送到大山包保护区大海子管理站进行救治 经检查, 发现这是一只未成年的黑颈鹤, 因高烧 痢疾导致身体虚弱无法正常生活 大海子管理站工作人员, 给黑颈鹤服用了庆大霉素 维生素 C 及口服葡萄糖, 同时采用土蚕 燕麦 玉米及蔬菜交替喂养, 到 2005 年 4 月 5 日该鹤已完全恢复健康 经全面检查及测量后, 在黑颈鹤的左脚套上 1 个铜环 ( 环号 :N ) 1 个红色彩环 右脚套上 1 个黄色彩环后, 于 5 日 13 时在大山包保护区大海子湿地放飞 通过两天的监测, 该鹤已恢复正常, 回到了其他鹤群之中, 活动情况良好 道美标 ( 云南省大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区管理局, 邮编 ) A recover Black-necked Crane returns to the nature A sick Black-necked Crane was found at Chelu Village, Dashanbao N.R. by two primary school pupils at 17:00 on 28 th March, It was sent to Dahaizi Administrative Station. Health check showed that it was a sub-adult and suffered from dysentery and had a high fever. By treating with gentamycin, vitamin C, peroral glucose, and alternatively fed grubs, oats, corns and vegetables the crane was totally recovered at 5 th April, The crane was then released into Dahaizi Wetland at 13:00 the same day. Before releasing, its left leg was banded with a copper ring (N ) and a red plastic ring, the right leg was banded with a yellow plastic ring. Tow days monitoring showed that the crane had joined in a crane flock and behaved well. Dao Mei-Biao (Administrative Bureau, Yunnan Dashanbao Black-necked Crane National N.R., ) 白头鹤繁殖分布研究 项目报告 ( 摘要 ) 本项目的研究表明, 近几年 5-6 月在伊春的上甘岭林业局, 友好林业局见到白头鹤, 数量为 9-14 只 2002 年 4 月下旬在绥绫林业局的张家弯林场又见到 4 只白头鹤 2002 年 6 月在沾河林业局北沾河林场发现白头鹤旧巢一处 ( 雏鸟已离巢 );2003 年 6 月在沾河林业局北沾河林场发现正在孵化的白头鹤繁殖巢一处 ; 2004 年 5-6 月间在沾河林业局北沾河 乌斯孟和茅兰林场分别发现正在孵化的白头鹤繁殖巢, 共三处 2004 年繁殖季节在沾河林业局的调查结 果表明, 在北沾河林场有一对白头鹤繁殖, 另有 3 只白头鹤在此区域活动 ; 在乌斯孟林场有一对白头鹤繁殖, 另有 4 只在繁殖季节早期在此区域活动 ; 在前进工区有 2 只白头鹤活动, 种种迹象表明可能在此区域繁殖, 但未找到繁殖巢 ; 在五道林林场有 7 只白头鹤活动, 其中 2 对可能在此繁殖 ( 但未找到巢 ); 在汤元山林场有 4 只白头鹤活动 ; 在茅兰林场有 1 对白头鹤筑巢繁殖 ; 在尖新山林场有 1 对白头鹤活动 另外在南沾河和通北林业局东方红林场始业区可能有 1-2 对白头鹤繁殖 这样在沾河林业局 23

24 已经确定的白头鹤繁殖个体有三对, 有待确定的繁殖个体有 4-5 对, 繁殖期在沾河林业局活动的个体有 14 只 综上所述, 在小兴安岭的伊春地区在繁殖季节有白头鹤 9-14 只 ; 在沾河林业局始业区内有白头鹤 只, 在通北林业局始业区有白头鹤 2-4 只, 在绥棱林业局有白头鹤 4 只 这样在小兴安岭共有白头鹤 只 此外, 在内蒙海拉尔的辉河保护区和胡列 也吐, 夏季也能见到白头鹤, 数量在几只到几十只不等, 可能是白头鹤的夏季游荡个体或迁徙群 根据郑作新 1976 年出版的 中国鸟类分布名录 记载, 乌苏里江 黑龙江流域存在白头鹤繁殖地, 海拉尔可能存在白头鹤的繁殖地 ; 经我们调查发现, 上述繁殖地目前已不复存在了, 只在夏季能见到一些游荡或迁徙个体 李林 ( 黑龙江省野生动物研究所 ) Research on the distribution of breeding Hooded Cranes A summary of the Small Grant for Crane Research Program of 2002 (Abstract) This research indicated that, 9~14 Hooded Cranes appeared in Shangganling Forest Bureau, Yichun and Youhao Forest Bureaus during May and June in recent years. And 4 Hooded Cranes were found at Zhangjiawan Forest Farm, Suiling Forest Bureau in April, An old nest (the check has left) was found in Beizhanhe Forest Farm, Zhanhe Forest Bureau in June, One nest in hatching was found at Beizhanhe Forest Farm, Zhanhe Forest Bureau in June, Total 3 breeding nests were found at Beizhanhe, Wusimeng and Maolan Forest Farms of Zhanhe Forest Bureau during May to June, To sum up, in breeding season there were 9~14 Hooded Cranes in Yichun Prefecture in Xiaoxing an Mountain range; 28 ~30 cranes in the original operation area, Zhanhe Forest Bureau; 2~ 4 cranes in the original operation area, Tongbei Forest Bureau; 4 cranes in original operation area, Suileng Forest Bureau. Totally, there were 43~52 Hooded Cranes in Xiaoxing an Mountain range. Moreover, several to dozens of Hooded Crane may found at Huihe River N.R. and Hulieyetu of Hailar, Inner Mongolia in summer, they might be the summer wanders or migratory flock. According to the record in The Distribution List of Chinese Birds (1976) by Prof. Zheng Zuo-Xin, the breeding sites of Hooded Crane have been in the valleys of Wushuli River and Heilongjiang River, and might have been in Hailar. Our survey shows that the above-mentioned breeding sites are no more, only some wanders and migrants stayed there in summer. Li Lin (Heilongjiang Wildlife Institute) 白鹤在黄河三角洲的数量分布及栖息地研究 项目报告 ( 摘要 ) 黄河三角洲是鹤类迁徙的重要迁徙中转站,2001 年我们首次发现白鹤野外迁徙种群, 并根据调查结果申请开展了 年度 白 鹤在黄河三角洲的数量 分布及栖息地研究 项目, 现项目已完成, 结果如下 : 24

25 表 年度黄河三角洲白鹤调查 Table 1 Census on Siberian Cranes at the Delta of Huanghe River in 2002~2003 时间 Date 数量 Number 地点 Location 生境 Habitat 29/10, (3 亚成体, 大汶流垦东 29 队, 黄河入海口处 河口近海滩涂, 其中有潮沟和小面积 3 subadults) The 29 th Team of Reclamation, 水域 Dawenliu, Huanghe River estuary Estuary and inshore beaches with tidal ditch and small area of watery 30/10, (5 小群, 5 大汶流黄河新河道 黄河河道两岸芦苇丛 mall groups) Dawenliu in the new course of Huanghe Reed marshes along the banks of River Huanghe River 30/10, 井南, 碱蓬沼泽 Swamp of Common South to the 451Well Seepweeds 08/11, 大汶流 121 井北 1500 米 滩涂潮间带 1 500m away north to the 121 Well, Intertide Dawenliu 19/11, 大汶流垦东 29 队 近海滩涂, 黄河入海口处 The 29 th Team of Kengdong, Dawenliu The inshore beaches, the estuary of Huanghe River 01/01~16/ , 02/02~22/02, /03, 黄河口人工河区 河口滩涂湿地 Artificial river region at the estuary Beach wetland at the estuary 10/03,2003* 1 黄河口农田 小麦农田 Farmland at the estuary Wheat field * 注 : 为野外受伤白鹤, 经当地农民报告后我们救护 *Note: A rescued wounded crane. 主要植被 Main vegetation 翅碱蓬 芦苇 Common Seepweeds,Reed 芦苇 Reed 翅碱蓬 柽柳 Common Seepweeds, Chinese Tamarisk 翅碱蓬 Common Seepweeds, 翅碱蓬 Common Seepweeds, 稀翅碱蓬 Common Seepweeds, 小麦 Wheat 该项研究揭示出以下事实 : 年度黄河三角洲白鹤数量变化 在南迁期白鹤数量为 54 只, 越冬期无记录, 北迁期为 6 只 白鹤在南迁期数量较为集中, 且停歇期较长, 主要分布在大汶流管理站黄河入海口附近的滩涂中, 冬季没有野外记录, 北迁数量少, 时间短, 主要分布在黄河北岸的黄河口管理站 年度黄河三角洲白鹤迁徙动态 白鹤最初到达是在 10 月下旬, 最后离开的时间在 11 月中下旬, 停歇的时间为 2~3 周, 这个时期数量较为集中 在 3 月上旬, 白鹤有短暂的停歇期, 种群数量不多, 在这个季节停歇期和数量相对少 从其迁徙路线上看, 南迁期更靠近沿河, 北迁期有向内陆偏移倾向 3 白鹤分布生境 从黄河三角洲适宜白鹤栖息的生境来看, 白鹤集中于近海滩涂区内, 尤其是黄河入海口两侧的近海滩涂中数量集中, 在近海潮间带内有潮沟的区域也有种群分布 2003 年 3 月 10 日在黄河北岸农田发现的受伤白鹤可能是特殊情况, 不能确定白鹤对此生境的利用 另 : 在完成此项目后, 我们继续开展了黄河三角洲野外白鹤调查工作,2004 年 10 月中旬至 11 月上旬发现白鹤 90 只, 集中在湿地生态恢复区内, 黄河入河口滩涂内有 13 只 ;2005 年 3 月中旬至 4 月上旬有 10 只在湿地生态恢复区内, 其最晚的迁离时间在 4 月 13 日 吕卷章单凯朱书玉于海玲 ( 山东黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区 ) 25

26 Study on numerical distribution and habitat of Siberian Cranes at the Delta of Huanghe River (Abstract) The Delta of Huanghe River in a stopover site important to migratory cranes, migratory Siberian Crane was first found here in 2001, a program Study on the number, distribution and habitat of Siberian Crane at the Delta of Huanghe River was conducted in 2002~2003, this program makes clear of following facts: 1. The numerical variation of Siberian Cranes at the delta in 2002~2003. During southwards migration, 54 cranes were found at the delta, they mainly concentrated at the beaches near the estuary of Huanghe River, Dawenliu Administrative Station and stayed for a long time; none crane was found during wintering period and 6 cranes found during northwards migration at the delta, they mainly distributed at the Estuary Administrative Station on the north bank of Huanghe River and stayed for a short time. 2. The migratory dynamics of Siberian Crane at the delta in 2002~2003. When in southwards migration the cranes flew along the river, they first arrival and last departure time at the delta was at the end of October and mid to late November respectively, stayed for 2~3 weeks; when in northwards migration the cranes flew over inland, they arrived at and left the delta happened in early March. 3. The habitat distribution. Siberian Cranes concentrated at the inshore beaches, especially at the inshore beaches facing the estuary of the river, or at inshore intertidal region with tidal ditches. A wounded crane found in a farmland in the north bank of the river might be an special case, the farmland was not confirmed to be the habitat for the cranes. The census continues when the project was completed, 90 Siberian Cranes were found at the ecological recovery area of wetland, and 13 cranes at the beaches of the estuary from mid October to early November, 2004, 10 cranes at the ecological recovery area in mid March to early April, the latest departure date was on 13 th April, Lv Juan_Zhang, Shan Kai, Zhu Shu-Yu, Yu Hai-Ling (Shandong Huanghe River Delta National N.R., ) 内蒙古东部鹤类繁殖地调查 项目报告 ( 摘要 ) 本项目课题组于 2003 年 4 月赴赤峰市达里诺尔调查, 由于 " 非典 " 被迫中断工作 此后, 2004 年 5 月开始先后赴达里诺尔 西辽河源头 大兴安岭北部森林沼泽 额尔古纳河 达赉湖等地进行鹤类繁殖地调查 1. 种类和数量研究结果表明内蒙古有 6 种鹤, 均为繁殖鸟, 种类 数量及繁殖地见表 1 2. 繁殖地分布白鹤 :2004 年笔者在大兴安岭北部奇乾林场最北端的额尔古纳河 (52º25ˊN,121º40ˊE) 考 察, 这里原始森林密布, 是内蒙古保存最完好的兴安落叶松 (Larix gmelinii) 林, 近河岸处为灌丛草地和沼泽, 经询问 6 名在沼泽地骑马巡逻的边防战士, 通过与 中国鸟类图鉴 核对, 他们一致认为沼泽地夏季有 6-8 只白鹤活动 边界地区人为干扰少, 具备鹤类繁殖条件, 所以笔者认为大兴安岭北部可能是白鹤的一个繁殖地 呼伦贝尔市的达赉湖环保局鸟类监测人员于 2004 年 6 月发现有 12 只白鹤整个夏季都在那里停留, 但未发现巢, 可能是未参加繁殖的亚成体 2004 年 8 月达赉湖保护区刘松涛在 26

27 表 1 内蒙古的鹤类资源调查 Table 1 Crane resource in Inner Mongolia 物种 Species 繁殖数 ( 只 ) Breeder 集结和过境数量 ( 只 ) Transient and stagiong 繁殖地 Breeding site (indivi.) crane(indivi.) 白鹤 Crane <10 只 20 多只, 20 more 奇乾, 达赉湖. Qiqian, Dalai Lake 丹顶鹤 Red-crowned Crane 白头鹤 Hooded Crane 白枕鹤 White-naped Crane 灰鹤 Common Crane 蓑羽鹤 Demoselle Crane 近 100 只 near100 约 550 只 about 550 奇乾, 根河, 达赉湖, 达里诺尔, 胡列也吐, 乌拉盖, 科尔沁, 毕拉河, 辉河 Qiqian, Dalai Lake, Genhe River, dalinor,telieyetu,wulagai, Kerqin, Bila River, Huihe River 4 只 60 多只. 乌尔旗汗, 达赉湖, 辉河 60 more Wuerqihan, Dalai Lake, Huihe River 100 多只 400 多只. 赤峰小河沿, 达赉湖, 达里诺尔, 赤峰沙湖, 科尔沁, 查干诺尔, 100 more 400 more 毕拉河, 辉河. River side in Chifeng, Dalai Lake, Dalinor, Shahu Lake in Chifeng,Kerqin, Chagannor, Bila River, huihe River <20 只 约 40 只. 库都尔, 达赉湖, 扎赉特旗, 乌梁素海, 辉河 About 40 Kuduer, Dalai Lake,Zhalaite Banner,Wuliansu Lake,huihe River 约 只 约 只 about about 呼伦贝尔市扎赉诺尔附近 (52º11,239ˊN, 45º775ˊE) 拍摄到白鹤当年幼鸟照片, 刘松涛认为白鹤的繁殖地距此处不远 丹项鹤 : 考察结果发现其繁殖区较过去的记录向西南延伸, 从大兴安岭北部一直到赤峰市达里诺尔 (43º10ˊN,117º00ˊE) 白枕鹤 : 从最北的达赉湖向南延伸到锡林郭勒草原的查干诺尔 (43º10ˊN,117º00ˊE) 白头鹤 : 我们在乌尔旗汗标本馆见到了林业人员采自当地的白头鹤的卵 亚成体和成体系列标本 2004 年 7 月 8 日, 笔者和加拿大学者 Cliffe Wallis 在达里诺尔周围一个芦苇繁茂的小湖泡首次发现分布于此地的 1 对白头鹤, 它们与十几只白枕鹤混群 2004 年 6 月, 我们在呼伦贝尔盟胡列也吐湖泡 (43º10ˊN, 117º00ˊE) 见到 47 只白头鹤 由此可见, 白头鹤也许繁殖于大兴安岭北部, 未参与繁殖的个体集群在其它地区游荡觅食 灰鹤 : 繁殖范围从大兴安岭北部沿泰加林一直延伸到北欧, 大兴安岭地区是其繁殖地的东南缘 1995 年 5 月 1 日 5 月 8 日分别见到 20 只 40 只灰鹤,1998 年 8 月在达赉湖拍到当年幼鹤的照片 邢莲莲, 杨贵生, 潘艳秋 ( 内蒙古大学生命科学学院 ) Survey on crane breeding site in eastern Inner Mongolia (Abstract) The survey had been started at Dalinor, 2. Distribution of breeding site: Chifeng City in April, 2003 and interrupted by Siberian Crane: Eerguna River(52º25ˊN, the SARS. The survey then went on at Dalinor, 121º40ˊE) located at the most north of Qiqian the source of Xiliaohe River, forestry swamp of Forest Farm, in northern Daxing an Mountain, northern Daxing an Mountain, Eerguna River and there grows dense of Dahurian Larches (Larix Dalai River. gmelinii), there are bushes and swamps near the 1.Species and number river. It is a boundary area with few human There are 6 species of cranes in Inner disturbances and is possibly a breeding site for Mongolia, they all breed here. Siberian Crane. 12 Siberian Cranes were found 27

28 stayed there all the summer by the bird monitors of Dalai Lake Environmental Bureau, Hulunbeier City in June, 2004, but none nest was found, these cranes might be the non-breeding sub-adults. A check was photographed near Zhalainor (52º11, 239ˊN, 45º775ˊE), Hulunbeier City by Mr. Liu Song-Tao of Dalai Lake N.R. in August, It means that the breeding site of Siberian Crane is not far from this check. Red-crowned Crane: Breeding area from northern Daxing an Mountain to Dalinor (43º10ˊN,117º00ˊE), Chifeng City, is more towards southwest than before. White-naped crane: Breeding area from Dalai Lake southwards to Chagannor in Xilinguole Prairie (43º10ˊN,117º00ˊE). Hooded Crane: The authors observed the specimen of the egg, sub-adult and adult of Hooded Crane at the museum of Wuerqihan (49.5N,121.3E)collected by the forest workers. A pair of Hooded Cranes were first found by Dr. Cliffe Wallis (a Canadian expert) and the authors at a small lake periphery Dalinor on 8 th July, 2004, they mixed with ten more White-naped Cranes. And 47 Hooded Cranes were found at Huleiyetu Lake (43º10ˊN,117º00ˊE) by the authors, Hulunbeier League in June, It showed that Hooded Crane might breed in northern Daxing an Mountain, the aggregated non-breeding individuals might wander and feed in somewhere else. Common Crane: Breeding area from northern Daxing an Mountain goes along taiga to north Europe, northern Daxing an Mountain is the southeast bounder of the breeding area. 20 and 40 Common Cranes had been found on 1 st May and 8 th May of 1995 respectively, a check had been photographed at Dalai Lake in August, Xing Lian-Lian, Yang Qui-Sheng, Pan Yan-Qiu (School of life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University) 美国中西部的鹤类数量调查已达 30 年 国际鹤类基金会自豪地庆祝鹤类数量调查 30 周年! 一年一度的美国中西部沙丘鹤的数量调查于 1976 年始于一个县, 是国际鹤类基金会和米德尔顿威斯康辛高中生的合作行动 调查鼓励学生通过监测湿地和记数沙丘鹤更加投入到自然保护中去 多年来数量调查的参与者已扩大到 5 个州的不同年龄层 2004 年 4 月 17 日 3 千名自愿调查者分别在威斯康辛 密奇根 爱俄华 明尼苏达和伊利诺伊州对沙丘鹤的调查总数为 只 年度数量调查增强了人们对湿地生态系统及其拥有生物种类的认识 公众意识的增强和支持推动着自然保护的开展 从纯科学的观点看, 鹤类数量调查积累了无法取代的基本资料 它完善了国际鹤类基金会对沙丘鹤环志研究 沙丘鹤损害农作物研究和沙丘鹤生态研究 此外, 这一地区性的努力可推动国际鹤类基金会的同行们在他们的国家开展类似的鹤类调查而具有国际意义 国际鹤 类基金会曾推动在印度调查白鹤 (1970) 和赤颈鹤 (1987) 的数量, 在中国调查黑颈鹤 白枕鹤 白头鹤和白鹤 (20 世纪 80 年代初期 ), 在南非调查肉垂鹤 蓝鹤和灰冠鹤 (1986), 在肯尼亚调查灰冠鹤 (1988) 和在古巴调查沙丘鹤 (1996) 国际鹤类基金会美国中西部沙丘鹤的年度数量调查是世界上最大的以群众为主体的野生动物调查之一, 马上就到 30 周年大庆了! 在达到这一里程碑之际, 我们趁此机会重温其发展历程并期待其辉煌的未来 1976 年, 不足 200 人的志愿者在威斯康辛州发起了 哥伦比亚县鹤类调查 随着公众觉悟和兴趣的提高调查范围扩大到该州中部的 5 个县 在 20 世纪 80 年代初期鹤类数量调查蓬勃发展 在威斯康辛湿地协会和国际鹤类基金会的共同努力下, 调查范围扩大到该州的 34 个县, 保护湿地的行动加强了 在调查 10 周年纪念时, 威斯康辛州的 67 28

29 个县里已有 62 个县的 2 千多名志愿者参与整个州的调查 行动也更名为 威斯康辛州年度沙丘鹤数量调查 又过了 10 年, 鹤类调查达到第二个里程碑 跨过州界囊括了与威斯康辛州相邻的 4 个州 ( 密奇根 明尼苏达 伊利诺伊和爱俄华州 ), 行动再次更名为更综合的 美国中西部沙丘鹤年度数量调查 我们认为鹤类的数量调查又迈上一个新台阶 传统上鹤类数量调查只限于分布在威斯康辛州的沙丘鹤 幸亏有了国际鹤类基金会和美洲鹤东部伙伴主持的美洲鹤重引进工作, 引进的濒危美洲鹤又为美国中西部景观增色不少 2005 年的鹤类数量调查标志着第 3 个 10 年的到来, 这 10 年的调查是最有意义和最成功的, 它增加了对美洲鹤的调查 我们再次将行动更名为 美国中西部鹤类年度数量调查 以反 映调查区域存在更多的鹤种 为更有效地进行群众鸟类数量调查, 必须周密计划并由一个发起组织负责实施多年 我们向现在的和过去的多年从事鹤类数量调查的国际鹤类基金会的工作人员致敬 和他们在一起的还有许多县级志愿合作者和志愿计数者才使得这一令人神往的项目得以成功 如果你关心国际鹤类基金会的 美国中西部鹤类年度数量调查 的更多信息, 可查询国际鹤类基金会的网页 ojects/program.cfm?id=17. 自然学家 Brandon Krueger ( 国际鹤类基金会, 东 Shady Lane 路, 巴拉布, 威斯康辛州, 53913) ICF s Crane Count Turns 30! The International Crane Foundation (ICF) is proud to celebrate 30 years of Crane Count! The Annual Midwest Sandhill Crane Count began in one county in 1976 as a cooperative venture between ICF and Middleton Wisconsin high school students. The count encouraged students to become more involved with conservation through wetland monitoring and censusing of Sandhill Cranes. Over the years, the count has grown to include participants of all ages from five different states. On April 17, 2004, a record 3,000 volunteers across portions of Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa, Minnesota and Illinois tallied a total of 13,580 cranes. The major accomplishment of the annual count is that it increases awareness of and appreciation for wetland ecosystems and their many inhabitants. Increased public awareness and support drives preservation efforts. From a purely scientific standpoint Crane Count generates baseline data that would otherwise be unavailable. Crane Count complements ICF s banded crane study, crop damage study and ecological studies of Sandhill Cranes. Additionally, this local effort has international ramifications by inspiring ICF colleagues to implement similar programs for cranes in their own countries. ICF has encouraged counts of Siberian (1970) and Sarus Cranes (1987) in India, Black-necked, White-naped, Hooded and Siberian Cranes in China (early 1980s), Wattled, Blue and Grey Crowned Cranes in South Africa (1986), Grey Crowned Cranes in Kenya (1988), and Sandhill Cranes in Cuba (1996). ICF s Annual Midwes t Crane Count, one of the world s largest citizen-based wildlife surveys, is approaching its thirtieth anniversary! With the arrival of this milestone, we d like to take the opportunity to journey back in time to relive the count s modest beginnings and journey into the future to anticipate its exciting future. In 1976, less than 200 volunteers initiated the Columbia County Crane Survey in Wisconsin. As awareness and interest grew, the survey expanded into five central Wisconsin counties. In the early 1980s, the Crane Count programs exploded. Through the combined efforts of the Wisconsin Wetlands Association and ICF, the 29

30 range of the count grew, and wetland protection endeavors were enhanced through awareness-building programs. The partnership of these two organizations resulted in the expansion of the count to 34 counties throughout Wisconsin. By the count s tenth anniversary, sixty-seven of Wisconsin s seventy-two counties were included, with over 2000 volunteers counting across the state. At that point, the count was renamed the Annual Wisconsin Sandhill Crane Count. Another ten years later, the Crane Count reached its next milestone- crossing borders to include four of the states surrounding Wisconsin (Michigan, Minnesota, Illinois, and Iowa); again, the survey received a new, more comprehensive title - the Annual Midwest Sandhill Crane Count. And as we speak, Crane Count is in full stride to yet another stepping stone. Traditionally, Crane Count focused solely on the Sandhill Crane, the one species found in Wisconsin during recent years. But thanks to reintroduction efforts led by ICF and other members of the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership, the endangered whooping cranes grace our Midwestern landscapes once again. Crane Count 2005 marks the third decade of this most significant and successful survey and introduces the next progressive step in the evolution of Crane Count the inclusion of whooping cranes. We ve renamed the survey, once again, to the Annual Midwest Crane Count to reflect their exciting presence in our region. To be effective, citizen bird counts require careful planning and implementation by a sponsoring organization committed to the endeavor for a period of years. We salute all current and former ICF employees who over the years have dedicated themselves to Crane Count. Along with these dedicated individuals there are many volunteer County Coordinators and volunteer counters that make this amazing program possible. If you are interested in more information about the ICF s Annual Midwest Crane Count, you may find more on the ICF Website at ojects/program.cfm?id=17. Brandon Krueger, Naturalist International Crane Foundation E11376 Shady Lane Rd Baraboo, WI 美洲鹤重引进最新进展 美洲鹤在人类活动造成的濒临灭绝的边缘异乎寻常地恢复过来了 19 世纪中叶美洲鹤种群约有 只 由于生境的改变 无节制的猎杀和取卵, 美洲鹤种群内的个体数量迅速下降, 至 1941 年, 最后的迁徙种群只剩下 15 只鹤 这个小种群的美洲鹤在生死间徘徊, 此时需要有一个宏大的恢复计划来挽救这一物种 保护美洲鹤和建立一个新种群等计划已付诸行动, 并开始恢复美洲鹤的长途迁徙 在实行了生境保护和禁猎后, 从加拿大西北部繁殖地迁飞到德克萨斯海湾沿岸越冬的美洲鹤最后野生种群有了明显的恢复 现在这一种群已有 200 多只 1986 年, 为挽救濒临灭绝的美洲鹤, 由美国和加拿大的鹤类生物学家和官员组成的美洲鹤恢复小组制定了恢复美洲鹤的计划 如果恢复计划成功, 美国渔业和野生动物局将把美洲鹤从濒危等级降到受危状况 为满足恢复计划的目标, 现在一项恢复美洲鹤在北美洲的东部迁飞种群的重引进计划正在进行 项目是由一群非赢利组织和政府组织组成的美洲鹤东部合伙公司操作 主要成员有国际鹤类基金会 国际美洲鹤恢复小组 美国国家渔业和野生动物基金会 威斯康辛国家资源基金会 操纵迁徙公司 美国渔业和野生动物局 美国地理调查帕都仙野生动物研究中心和国家野生动物健康中心 自然资源威斯康 30

31 辛处和其他许多合作者 在野外, 幼鹤跟随双亲记住迁飞路线 在这个重引进行动中, 操纵迁徙公司通过用超轻型飞机带领幼鹤迁飞扮演了双亲的角色 幼鹤在首次南迁时记住了迁飞路线, 可自行完成返程的迁飞 重引进项目所用的种鹤来自设在威斯康辛州的国际鹤类基金会 设在德克萨斯州的圣安东尼奥动物园和设在马里兰州的帕都仙野生动物研究中心等 3 个笼养繁殖中心 从这些繁殖中心收集到的鹤卵被运到帕都仙, 幼鹤在帕都仙在与人隔绝的条件下饲养并接触超轻型飞机 为确保幼鹤的野性, 参与项目的生物学家和飞行员要遵守隔离饲养协议, 包括不许说话 用成年鹤的录音和幼鹤交流和与幼鹤在一起时必须穿上鹤的伪装用以隐去人形 每年 6 月都有一批新生的幼鹤被运到设在威斯康辛州的尼西达国家野生动物保护地, 在那里开始进行幼鹤跟随超轻型飞机的训练, 为它们的秋季迁飞作准备 这些幼鹤长得很快, 到仲夏时节已能跟随超轻型飞机飞行一小段距离了 飞行距离逐渐加长, 直到幼鹤能胜任秋季的迁飞 在迁飞前还要给幼鹤装上彩色脚环和无线电发报机 每年的十月上中旬, 美洲鹤离开尼西达国家野生动物保护地开始其飞到佛罗里达州的 英里迁飞 这一种群在佛罗里达海湾沿岸的查沙豪威茨卡国家野生动物保护地越冬 越冬期的种群受到国际鹤类基金会和美国渔业和野生动物局生物学家的监测 次年的 3 月下旬或 4 月上旬鹤群在无超轻型飞机的帮助下开始春季迁飞 这次春季迁飞所用的时间短于秋 季迁飞 因为鹤群自身能更有效地飞行, 它们通过利用热气流和翱翔而不用跟随在超轻型飞机后面做消耗能量的拍翅飞行 成功北返的美洲鹤, 将大部分越夏时间都花在尼西达国家野生动物保护地, 它们也利用国家的和私人的领地 在没有同群的未来配偶的陪伴下, 一岁大的青年鹤此时也在游荡中选择将来的繁殖领地 为了尽量了解美洲鹤的独立迁飞和在迁飞途中对栖息地的选择, 国际鹤类基金会和美国渔业和野生动物局的生物学家, 在美洲鹤的秋季和春季迁飞时都进行了跟踪和监测 生物学家还要对越夏和越冬的美洲鹤继续监测 重引进已使美洲鹤北美东部迁徙种群达到 45 只 为壮大用超轻型飞机领航的种群, 现正在实行补充释放计划 补充释放技术包括按隔离饲养协议饲养幼鹤 在幼鹤长出飞羽后, 释放到过去用超轻型飞机领航的现在较年长的已成功完成独立迁飞的美洲鹤群中, 或释放到上述较年长的美洲鹤有可能与之合群的野生沙丘鹤群中 这些被释放的美洲鹤幼鹤将从较年长的美洲鹤群或从野生的沙丘鹤群那里学到秋季迁飞路线 这种重引进方法过去已用沙丘鹤做过实验并获成功 想要了解这一项目和美洲鹤的进展的更多信息, 请浏览国际鹤类基金会的网页 : ournals.cfm John A. Garland ( 国际鹤类基金会教育领域协调人 ) Updqate on Whooping Crane Reintroduction The Whooping Crane is on the verge of an extraordinary comeback after nearly becoming extinct due to human activities. In the mid-1800s, the Whooping Crane population was around 1,500 individuals. Their population declined rapidly due to habitat conversion, unregulated hunting, and egg collecting. By 1941, the last migratory flock was reduced to only 15 birds. This one small flock of Whooping Cranes stood between survival and extinction. Ambitious recovery efforts were needed to save the species. Projects to protect the cranes and to create new populations were put in motion and began the 31

32 Whooping Cranes long journey to recovery. Due in part to habitat protection and hunting restrictions, this last wild flock, which migrates from breeding grounds in the Northwest Territories of Canada to the Gulf coast of Texas, has made a dramatic comeback. There are currently over 200 Whooping Cranes in this population. In 1986, a Whooping Crane Recovery Plan was drafted to chart a course for saving the species from extinction. The plan was created by the Whooping Crane Recovery Team, a group of crane biologists and officials from the United States and Canada. If the recovery plan is successful, Whooping Cranes could be downlisted from endangered to threatened status by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. A reintroduction project aimed at satisfying the goals of the recovery plan is currently underway to restore a migratory flock of Whooping Cranes to eastern North America. Now in its fifth year, the project is being undertaken by the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership, a team of non-profit and governmental organizations whose founding members include the International Crane Foundation, International Whooping Crane Recovery Team, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Natural Resources Foundation of Wisconsin, Operation Migration Inc., US Fish and Wildlife Service, US Geological Survey s Patuxent Wildlife Research Center and National Wildlife Health Center, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and many other dedicated partners. In the wild, young cranes learn migration routes from their parents. In this current reintroduction effort, Operation Migration is standing in for the parent birds by leading young Whooping Cranes on migration with ultralight aircraft. The chicks learn the route during their first trip south, and are able to make the return journey on their own. Cranes for this project come from three captive breeding centers, the International Crane Foundation in Wisconsin, San Antonio Zoo in Texas, and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Maryland. Crane eggs from these organizations are shipped to Patuxent. There, the young cranes are introduced to ultralight aircraft and raised in isolation from humans. To ensure the impressionable cranes remain wild, project biologists and pilots adhere to isolation-rearing protocol, which includes a strict no-talking rule, use of recorded adult crane calls to communicate with the young birds, and crane costumes that the researchers wear to mask the human form whenever they are around the cranes. New classes of cranes are transported to the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge in Wisconsin each June to begin a summer of conditioning behind the ultralights to prepare them for their fall migration. The cranes grow quickly and by mid-summer are flying short distances behind the ultralights. The flights become progressively longer, until the chicks are ready to begin migration in autumn. Before migration begins, the chicks are fitted with colored bands and radio transmitters around their legs. In early to mid-october, the Whooping Cranes depart the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge and began their 1,200 mile migration to Florida. The flock spends the winter on the Gulf coast of Florida at the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge. The birds are monitored by International Crane Foundation and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists throughout the winter. In late March or early April the cranes begin their spring migration unaided by ultralights. The spring migration generally does not last as long as the fall migration. On their own, the cranes are able to fly more efficiently by riding thermals and soaring, rather than expending energy flapping their wings to fly behind the ultralights. Graduated classes of Whooping Cranes spend much of their time during the summer on or near the Necedah National Wildlife Refuge. They also use state and private lands. It is not unusual for yearling cranes to wander, especially if they are 32

33 not associating with any male flockmates, which typically select the future breeding territory. Biologists from the International Crane Foundation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service track and monitor the cranes during their fall and spring migrations in an effort to learn as much as possible about their unassisted journeys and the habitat choices they make along the way. The biologists continue to monitor the birds while the Whooping Cranes are in their summer and winter locations. There are currently 45 migratory Whooping Cranes in eastern North America as a result of this reintroduction. Plans are currently underway for a supplemental release to augment the ultralight-led recovery efforts. The supplemental release technique will consist of rearing Whooping Crane chicks using the isolation-rearing protocol. After the chicks have fledged, they will be released with older Whooping Cranes that have successfully migrated in the past, or into wild Sandhill Crane flocks with which these older Whooping Cranes are likely to associate. These released juveniles will then learn a fall migration route from the older, wild birds. This method of reintroduction has been previously tested and proven successful with Sandhill Cranes. To learn more about this project and the progress of the cranes, please visit the International Crane Foundation s website: ournals.cfm.. By John A. Garland, Education Outreach Cooedinator, International Crane Foundation 2004 年北海道丹顶鹤的数量 正富宏之 ( 日本丹顶鹤保护所 ) 世界上的丹顶鹤有两个种群, 一个在东北亚, 另一个在日本的北海道 亚洲迁徙种群的数量正在下降, 而北海道非迁徙种群的数量近几年来正在逐步上升, 2003 年 2 月已达 898 只 作者等于 2004 年 1 月 23~26 日对位于北海道东部设在阿寒 鹤居和音别的主要的越冬给食站和另外几个小给食站的丹顶鹤数量进行了调查 调查时的天气晴朗, 气温低于摄氏零度 在 3 个大给食站的丹顶鹤的总数为 756 只 ( 包括 72 只幼鹤 ), 是迄今为止的最高数量 ( 见表 1) 分布比率为: 阿寒 33.9% 中雪里 22.4% 和下雪里 43.8% 虽然自 2002 年起在鹤居村 ( 跨中雪里和下雪里 ) 的丹顶鹤数量相对稳定在 500 只左右, 但在阿寒的丹顶鹤数量持续增加,1996 年在阿寒的丹顶鹤数量是鹤居的 1/3, 到 2002 年已达鹤居的丹顶鹤数量之半 在音别和 32 个小给食站分别发现 91(13) 和 103(19) 只丹顶鹤, 总数也为历史新高, 但幼鹤数量低于上一年 小给食站的丹顶鹤总数 ( 占 53.1%) 首次超过音别的鹤, 这可能与当年的气候异常有关 当年冬季温暖, 许多河 湖和池塘水面冰雪融化, 为丹顶鹤提供了天然食物和夜宿地 在日高 十胜 钏路和根宝等特区设有小给食站, 丹顶鹤在钏路为 80(18) 只, 占调查总数的 97.6%, 根宝 19(1) 只, 日高和十胜 14 只 2003/2004 年有 950(140) 只丹顶鹤在北海道越冬, 其中的 750 只分布在 3 个大给食站, 其余的 194 只分布在其它小给食站 丹顶鹤总数比上一年增加了 52 只, 但幼鹤减少了 18 只 幼鹤的比值为 10.9%, 比上一年下降了 2.7%, 但几乎等于过去十年 (1994~2003) 幼鹤的平均比值, 表明繁殖鹤有分散养育幼鹤的趋势 33

34 表 1 各给食站丹顶鹤数量和幼鹤的百分比 3 个主要给食站 小给食站 总计 阿寒 中雪里 下雪里 小计 音别 其它 小计 鹤总数 幼鹤数 幼鹤百分比 (%) 养育 2 只幼鹤的家庭 在调查期间发现有 88 对丹顶鹤成功繁殖, 比上一年少 12 对 ; 其中的 72 对养活了 1 只幼鹤,16 对养活了 2 只幼鹤 在上一年春季发现 274 对营巢的丹顶鹤,2004 年 1 月下旬丹顶鹤繁殖成功率为 32.1%, 虽然比 2003 年下降 2.4%, 但仍高于过去十年的平均繁殖成功率 31.6% 与上一年比较北海道种群的个体数增加了 5.79%, 尽管在繁殖季节不存在明显的对幼鹤成活的不利因素但幼鹤的成活率似有下降 2002 年被环志的幼鹤到 2003 年冬季的成活率为 75.0%, 而 2003 年被环志的幼鹤到 2004 年调查时的成活率为 64.7% 从上述调查结果可得出如下结论 :2004 年调查时期丹顶鹤的繁殖率虽低于上一年, 但也达到了平常的繁殖水平, 因此, 北海道丹顶鹤种群在稳步增大 对鹤类数量的精确调查是维持牢固的种群和实行各种保护计划的基本手段, 因此, 每年坚持精确调查鹤类的数量很重要, 调查的结果会用于制订鹤类的保护政策 选自 :\ Bulletin of the Japan Cranes and Storks Network\,2004, No.1 ( 本刊注 : 安徽大学王岐山教授和盐城保护区杜进进工程师应邀参加了此项调查, 见封 2 下照片 ) Number of Tancho Grus japonensis wintering in Hokkaido in 2004 Masatomi Hiroyuki (Tacho Protection Unit, Japan) There are two separate populations of Tancho Grus japonensis in the world: one in northeast Asia and the other in Hokkaido, Japan. The Asian migratory population is thought to be decreasing in number, but the Hokkaido s non-migratory population has been gradually increasing in recent years, reaching 898 cranes in February of In 2004 we carried out censuses of Tancho at the major wintering feeding stations(fss) in Akan, Tsurui and Onbetsu with other minor FSs in eastern Hokkaido on 23~26 of January. The weather on census days was fine and the air temperature was usually under 0. The total number of cranes at the three long-established major FSs, Akan, Nakasetsuri and Shimosetsuri, were 756 (including 72 juveniles) which were the largest number to date (Table 1). The rate of distribution was 33.9% at Akan, 22.4% at Nakasetsuri and 43.8% at Shimosetsuri. Though the total number of cranes, about 500, staying in Tsurui village (Nakasetsuri and Shimosetsuri) during winter has been relatively stable since 2002, the number of cranes at Akan has been continuously increasing. In 1996 the number of cranes at Akan was one-third the number at Tsurui, but this year the number at Akan reached one half the number at Tsurui. There were 91(13) and 103(19) cranes found at Onbetsu and 32 minor FSs respectively, reaching 34

35 a total of 194(32) which is the largest number found to date. However the number of juveniles was less than the previous year. It was the first time that the number of cranes at the latter place was larger (53.1%) than that of the former. This was probably due to unusual weather conditions this year; it was warmer than usual and many lakes, rivers and pools thawed and supplied natural diets and roosting spots. The minor FSs used by cranes are distributed in Hidaka, Tokachi, Kushiro and Nemuro districts. The number of cranes using the minor FSs were 80(18) in Kushiro, 19(1) in Nemuro, and the rest in Hidaka and Tokachi. This means that only 2.0% of the whole population was observed in Nemuro and 97.6% was wintered in Kushiro. Finally 950 (104 cranes (756 at the three major FSs and 194 at the rest) spent the winter of 2003/2004 in Hokkaido. This was a total increase of 52 cranes, but 18 fewer juveniles was 10.9% among the population, 2.7% lower than that in 2003, but almost equal to the 11.0% which was the average ratio in the past 10 years (1994~2003). The percent of juveniles among the flocks using the minor FSs was significantly higher than that of the flocks using the three major FSs (p<0.05), suggesting a tendency of dispersion of the breeding pairs rearing juveniles. Table 1 Crane number and percentage of juveniles in each feeding station Three major feeding stations Minor feeding stations Total Akan nakasetsuri Shimosetsuri Subtotal Onbetsu Others Subtotal Number of cranes Number of juveniles Percent of juveniles (%) Number of pairs with 2 chicks At the census period 88 pairs were successful in breeding, 12 pairs fewer than the previous year, of 72 pairs were with one juvenile and 16 pairs with two juveniles. As the nesting pairs observed in the previous spring was 174, the breeding success rate was 32.1% in late January of Though this was 2.4% lower than 2003, this rate was higher than the 31.6% average of the previous 10 years. The increase in the rate of population compared to the previous year was 5.79%, but the survival rate of juveniles seemed to be lower in spite of no obvious negative factors for their life in this breeding season. The actual survival rate of juveniles ringed in 2002 was 75.0% during their first winter of 2003 and that of juveniles ringed in 2003 was 64.7% at the census time of Looking at these census results, we concluded that while the breeding status at the census time in 2004 was not as high as the previous year, it seemed to meet the usual breeding level, and the population of cranes in Hokkaido was still growing steadily. Precise census on cranes was a fundamental measure taken in order to make effective plans for the maintenance of a sound population and to implement various programs for the conservation of cranes. Therefore, it is essential to continue the accurate counting of cranes every year and the results of monitoring should be reflected in the policy for crane conservation. Selected from \ Bulletin of the Japan Cranes and Storks Network\,2004, No.1 (The editorial note: Prof. Wang Qi-Shan, Anhui University and Engineer Du Jin-Jin, Yancheng National N.R. were invited to join in the survey, see photos in the inside cover ) 35

36 威斯康星大学彭简仕在鄱阳湖进行科学研究 彭简仕 (James Burnham) 是 ICF 资助的美国威斯康星大学硕士研究生, 他从 2004 年 10 月开始, 在鄱阳湖保护区大湖池保护管理站进行长达 6 个月的野外研究工作 他的研究课题是 ICF 鄱阳湖项目的一部分, 主要是协助收集整理鄱阳湖水鸟 水位和水生植被关系的数据, 并调试和完善鄱阳湖保护区中美合作项目生态监测数据库 他的研究不但会帮助加强鄱阳湖保护区现有的科研水平, 还能够加强保护区的保护管理工作 在此期间, 为了检查督促彭简仕的工作和观鹤,ICF 董事长乔治. 阿其博 (George Archibald) 先生偕同资助 ICF 鄱阳湖项目部分经费的艾丽. 希勒 (Ellie Schiller) 女士于 2005 年 1 月 18 日至 21 日来到保护区, 当他们在大湖池看到大批大批的白鹤从头顶上飞过时, 心情十分激动地对保护区工作人员说 真是太幸运了, 鄱阳湖真是太漂亮了 这是乔治. 阿其博先生第六次到鄱阳湖观鹤, 艾丽. 希勒女士第一次来参观访问, 临别时他们多次向保护区工作人员表示感谢并说还会再来 周飞龙 ( 鄱阳湖自然保护区大湖池保护管理站 ) Mr. James Burnham in Poyang Lake Mr. James Burnham is a graduate student of Wisconsin University, America, subsidized by the ICF, since October 2004, he made a field research at Dahuchi Administrative Station, Poyang Lake N.R. for 6 months. His research is a part of the ICF s Poyang Lake project, he mainly assists to collect and handle the data of the relationship among waterfowls, water level and aquatic vegetations, and debugs and improves the ecological monitoring database of Sino-America cooperative project of Poyang Lake N.R.. His research not only enforces the scientific research level, but also enforces the management in the reserve. To supervision and promote Mr. James Burnham s work and to watch cranes, Dr. George Archibald, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the ICF and Ms. Ellie Schiller, the investor of partial expenses of the project arrived at the reserve on 18 th January, When watched large flocks of Siberian Cranes flying over they said excitedly: We are really lucky to be here! How beautiful the Poyang Lake is!. This is the 6 th time for Dr. George Archibald to visit Poyang Lake, and is the 1 st time for Ms. Ellie Schiller, they were thankful to the staff of the reserve and promised that they will come back again when leaving the reserve. Zhou Fei-Long (Dahuchi Administrative Station, Poyang Lake N.R.) 黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区发现黑海番鸭 2004 年 10 月 27 日黑龙江省抚远县一渔民在黑龙江抚远江段夹信子岛 ( E, N) 捕鱼时捕到一只已经死亡的野鸭, 把它送到黑龙江三江国家级自然保护区 经科研人员初步鉴定为黑海番鸭 后又送往东北林业大学野生动物资源学院, 经鸟类学家常家传 教授鉴定, 确认该野鸭为黑海番鸭的雄性亚成体 经过测量, 这只黑海番鸭体长 360mm, 尾长 84mm, 翼长 28mm, 跗蹠长 33mm, 体重 850g 该鸭头顶和后颈暗褐色, 头侧, 颈侧, 颌和喉灰白色, 颈侧缀有细小淡褐色斑点, 上 36

37 体暗灰褐色, 具灰白色端斑, 胸侧和两胁亦具有灰白色端斑, 胸和腹淡灰褐色, 腹具少许不甚明显的灰白色斑纹 腋羽 肛周暗褐色, 尾下覆羽灰白色, 翼下覆羽暗灰褐色而具灰白色挟缘 虹膜褐色, 嘴黑色, 跗蹠黑褐色 据 中国动物志 - 鸟纲 ( 第二卷, 雁形目 ) 记载 : 黑海番鸭 (Melanitta nigra) 又称美洲黑凫, 有二个亚种, 我国记录的为美洲亚种 (Melanitta nigra Americana) 繁殖于北美洲阿拉斯加 西伯利亚东北部及附近岛屿 ; 越冬在 北美洲的太平洋和大西洋沿岸以及朝鲜 日本等 在我国境内, 仅于冬季偶见于江苏镇江及福建莲江等处 此次在黑龙江三江自然保护区发现的黑海番鸭为我国东北地区新记录 可以推测在本区为迷鸟 黑海番鸭标本现保存于黑龙江三江国家级保护区管理局标本室 邢海林蒲金虎 ( 黑龙江三江国家级自然保区管理局 ) Melanitta nigra Americana was found at Heilongjiang Sanjiang National N.R. A dead wild duck was caught at Jiaxinzi Islet ( E, N ),Fuyuan, Heilongjiang by a fisherman on 27 th October, It was primarily identified to be Melanitta nigra Americana by the stuff of Heilongjiang Sanjiang National N.R., and was confirmed to be a male sub-adult of the same bird by Prof.Chang Jia-Chuan, an ornithologist in Wildlife Resources College, Northeast Forestry University. The measurements are: Body length 360mm, tail length 84mm, wing length 28mm, tarsus length 33mm and body weight 850mg. There is sepia in crown and hind neck; hoary in the sides of head and neck, as well as in chin and throat; there are tiny hazel spots in the sides of neck. The upperparts is duck gloomy brown with white terminal bars, the white terminal bars also appear in the sides of breast and flanks. The breast and abdomen is pale brown with a few obscure pale markings in abdomen. The flanks and crissum duck brown; under tail coverts pale, under wing coverts gloomy brown with pale??. Iris brown, bill black, tarsus dusky brown. According to China Fauna-Aves(Vol. Ⅱ Anseriformes) Melanitta nigra has two subspecies, Melanitta nigra Americana breeds in Alaska of North America, northeast Siberia and periphery islets; winters along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in North America and along the coast of Atlantic Ocean, as well as in Korea and Japan. In China it was found in Zhengjiang, Jiangsu and Lianjiang, Fujian. This bird found in Sanjiang N.R. is a new record of species in Northeast China, and is a lost bird in the area. The specimen of the bird is now preserved in the Administrative Bureau, Heilongjiang Sanjiang National N.R.. Xing Hai-Lin, Pu Jin-Hu (Administrative Bureau, Heilongjiang Sanjiang National N.R., ) 上海首次记录到越冬的遗鸥 2005 年 2 月, 在世界自然基金会和国家林业局组织的长江中下游越冬水鸟调查活动中, 上海组的调查人员在九段沙湿地自然保护区记录到遗鸥 (Larus relictus) 两只 这是上海地区首次记录到这种濒危鸟类 3 月, 调查人员在崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区再次记录到遗鸥 1 只 由于遗鸥和其他鸥类的外表及体形相似, 野外辨认比较困难 在以往的调查中可能被忽视 继 2003 年天津发现大群的遗鸥后,2004 年 10 月, 福建闽江口也记录到遗鸥的分布 这表明, 遗鸥在我国东部地区可能有一定的数量分布 尽管如此, 由于遗鸥的繁殖地和越冬地 37

38 都面临着栖息环境不断恶化的威胁, 遗鸥的保护仍任重道远 马志军 ( 上海复旦大学生物多样性研究所, 邮编 ) The first record of wintering Relict Gull in Shanghai Two Relict Gulls (Larus relictus) were found at the wetland of Jiuduansha N.R. by Shanghai investigation group in February, 2005, during a survey on wintering waterfowls in the middle and lowervalleys of Changjiang River, organized by the IUCN and State Forestry Administration. This is the first record of the endangered bird species. One more Relict Gull was found at Congmingdongtan Bird N.R. in March, Because the appearance and shape of Relict Gull looks like other gulls, it is difficult to identify the bird in the field and it might be ignored in former surveys. Since a large group of Relict Gulls was found in 2003, it was recorded in the estuary of Minjiang River, Fujiang in October, It means that possibly there is certain quantity of Relict Gulls in East China. Even so, threatened by the worsening environment in their breeding and wintering sites, the protection of Relict Gull shoulders heavy responsibilities. Ma Zhi-Jun (Institute of Bio-diversity, Shanghai Fudan University, ) 征稿启事 中国鹤类通讯 是中国鸟类学会水鸟及鹤类专业委员会编辑的鹤类信息交流内部刊物, 主要报道中国鹤类的研究 保护 饲养 管理 宣传 教育等工作的动态和阶段成果, 也报道国外鹤类研究动态和其它水鸟的有关信息, 欢迎同行及各界人士踊跃投稿 来稿要求 1 请务必同时提交文字纸稿和电子版 ( 寄本刊电子信箱 : [email protected] ), 并请注明联系电话 电子邮箱和 中国鹤类通讯稿件 字样, 无电子版稿件, 恕不接收 :2 字数以 500~1500 字为宜, 希勿超过 2 千字 ;3 电子文稿请用宋体小 4 号字隔行打印 ;4 内容简明扼要, 个别地点请写出经纬度 ;5 文末请写出撰稿人的姓名 邮政编码及工作单位 ;6 来稿可只用中文, 由本刊负责译成英文 来稿一经采用, 略付薄酬, 但文责自负 来稿请寄 : 各地区协调员或邮编 安徽合肥安徽大学生命科学学院王岐山先生收, 截稿日期为每年 4 月 20 日, 10 月 20 日 中国鹤类通讯 自第 7 卷起改为彩色封面, 欢迎提供高质量的鹤类或其它水鸟的彩色照片 也欢迎自然保护区或动物园提供介绍性稿件及照片 (2-3 版 ) 本刊为半年刊,6 月 12 月出版, 向国内外鹤类研究单位和有关人员免费赠阅, 如因工作需要本刊者, 可与丁长青博士联系, 地址 : 邮编 北京市北四环西路 25 号中国科学院动物研究所, 电话 : ( 办 ) Membership for the China Crane and Waterbird Committee The China Crane and Waterbird Committee (CCWC) offers membership to people who are making efforts in research, conservation, education, management, and publicity of cranes and other waterbirds, and their habitats in China. As a member, you will receive two issues of China Crane News each year. Dr. Li Fengshan from the International Crane Foundation will be the coordinator for overseas membership. If you would like to enroll as a member of the CCWC, please make a check of $20 payable to: International Crane Foundation c/o Dr. Li Fengshan P. O. Box 447 Baraboo, Wisconsin 53913, USA You also can make a payment by credit card; please give your credit card number and expiration date. If you have questions regarding the membership, please contact: Dr. Li Fengshan China Program Coordinator International Crane Foundation P. O. Box 447 Baraboo, Wisconsin 53913, USA Tel: ext. 158 Fax: [email protected] 38

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